Portuguese Riviera

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Portuguese Riviera
Riviera Portuguesa
Riviera
Cascais (20243630091) (cropped).jpg
Palacio de Monserrate (7730029906).jpg
Front of the Hotel Palacio in Estoril.JPG
Cascais Marina with Cascais in the foreground.jpg
Hotel Museu do Farol de Santa Marta IMG 7103 (2497377933) (cropped).jpg
Sintra - Palacio da Pena (20332995770) (cropped).jpg
Clockwise: View of coast from Cascais Citadel; Hotel Palácio in Estoril; Casa de Santa Maria in Cascais; Pena National Palace in Sintra; Cascais Marina; Monserrate Palace in Sintra.
Country Portugal
District Lisbon District
Municipalities

The Portuguese Riviera (Portuguese: Riviera Portuguesa) is a term used in the tourist industry for the affluent coastal region to the west of Lisbon, Portugal, centered on the coastal municipalities of Cascais (including Estoril), Oeiras and Sintra. [1] [2] [3] It is coterminous with the Estoril Coast (Costa do Estoril) [4] and occasionally known as the Costa do Sol (Sun Coast). Portuguese themselves do not use this expression.

Contents

The region is internationally known as a luxury destination for its history as a home of the wealthy, the famous, and European royalty. [5] [6] [7] Cascais, Oeiras and Sintra municipalities consistently rank among the richest municipalities in Portugal. [8] [9] [10] [11]

Cascais's history as a center originates in the 1870s, when King Luís I of Portugal and the Portuguese royal family made the seaside town his summer residence, thus attracting members of Portugal's aristocracy, who established a summer community there.[ citation needed ] During World War II and the Post-War period, the area's royal affiliations intensified, as many heads of European royal houses and deposed monarchs, including King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, King Juan Carlos I of Spain, and King Umberto II of Italy made their home in Cascais and Estoril, finding refuge in Portugal's neutrality in the war or from tense political situations in their own countries. [12] Due to its concentration of high-profile personalities, the riviera became a center of espionage during WWII, inspiring author Ian Fleming in his creation of the James Bond series. [13] [14] [15]

Sintra had been a royal retreat since the Portuguese Renaissance in the 15th century, but it was in the 19th century, when King Fernando II of Portugal decided to build his summer retreat, Pena Palace, in the Sintra Mountains overlooking the Atlantic Ocean, that it became both the center of the Romanticist movement in Portugal and the summer residence of the Portuguese nobility. Famous for its grand estates and palaces, Sintra's belle epoch resulted in its numerous villas, gardens, estates, and palaces that characterize the area, which gained Sintra a UNESCO World Heritage designation. [16] Today Sintra is one of Portugal's most expensive and exclusive real estate markets and similarly known for its high standards of living, consistently ranking as one of the best places to live in Portugal. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

History

Monserrate Palace in Sintra, noted for its beauty by Lord Byron during his grand tour through the Portuguese Riviera in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Palacio de Monserrate DSC08899 (36939236406).jpg
Monserrate Palace in Sintra, noted for its beauty by Lord Byron during his grand tour through the Portuguese Riviera in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage .
Palacio de Seteais 2013 10.JPG
Sintra, Portugal (48036427243) (cropped).jpg
Sintra, a UNESCO World Heritage landscape, is known for its historic estates, such as Seteais Palace (top) and the Casa dos Penedos and the Palácio Valenças (bottom).

Origins

During the third quarter of the 18th century and practically all of the 19th century, foreign travellers and Portuguese aristocrats, inspired by the Romanticist movement, rediscovered Sintra, a royal retreat during the Portuguese Renaissance, prizing its exotic landscapes and climate. In the summer of 1787, William Beckford stayed with the Marquis of Marialva, master of the horse for the kingdom, at his residence of Seteais Palace. At the beginning of the 19th century Princess Carlota Joaquina, wife of the Regent John, bought the estate and Ramalhão Palace. Between 1791 and 1793, Gerard Devisme constructed a Neo-Gothic mansion on his extensive estate in the Quinta de Monserrate (later known as the Monserrate Palace). Beckford, who remained in Sintra, rented the property from Devisme in 1794. The landscape, covered in fog, also attracted another Englishman, Francis Cook, who occupied the estate, constructing an oriental pavilion. [24] The Palace of Pena, Sintra's exemplary Portuguese Romantic symbol, was initiated by the King-Consort Ferdinand II of Portugal, husband of Queen Maria II of Portugal.

19th century

In 1854, the first contract was signed to construct a rail link between Sintra and Lisbon. A decree signed on 26 June 1855 regulated the contract between the government and Count Claranges Lucotte but was later rescinded in 1861. The connection was finally inaugurated on 2 April 1887.

The Portuguese Riviera originated when King Luís I of Portugal ordered a royal residence to be constructed in Cascais Citadel, starting the tradition of Cascais being the Portuguese royal family's Summer residence, which lasted from 1870 to 1908, transforming the seaside village into a cosmopolitan address. Thanks to King Luís I, the citadel was equipped with the country's first electric lights in 1878. Cascais also benefited from the construction of better roads to Lisbon and Sintra, a casino, a bullfight ring, a sports club, and improvements to basic infrastructure for the population. Many noble families built impressive mansions still to be seen in the town centre and environs. The first railway arrived in 1889.

An advertisement for Estoril and its amenities; first half of the 20th century. Publicidade Estoril antiga.jpg
An advertisement for Estoril and its amenities; first half of the 20th century.

In 1896, King Carlos I of Portugal, a lover of all maritime activities, installed in Cascais Citadel the first oceanographic laboratory in Portugal. The King himself led a total of 12 scientific expeditions to the coast; these ended in 1908 with his assassination in Lisbon.

From the second half of the 19th century into the first decades of the 20th century, Sintra also became a privileged place for artists: musicians such as José Vianna da Motta; composers such as Alfredo Keil, painters like João Cristino da Silva (author of one of the most celebrated canvases of Portuguese Romantic art, "Cinco Artistas em Sintra"), writers such as Eça de Queirós or Ramalho Ortigão, all these people lived, worked or got inspiration from Sintra's landscapes. [24]

By the beginning of the 20th century, Sintra was recognized as a summer resort visited by aristocrats and millionaires. Among these, Carvalho Monteiro, owner of a considerable fortune (known as "Monteiro dos Milhões") constructed near the main town on an estate he bought from the Baroness of Regaleira, the Quinta da Regaleira, regarded as a prime example of Neo-Manueline architecture.

World War II

During the Second World War, the region was the centre of spies and diplomatic secrecy, situations that provided the region with a cosmopolitan atmosphere and sophistication. [25] Owing to the vision of Fausto Cardoso de Figueiredo and his business partner Augusto Carreira de Sousa, it became an international tourist destination both during and after the Second World War. [25]

In July 1940, Edward, Duke of Windsor (former Edward VIII of the United Kingdom) and his wife, Wallis Simpson, fled from Occupied France to Estoril, where they lived for a few weeks in the home of Ricardo de Espírito Santo, a Portuguese banker with both British and German contacts. [26]

During that time, several dignitaries and exiles came to Estoril: Miklós Horthy, the regent of the Kingdom of Hungary (lived and died in exile after the Second World War); the Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona (father of Juan Carlos I of Spain) and the King resided in the territory, as did Umberto II of Italy and Carol II of Romania. [25]

It was also in this location that former Portuguese dictator António de Oliveira Salazar had a summer house. It was Salazar who ordered the construction of the E.N.6 motorway, more commonly referred to as the Avenida Marginal, in order for him to quickly travel by car between Cascais and Lisbon. Until then the accessway was nothing more than a dirt road. [25] The roadway permitted the dictator to travel rapidly, and with fewer stops, and it was not possible for him to be recognized easily in transit. [25]

Casino Estoril, with its gardens facing the Atlantic Ocean is Europe's largest casino. Linha de Cascais DSC 0241 (17296423451).jpg
Casino Estoril, with its gardens facing the Atlantic Ocean is Europe's largest casino.

Complementing the jet-set community that prospered in the region, Casino Estoril, Europe's largest casino, was founded in 1958.

