Prunus angustifolia

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Prunus angustifolia
Prunus angustifolia Arkansas.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Prunus
Subgenus: Prunus subg. Prunus
Section: Prunus sect. Prunocerasus
Species:
P. angustifolia
Binomial name
Prunus angustifolia
Prunus angustifolia range map 1.png
Natural range of Prunus angustifolia
Synonyms [2]
  • Prunus stenophyllaRaf.
  • Prunus angustifolia subsp. variansW.Wight & Hedrick
  • Prunus watsoniiSarg.
  • Prunus chicasaMichx.

Prunus angustifolia, known commonly as Chickasaw plum, Cherokee plum, Florida sand plum, sandhill plum, or sand plum, [3] is a North American species of plum-bearing tree. It was originally cultivated by Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans. [4] [5] [6] The species' name angustifolia refers to its narrow leaves. It became the official state fruit of Kansas in 2022. [7]

Contents

Description

Chickasaw plum grows 3.7 to 6.1 meters (12 to 20 feet) tall and 4.6 to 6.1 m (15 to 20 ft) wide in an irregular shape. It is "twiggy" in nature, and has a scaly, almost black bark. Its branches are reddish with thornlike, small side branches. In February, March, April and May, small white flowers blossom, 8–10 millimeters (51638 inch) wide, along with red plums, up to 25 mm (1 in) long. The flowers have five white petals with reddish or orange anthers. The plums are cherry-like and tend to be quite tart until they fully ripen. [8] They ripen in late summer. It requires low to medium amounts of water to grow, and dry, sandy or loose soil. It grows best in areas with regular sunlight or areas of partial shade. In sunny areas, it will be more dense and colonize thickly. In areas of partial shade, it will be thinner and less dense, and each plant will be more spread out.[ citation needed ]

P. angustifolia is very difficult to distinguish from P. umbellata , with which it hybridizes easily. [9]

Taxonomy

American plum ( Prunus americana Marsh.) hybridizes naturally with P. angustifolia to produce P. × orthosepala Koehne. [10]

Distribution and habitat

P. angustifolia is widespread across much of the eastern and central United States from Florida west as far as New Mexico and California, north to Nebraska, Illinois, and New Jersey, with a few isolated populations in northern Michigan. [11] The species grows in dry and sandy soils, such as open woodlands, woodland edges, forest openings, savannahs, prairies, plains, meadows, pastures, and roadsides. It is listed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as an endangered species in the state of New Jersey.[ citation needed ]

Ecology

It is used by many species as a larval host, including the black-waved flannel moth, the blinded sphinx, the cecropia moth, the coral hairstreak, the elm sphinx, the hummingbird clearwing moth, the imperial moth, the Io moth, the polyphemus moth, the promethea silkmoth, the red-spotted purple, the small-eyed sphinx, the spring azure, the striped hairstreak, and the tiger swallowtail. [12]

The fruit is eaten by various animals, and the foliage provides cover for nesting sites.[ citation needed ]

Uses

Chickasaw plums tend to bloom early in the spring before many other plants bloom, and require very little maintenance; as a result, they are often used in ornamental horticulture. They are often found growing wild along highways, especially in the southern U.S.

The 12-in. edible fruits change from yellow to red when fully ripe. They may be eaten raw and are often made into jellies. [13] Because of its attractive bark, small leaves and thin branches, Chickasaw plum is also sometimes used for bonsai. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Prunus spinosa</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae

Prunus spinosa, called blackthorn or sloe, is an Old World species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. It is locally naturalized in parts of the New World.

<i>Elaeagnus angustifolia</i> Species of flowering plant

Elaeagnus angustifolia, commonly called Russian olive, silver berry, oleaster, or wild olive, is a species of Elaeagnus, native to Asia and limited areas of eastern Europe. It is widely established in North America as an introduced species.

<i>Prunus virginiana</i> Species of plant

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry, is a species of bird cherry native to North America.

<i>Salix discolor</i> Species of plant

Salix discolor, the American pussy willow or glaucous willow, is a species of willow native to North America, one of two species commonly called pussy willow.

<i>Prunus cerasifera</i> Species of plum

Prunus cerasifera is a species of plum known by the common names cherry plum and myrobalan plum. It is native to Southeast Europe and Western Asia, and is naturalised in the British Isles and scattered locations in North America. Also naturalized in parts of SE Australia where it is considered to be a mildly invasive weed of bushland near urban centers. P. cerasifera is believed to one of the parents of the cultivated plum, Prunus domestica perhaps crossing with the sloe, Prunus spinosa, or perhaps the sole parent. This would make it a parent of most of the commercial varieties of plum in the UK and mainland Europe - Victoria, greengages, bullace etc.

<i>Prunus serotina</i> Species of tree

Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a deciduous tree or shrub in the rose family Rosaceae. Despite its common names, it is not very closely related to commonly cultivated cherries. It is found in the Americas.

<i>Prunus maritima</i> Species of tree

Prunus maritima, the beach plum, is a species of plum native to the East Coast of the United States. It is a choice wild edible and its few pests and salt tolerance make it a resilient fruit crop for degraded lands and urban soils.

<i>Spondias purpurea</i> Species of plant

Spondias purpura is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to tropical regions of the Americas, from Mexico to northern Colombia and the southwest Caribbean Islands. It has also been introduced to and naturalized to other parts of the American tropics, Southeast Asia, and West Africa. It is commonly known as jocote, which derives from the Nahuatl word xocotl, meaning any kind of sour or acidic fruit. Other common names include red mombin, