Pnigalio | |
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Pnigalio mediterraneus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Arthropoda |
Class: | Insecta |
Order: | Hymenoptera |
Family: | Eulophidae |
Subfamily: | Eulophinae |
Genus: | Pnigalio Schrank, 1802 |
Type species | |
Pnigalio pectinicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
Species | |
66 species | |
Synonyms | |
Pnigalio is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Nearly 100 species have been described of which about half may be valid. All species are parasites of other insects. Their biology varies widely among those species that have been studied. Some are ectoparasites, others parasitoid, and still others are hyperparasitoids and their hosts include beetles, flies, hymenopteran and lepidopterans. [1]
The Eulophidae is a large family of hymenopteran insects, with over 4,300 described species in some 300 genera. The family includes the genus Elasmus, which used to be treated as a separate family, "Elasmidae", and is now treated as a subfamily of Eulophidae. These minute insects are challenging to study, as they deteriorate rapidly after death unless extreme care is taken, making identification of most museum specimens difficult. The larvae of very few species feed on plants, but the majority are primary parasitoids on a huge range of arthropods at all stages of development. They are exceptional in that they are one of two hymenopteran families with some species that are known to parasitize thrips. Eulophids are found throughout the world in virtually all habitats.
Achrysocharoides is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Agmostigma is a small genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae which contains three species, all described in 1996 by Ubaidillah and LaSalle and so far only recorded from Brunei in northern Borneo.
Apleurotropis is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae that is mostly found in Australia, Japan, and in the Americas, a range from Mexico to Brazil. Hosts are primarily leaf-mining Lepidoptera although one species parasitizes Phytomyza horticola.
Aprostoporoides is a small Indomalayan genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae which was described in 2004 with two newly described species from Kerala.
Asecodes is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. They are endoparasitoids of Galerucella larvae.
Baeoentedon is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae, they are parasitoids of whitefly from the family Aleyrodidae which are found on trees of the genus Ficus. They have been recorded from Australia, China, India, Indonesia and Florida. A fifth species, Baeoentodon farazi, was described from Karnataka, India, in 2017.
Baryscapus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. Species in this genus are endoparasitic, meaning they develop within the body of another insect, with insect hosts being as varied as Hemiptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, or other Hymenoptera.
Colpoclypeus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Diglyphus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. It is a parasitoid of Agromyzidae larvae, and therefore sometimes used in biological pest control.
Euplectrus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Goetheana is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. As a parasitoid of thrips, this wasp is used in biological pest control.
Horismenus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae occurring primarily in the Americas. As of 2015 over 400 species in the genus have been described. Horismenus species are often described as parasitizing other insects.
Melittobia is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Minotetrastichus is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. They are parasites of leaf-mining Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera.
Omphale is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae. It has cosmopolitan distribution.
Omphalentedon is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Parzaommomyia is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Hayatiola is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
Pnigalio mediterraneus is a species of insect in the family Eulophidae. It is a parasitoid of the olive fruit fly and the horse-chestnut leaf miner.