Today

Today the towns of the Portuguese Riviera continue to host the Portuguese elite and be a vacation destination for international tourists. The Riviera plays an important part in tourism in Portugal.

A large expatriate community continues to exist, primarily in Cascais and Sintra, leading to the majority of Lisbon's international schools being located within the area (with Carlucci American International School and TASIS Portugal in Sintra, St Julian's School and St Dominic's School in Cascais, and Oeiras International School).

Luxury gated communities have greatly developed in the region in the late 20th and early 21st century, including Quinta da Marinha (Cascais), Quinta Patino (Estoril), Quinta da Beloura and Quinta da Penha Longa (both in Linhó, Sintra).

Since the middle of the 20th century, the region has come to play host to numerous international sports and entertainment festivals, such as the Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival (in Estoril), the 4 Hours of Estoril endurance race (in Cascais), and NOS Alive music festival (in Algés). The Cascais Marina has hosted many important events, including the America's Cup World Series.

Geography

Cascais (20243630091) (cropped) (cropped).jpg
The Portuguese Riviera is spread along the Costa do Sol, also known as the Estoril Coast.

Climate

The region has a Mediterranean climate, influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and characterized by moderate temperatures and wet winters.

The climate in the area of Cabo da Roca, the westernmost point of Europe, is primarily semi-arid.

The Sintra Mountains are considered moderately humid, but precipitation in the mountains is higher than in the surrounding areas. The position of Sintra in the natural landscape of the Sintra Mountains is influenced by the existence of a micro-climate. [27] [28] Due to its micro-climate, the area has developed a dense foliage with a rich botanical diversity.

The coast along Praia do Guincho, located within the bounds of the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park, is known for its particularly strong winds and powerful waves, making it a popular destination for surfing, kitesurfing and windsurfing.

Parks

Places

The Portuguese Riviera stretches along the Costa do Sol or Estoril Coast, on the Atlantic Ocean. Aerial photograph of Lisbon to the west (cropped).jpg
The Portuguese Riviera stretches along the Costa do Sol or Estoril Coast, on the Atlantic Ocean.

Places following the broadest definition of the Portuguese Riviera:

Culture

Sintra - Casa Biester (cropped).jpg
Villas in the Sintra Mountains (Chalet Biester on the left and Quinta da Regaleira on the right).
King Carlos I Avenue, Cascais. Cascais 2009 (Portugal).jpg
King Carlos I Avenue, Cascais.

The Portuguese Riviera is famed as a bastion of culture in Portugal, as the home to numerous prestigious institutions, art galleries, museums, and a cultural agenda including various international music festivals, film festivals, concerts, international summit meetings, and cultural festivals, among others.

The riviera is home to numerous Michelin star restaurants and known as a culinary destination for Portuguese cuisine and international cuisine alike. [29]

Summer architecture, a Portuguese architectural movement of the 19th and early 20th century, originated in the Riviera, following the Portuguese Royal Family's arrival in the region in 1870.

The Portuguese School of Equestrian Art, one of the "Big Four" most prestigious classical riding academies in the world, is based at Queluz National Palace in Sintra. [30]

Museums and galleries

The Casa das Histórias Paula Rego, a museum and art gallery designed by Souto de Moura, houses the largest collection of works by famed artist Paula Rego.

The Museum of Portuguese Music, in Estoril, is dedicated to the study and history of the music of Portugal.

The Palace of the Counts of Castro Guimarães, in Cascais, Monserrate Palace, a Romanticist villa in Sintra, and Quinta da Regaleira, 19th-century Neo-Manueline palace, are all estates that are open to the public, serving to show the Portuguese nobility historically lived on the Riviera, with notable differences in the architecture and lifestyles between Cascais aristocrats and Sintra nobles.

The NewsMuseum in Sintra is one of the first museums in Europe dedicated to the study of the news and media.

The Sintra Natural History Museum is an internationally recognized museum of natural history in the historic center of Sintra.

