Proto-Karelian language

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Lake Ladoga, where Old Karelian was spoken. La2-demis-ladoga.png
Lake Ladoga, where Old Karelian was spoken.

Proto-Karelian, [1] [2] [3] also known as Old Karelian [4] [5] was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language (White, Southern and Livvi), Ludic, the Ingrian language, [6] as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed. [7] It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries, and the language was likely quite uniform with little regional variance. [8] The Eastern Finnish dialects developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian. [9] [10] [11] [12]

Innovations in Proto-Karelian include: the disappearance of *d and *g between vowels, the plural stem *-lOi-, the labialization of *e in post-syllables before labial consonants and the use of "männä" (with ä instead of e) for the word "mennä" (to go). [13] [14] The Old-Karelian language had already been in contact with Old Russian speakers within its early stages. [15]

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References

  1. ↑ Stolz, Thomas; Levkovych, Nataliya (2021-08-23). Areal Linguistics within the Phonological Atlas of Europe: Loan Phonemes and their Distribution. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN   978-3-11-067273-2. Proto-Karelian had only a single sibilant *s.
  2. ↑ Land, Isaac (2023-06-16). Lake Ladoga: The Coastal History of the Greatest Lake in Europe. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. ISBN   978-951-858-630-5. Karelian language, the eastern dialects of Finnish, the Ludic language spoken on the western shore of Lake Onega, and the Ingrian language spoken in Ingermanland, presumably all derive from a language called proto-Karelian, which may
  3. ↑ Dahl, Östen; Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria (2001-01-01). The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN   978-90-272-3057-7. Proto-Karelian (the protolanguage of Karelian, Ingrian and Eastern Finnish dialects)
  4. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-317-23097-7.
  5. ↑ Kehayov, Petar (2017-07-24). The Fate of Mood and Modality in Language Death: Evidence from Minor Finnic. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN   978-3-11-052199-3.
  6. ↑ Strazny, Philipp (2013-02-01). Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-135-45523-1. Proto-Karelian made up the basis for Ingrian, but Karelian itself has developed in close contact with Veps.
  7. ↑ Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31). The Uralic Languages. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   978-1-317-23097-7.
  8. ↑ Lehti, Noora. "KARJALAN KULTTUURI Matka soivaan, runolliseen ja ajattomaan Karjalaan" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "Selityksiä ja lisätietoja: Muinais-Karjala". Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  10. ↑ "Karjalan kielestä on olemassa tietoa ˗ ei kannata levitellä luulopuheita". Arkistoitu versio 27.10.2020 palvelussa Archive.org. Archived from the original on 27 October 2020. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  11. ↑ Kallio, Petri (2017-10-27). "Äännehistoriaa suomen kielen erilliskehityksen alkutaipaleilta". Sananjalka (in Finnish). 59 (59): 7–24. doi: 10.30673/sja.66609 . ISSN   2489-6470.
  12. ↑ "Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka". Kotimaisten kielten keskus (in Finnish). Retrieved 2024-09-08.
  13. ↑ "Muinaiskarjalaista dialektologiaa" (PDF). Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  14. ↑ Kallio, Petri (January 2018). "Muinaiskarjalan uralilainen tausta".
  15. ↑ Koivisto, Vesa (2022-03-14). "Karjalan jälkiä suomessa: Konsonanttiyhtymä tsk suomen murteissa". Virittäjä (in Finnish). 126 (1). doi:10.23982/vir.97362. ISSN   2242-8828.
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