You can help expand this section with text translated from the corresponding article in Russian. (August 2024)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Eastern Khanty | |
---|---|
Kantyk | |
Native to | Russia |
Region | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug |
Ethnicity | <1,000 eastern Khanty [1] |
Native speakers | (<1,000 cited 1993) [2] |
Dialects |
|
Cyrillic | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (all Khanty varieties) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
1ok | |
kca-eas | |
Glottolog | east2774 Eastern Khanty |
ELP |
|
Map of Khanty and Mansi varieties in the early 20th century, with Eastern Khanty |
Eastern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a Khanty language, spoken by about 1,000 people. [2] [3] [4] [5] The majority of these speakers speak the Surgut dialect, as the Vakh-Vasyugan and Salym varieties have been rapidly declining in favor of Russian. [6] The former two have been used as literary languages since the late 20th century, with Surgut being more widely used due to its less isolated location and higher number of speakers. [6]
Classification of Eastern Khanty dialects: [7]
The Vakh, Vasyugan, Alexandrovo and Yugan (Jugan) dialects have less than 300 speakers in total. [1]
The Salym dialect can be classified as transitional between Eastern and Southern (Honti 1998 suggests closer affinity with Eastern, Abondolo 1998 in the same work with Southern). The Atlym and Nizyam dialects also show some Southern features.
А а | Ӑ ӑ | Ӓ ӓ | В в | И и | Й й | К к | Қ қ | Л л |
Љ љ | Ԯ ԯ | М м | Н н | Њ њ | Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | Ө̆ ө̆ |
Ӧ ӧ | П п | Р р | С с | Т т | | У у | Ў ў | Ӱ ӱ |
Ҳ ҳ | Ҷ ҷ | Ш ш | Ы ы | Э э | Ә ә |
The Khanty letters with a tick or tail at bottom, namely Қ Ԯ Ң Ҳ Ҷ , are sometimes rendered with a diagonal tail, i.e. ⟨Ӆ Ӊ⟩, and sometimes with a curved tail, i.e. ⟨Ӄ Ӈ Ԓ Ӽ⟩. However, in the case of Surgut such graphic variation needs to be handled by the font, because there are no Unicode characters to hard-code Ҳ or Ҷ with a diagonal tail, and Unicode has refused a request to encode a variant of Ҷ with a curved tail ( ), the reasoning being that it would be an allograph rather than a distinct letter. (The same is true of the other curved-tail variants in Unicode; those were encoded by mistake.) [10]
Eastern Khanty [ k ] corresponds to [ x ] in the northern and southern languages.
Vakh has the richest vowel inventory, with five reduced vowels /ĕø̆ə̆ɑ̆ŏ/ and full /iyɯueøoæɑ/. Some researchers also report /œɔ/. [11] [12]
Bilabial | Dental | Palatal/ized | Retroflex | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | nʲ | ɳ | ŋ |
Plosive | p | t | tʲ | k | |
Affricate | tʃ | ||||
Fricative | s | ɣ | |||
Lateral | l | lʲ | ɭ | ||
Trill | r | ||||
Semivowel | w | j |
Surgut Khanty has five reduced vowels /æ̆ə̆ɵ̆ʉ̆ɑ̆ŏ/ and full vowels /ieaɒouɯ/. [14]
Bilabial | Dental / Alveolar | Palatal/ized | Post- alveolar | Velar | Uvular | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n̪ | nʲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive / Affricate | p | t̪ | tʲ ~ tɕ [lower-alpha 1] | tʃ | k [lower-alpha 2] | q [lower-alpha 2] | |
Fricative | central | s | ( ʃ ) [lower-alpha 3] | ʁ | |||
lateral | ɬ [lower-alpha 4] | ɬʲ | |||||
Approximant | w | l | j | ( ʁ̞ʷ ) [lower-alpha 5] | |||
Trill | r |
The Vakh dialect is divergent. It has rigid vowel harmony and a tripartite (ergative–accusative) case system, where the subject of a transitive verb takes the instrumental case suffix -nə-, while the object takes the accusative case suffix. The subject of an intransitive verb, however, is not marked for case and might be said to be absolutive. The transitive verb agrees with the subject, as in nominative–accusative systems.
No. | Numerals |
---|---|
1 | əj (attributive), əj-əɬ (non-attributive) |
2 | kȧt (attributive), kȧt-ɣən (non-attributive) |
3 | qoɬəm |
4 | ńəɬə |
5 | wä̌t |
6 | qut |
7 | ɬȧpət |
8 | ńyɬəɣ |
9 | irjeŋ |
10 | jeŋ |
11 | jeŋ ü̆rəkkə əj |
12 | jeŋ ü̆rəkkə kȧt-ɣən |
20 | qos |
25 | qos ü̆rəkkə wä̌t |
30 | qoɬəm jeŋ |
31 | qoɬəm jeŋ əj |
40 | ńəɬ jeŋ |
42 | ńəɬə jeŋ kȧtɣən |
80 | ńyɬ sɔt |
100 | sɔt |
255 | kȧt sɔtɣən wä̌t jeŋ wä̌t |
800 | ńyɬəɣ sɔt |
1000 | ťǒras |
30943 | qoɬəm jeŋ ťŏrȧs irjeŋ sɔt ńəɬə jeŋ qoɬəm |
The Mari language, formerly known as the Cheremiss language, spoken by approximately 400,000 people, belongs to the Uralic language family. It is spoken primarily in the Mari Republic of the Russian Federation, as well as in the area along the Vyatka river basin and eastwards to the Urals. Mari speakers, known as the Mari, are found also in the Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Udmurtia, and Perm regions.