Events and festivals

Summits

Music

Sam Smith performing at NOS Alive Music Festival 2015, in Oeiras. Nos Alive 2015 Sam Smith (19500193024).jpg
Sam Smith performing at NOS Alive Music Festival 2015, in Oeiras.
2017 Horasis Global Meeting reception at the Hotel Palacio in Estoril. Horasis meetings in Cascais.jpg
2017 Horasis Global Meeting reception at the Hotel Palácio in Estoril.
  • Cascais Jazz Festival
  • NOS Alive (since 2007)
  • Super Bock Super Rock (since 1994)
  • Festas do Mar (since 1965)
  • Estoril Jazz Festival (Festival de Jazz do Estoril; since 1971)
  • Estoril Festival (Festival do Estoril; since 1975)
  • Musa Cascais Festival (since 1999)
  • EDP Cool Jazz (since 2013)

Film

Sporting

Notable residents

Madonna, world-known international pop star. Madonna at the premiere of I Am Because We Are.jpg
Madonna, world-known international pop star.
Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer. Cristiano Ronaldo entrenando (crop).jpg
Cristiano Ronaldo, Portuguese footballer.
King Juan Carlos I of Spain. Vladimir Putin and Juan Carlos I (cropped).jpg
King Juan Carlos I of Spain.
Lord Byron, famed British poet and leading Romanticist figure. Lord Byron in Albanian dress.jpg
Lord Byron, famed British poet and leading Romanticist figure.
Ayrton Senna, Brazilian racer considered to be one of the best Formula One drivers of all time. Ayrton Senna 9 - Cropped.jpg
Ayrton Senna, Brazilian racer considered to be one of the best Formula One drivers of all time.

Royalty and nobility

Celebrities

Athletes

Politicians

Historical figures

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sintra</span> Municipality in the Lisbon Region, Portugal

Sintra is a town and municipality in the Greater Lisbon region of Portugal, located on the Portuguese Riviera. The population of the municipality in 2021 was 385,654, in an area of 319.23 square kilometres (123.26 sq mi). Sintra is one of the most urbanized and densely populated municipalities of Portugal. A major tourist destination famed for its picturesqueness, the municipality has several historic palaces, castles, scenic beaches, parks and gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Estoril</span> Civil Parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Estoril is a town in the Municipality of Cascais, Portugal, on the Portuguese Riviera. It is a popular tourist destination, with hotels, beaches, and the Casino Estoril. It has been home to numerous royal families and celebrities, and has hosted a number of high-profile events, such as the Estoril Open and the Lisbon & Estoril Film Festival.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cascais</span> City and municipality in the Lisbon District of Portugal

Cascais is a town and municipality in the Lisbon District of Portugal, located on the Portuguese Riviera. The municipality has a total of 214,158 inhabitants in an area of 97.40 km2. Cascais is an important tourist destination. Its marina hosts events such as the America's Cup and the town of Estoril, part of the Cascais municipality, hosts conferences such as the Horasis Global Meeting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oeiras, Portugal</span> Municipality in Lisbon, Portugal

Oeiras is a town and municipality in the western part of Lisbon metropolitan area, located within the Portuguese Riviera, in continental Portugal. The municipality is part of the urban agglomeration of Lisbon and the town of Oeiras is about 16 km from Lisbon downtown. The population in 2011 was 172,120 living in an area of 45.88 km2, making the municipality the fifth-most densely populated in Portugal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luigi Manini</span>

Luigi Pietro Manini, Count of Fagagna was an Italian set designer, architect, painter. He arrived in Lisbon, Portugal in 1879, where he lived until he returned to Italy in 1913. Manini was responsible for some of the most striking architectural designs in Portugal; some of his most famous works include:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monserrate Palace</span> Historic palace in Lisbon, Portugal

The Monserrate Palace is a palatial villa located near Sintra, the traditional summer resort of the Portuguese court in the foothills overlooking the Atlantic Ocean north of the capital, Lisbon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sintra-Cascais Natural Park</span>

The Sintra-Cascais Natural Park is a park on the Portuguese Riviera, one of the 13 Natural Parks of Portugal. While only established in 1994 as a Natural Park by the Portuguese Government, it has been protected since 1981. Its area is approximately 145 km2. The park includes the Serra de Sintra Mountain Range but extends all the way to the coast and Cabo da Roca, continental Europe's westernmost point. It contains the Castle of the Moors. Located within 25 km of Lisbon, the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park is a popular tourism area, with many different individual historical and natural sites and attractions. Sintra and Cascais are towns and municipalities in the Lisbon / Estoril Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Seteais Palace</span> Building in Sintra, Portugal

The Seteais Palace is a neoclassical palace located in Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera, operating as a luxury hotel known as the Tivoli Palácio de Seteais Hotel. The palace is a national landmark and is included in the UNESCO Cultural Landscape of Sintra World Heritage Site listing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raul Lino</span>

Raul Lino was a Portuguese architect, designer, architectural theorist, and writer. Lino's architectural theses and studies revolved around the theory of the Casa Portuguesa, an idealized concept of Portuguese residential architecture, planning, and lifestyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinta da Regaleira</span> Culture heritage estate near Sintra, Portugal

Quinta da Regaleira is a quinta located near the historic centre of Sintra, Portugal. It is classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO within the "Cultural Landscape of Sintra". Along with the other palaces in the area such as the Quinta do Relógio, Pena, Monserrate and Seteais palaces, it is considered one of the principal tourist attractions of Sintra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queluz, Portugal</span> City in Lisbon, Portugal

Queluz is a city within the Sintra Municipality, on the Portuguese Riviera, in the Lisbon metropolitan area of Portugal. It is famed as the home of Queluz National Palace, the 18th century pleasure palace of the Portuguese Royal Family, as well as notable institutions like the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art. Queluz had a population 78,273 inhabitants in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castle of the Moors</span> Medieval castle in Sintra, Portugal

The Castle of the Moors is a hilltop medieval castle located in the central Portuguese civil parish of Santa Maria e São Miguel, in the municipality of Sintra, about 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Lisbon. Built by the Moors in the 8th and 9th centuries, it was an important strategic point during the Reconquista, and was taken by Christian forces after the fall of Lisbon in 1147. It is classified as a National Monument, part of the Sintra Cultural Landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Francisco Caldeira Cabral</span>

Francisco Caldeira CabralGCIH • GOIP was a Portuguese landscape architect. He was an active and internationally reputed landscape architect from the 1940s to the 1980s. He was a pioneer in the practice, study and teaching of Landscape Architecture, and he was a pioneer of the Portuguese environmental movement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinta (estate)</span> Type of rural property in Portugal

Quinta is a traditional term for an estate, primarily used in Portugal and the Portuguese-speaking world, but the term has sometimes been borrowed in non-Portuguese speaking countries of Ibero-America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Quinta do Relógio</span> Building in Lisbon District, Portugal

Quinta do Relógio is a quinta located near the historic center of Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera. It is classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO within the "Cultural Landscape of Sintra". Along with the nearby palaces such as Seteais Palace and the Quinta da Regaleira next to it, it is considered one of the tourist attractions of Sintra. The property consists of a romantic palace and chapel, and a park. Relógio was featured in numerous publications internationally including Variety magazine, and Architectural Digest, when pop star Madonna reportedly purchased the property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in Lisbon</span> Overview of tourism in Lisbon

Lisbon is one of the most popular city destinations in Europe. The city of Lisbon and the Lisbon metropolitan area attracts a significant number of tourists each year, drawn to its historical and cultural heritage, good transportation connections and good touristic infrastructure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Summer architecture</span> Portuguese architectural movement

Summer architecture was a Portuguese architectural movement originating in the Portuguese Riviera, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when the region became a popular resort destination for the Portuguese royal family and the Portuguese aristocracy. The movement is not characterized by any single architectural style or artistic school, but rather unified by common themes, including leisure, wellness, exoticism, and heterotopia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanctuary of Peninha</span> Baroque chapel and 20th Century palace near Sintra, Portugal

The Sanctuary of Peninha is situated in the Sintra Mountains in the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park, in the Lisbon District of Portugal. It stands at an altitude of 448 metres on top of a rocky outcrop, which provides views over the coastline and inland areas. In addition to a baroque chapel, completed in 1710, the location contains the Palace of Peninha, which dates from 1918, as well as remains of a hermitage. The interiors of neither the chapel nor the palace can presently be visited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Linhó, Sintra</span>

Linhó is an affluent village in the municipality of Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera, known for its resorts, restaurants, and its two prominent gated communities, Quinta da Penha Longa and Quinta da Beloura. Linhó is home to a large expatriate community, the only American school in Portugal, and has hosted a Bilderberg Meeting.