The Ugric or Ugrian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family.
Yaghnobi is an Eastern Iranian language spoken in the upper valley of the Yaghnob River in the Zarafshan area of Tajikistan by the Yaghnobi people. It is considered to be a direct descendant of Sogdian and has sometimes been called Neo-Sogdian in academic literature. There are some 12,500 Yaghnobi speakers, divided into several communities. The principal group lives in the Zafarobod area. There are also resettlers in the Yaghnob Valley. Some communities live in the villages of Zumand and Kůkteppa and in Dushanbe or its vicinity.
Komi, also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan, is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permian languages; the other regional variety is Komi-Permyak.
Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The reconstructed language is thought to have been originally spoken in a small area in about 7000–2000 BCE, and then expanded across northern Eurasia, gradually diverging into a dialect continuum and then a language family in the process. The location of the area or Urheimat is not known, and various strongly differing proposals have been advocated, but the vicinity of the Ural Mountains is generally accepted as the most likely.
Khanty, previously known as Ostyak, is a Uralic language family composed of multiple dialect continuua, typically considered a language, spoken in the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Okrugs. There were thought to be around 7,500 speakers of Northern Khanty and 2,000 speakers of Eastern Khanty in 2010, with Southern Khanty being extinct since the early 20th century. The number of speakers reported in the 2020 census was 13,900.
The Mansi languages are spoken by the Mansi people in Russia along the Ob River and its tributaries, in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Sverdlovsk Oblast. Traditionally considered a single language, they constitute a branch of the Uralic languages, often considered most closely related to neighbouring Khanty and then to Hungarian.
Selkup is the language of the Selkups, belonging to the Samoyedic group of the Uralic language family. It is spoken by some 1,570 people in the region between the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. The language name Selkup comes from the Russian селькуп, based on the native name used in the Taz dialect, шӧльӄумыт әты šöľqumyt əty, lit. 'forest-man language'. Different dialects use different names.
The Finnic or Baltic Finnic languages constitute a branch of the Uralic language family spoken around the Baltic Sea by the Baltic Finnic peoples. There are around 7 million speakers, who live mainly in Finland and Estonia.
En with hook is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is derived from the Cyrillic letter En (Н н) by adding a hook to the right leg.
Reversed Ze is a letter of the Cyrillic script. Its form is a reversed Cyrillic letter Ze. It resembles the Latin letter epsilon (Ɛ ɛ) and the Greek letter Epsilon (Ε ε), as well as a hand-written form of the uppercase Latin E and Cyrillic letter Ye, but has different origins from them. Reversed Ze was added to the Unicode 5.0 Standard, but is still uncommon in most Cyrillic fonts.
Forest Nenets is a Samoyedic language spoken in northern Russia, around the Agan, Pur, Lyamin and Nadym rivers, by the Nenets people. It is closely related to the Tundra Nenets language, and the two are still sometimes seen as simply being dialects of a single Nenets language, despite there being low mutual intelligibility between the two. The next closest relatives are Nganasan and Enets, after them Selkup, and even more distantly the other Uralic languages.
Eastern Mansi is an extinct member of the Mansi languages, and was spoken in Russia in the Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug around the river Konda. It became extinct in 2018, when its last speaker Maksim Shivtorov died. It has Khanty and Siberian Tatar influence. There is vowel harmony, and for it has, frequently diphthongized.
Northern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a unified Khanty language, spoken by about 9,000 people. It is the most widely spoken out of all the Khanty languages, the majority composed of 5,000 speakers in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The reason for this discrepancy is that dialects of Northern Khanty have been better preserved in its northern reaches, and the Middle Ob and Kazym dialects are losing favor to Russian. All four dialects have been literary, beginning with the Middle Ob dialects, but shifting to Kazym, and back to Middle Ob, now the most used dialect in writing. The Shuryshkary dialects are also written, primarily due to an administrative division between the two, as the latter is spoken in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.
Southern Khanty is a Uralic language, frequently considered a dialect of a unified Khanty language, spoken by 56 people in 2010. It is considered to be extinct, its speakers having shifted starting in the 18th century to Russian or Siberian Tatar, but some speakers of the Kyshikov or Ust-Nazym dialect were found in its former territory. Speakers of Surgut Khanty have moved into the former territory of the Demyanka dialect. It was transitional between the Northern Khanty and Eastern Khanty dialect groups, but it is now a distinct language.
Mansi alphabets is a writing system used to write Mansi language. During its existence, it functioned on different graphic bases and was repeatedly reformed. At present day, the Mansi writing functions in Cyrillic. There are 3 stages in the history of Mansi writing:
Che with hook is an allograph of the letter che with descender in the Cyrillic script. It represents the Voiced postalveolar affricate /ʤ/, like ⟨j⟩ in "jump"
Oe with breve is a letter of the Cyrillic script used in the Surgut dialect of Khanty to represent the close-mid front rounded vowel.
Proto-Karelian, also known as Old Karelian was a language once spoken on the western shore of Lake Ladoga in Karelia, from which the dialects of the Karelian language, Ludic, the Ingrian language, as well as the South Karelian and Savonian dialects of the Finnish language have developed. It was spoken around the 12th and 13th centuries, and the language was likely quite uniform with little regional variance. Old-Savonian developed from Proto-Karelian when the language of the inhabitants who had moved to the area around present-day Mikkeli mixed with western, likely Tavastian, speakers of Finnish. The Livvi-Karelian dialect and Ludic developed from the mixture of the old Vepsian language spoken by the Vepsians of the Olonets Isthmus and Proto-Karelian.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link){{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)