References

  1. ↑ Karen Brown; Clare Brown; June Eveleigh Brown; Cynthia Sauvage (2006). Karen Brown's Portugal, 2007: Exceptional Places to Stay & Itineraries. Karen Brown's Guides. pp. 54–56. ISBN   978-1-933810-15-7.
  2. ↑ Marina Times - The Portuguese Riviera
  3. ↑ Scots Travel - Exploring the Portuguese Riviera: Casais & Sintra
  4. ↑ Abigail Hole; Charlotte Beech (2005). Lonely Planet Portugal. Lonely Planet. p. 131. ISBN   978-1-74059-682-4.
  5. ↑ Melanie K. Smith; Greg Richards (2013). The Routledge Handbook of Cultural Tourism. Routledge. pp. 92–93. ISBN   978-0-415-52351-6.
  6. ↑ Hello Magazine - The Portuguese Riviera
  7. ↑ Maxima - Onde andam as celebridades que moram ou visitam Portugal?
  8. ↑ "Jornal Economico - Lisboa, Cascais e Sintra são os municípios que mais encaixam com IMI". Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  9. ↑ RTP - Seis dos quinze concelhos mais ricos situam-se na Região de Lisboa
  10. ↑ Publico - Grande Lisboa e a Regiao Iberica Mais Rica em Poder de Compra
  11. ↑ Correio 24Horas - Sintra fica do lado de Lisboa e tem a maior cara de conto de fadas
  12. ↑ Hello - Holiday like a Royal in Cascais: A Gem on the Portuguese Riviera
  13. ↑ Saveur - Estoril: The Seaside Portuguese Town that Inspired James Bond
  14. ↑ RCL Exclusive - Inside the Palácio Estoril, the Enchanting Hotel That Inspired James Bond
  15. ↑ Publico - James Bond Teve uma Vida Real e Andou pelo Estoril onde Nasceu
  16. ↑ Boots n All - Lisbon Coast: Portuguese Riviera
  17. ↑ Cascais e a Terceira Melhor Cidade do Pais, depois de Lisboa e Porto
  18. ↑ Eurodicas - Melhores Cidades de Portugal
  19. ↑ Folha de S. Paulo - Mercado imobiliário em alta dá apelido de nova Miami a Lisboa
  20. ↑ Diario de Noticias - Sintra reduz taxas para empreendimentos de luxo
  21. ↑ Sapo Economia - Investir 1,3 milhões de euros para vender imóveis de luxo em Lisboa
  22. ↑ Diario de Noticias - Portugal é a nova Miami para os brasileiros ricos
  23. ↑ Expresso - O negócio milionário das casas de luxo em Portugal
  24. 1 2 Câmara Municipal, ed. (2011). "Sintra e a sua Historia" (in Portuguese). Sintra, Portugal: Câmara Municipal de Sintra. Archived from the original on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Junta Freguesia, ed. (2011). "História" (in Portuguese). Estoril (Cascais), Portugal: Junta Freguesia de Estoril. Archived from the original on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2012.
  26. ↑ Bloch, p. 91
  27. ↑ Baltazar, L.; Martins, C. (2005), Atlas do parque natural Sintra – Cascais (in Portuguese), Cascais, Portugal: Edição de Junta de Turismo da Costa do Estoril e Parque natural Sintra
  28. ↑ Sirovs, M.G. (2006), The Cascais-Sintra area, a walker’s guide, Lisbon, Portugal, ISBN   989-20-0244-X {{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ↑ Portugal Confidential - 2019 Michelin Star Restaurants in Portugal
  30. ↑ Horse & Hound - 7 Things You Need to Know about the Portuguese School of Equestrian Art
  31. ↑ Bridie Wilkins (11 Feb 2021). "Madonna's opulent Lisbon palace is fit for a Queen". Hello! Royal& Celebrity News. Retrieved 4 April 2021.

Bibliography

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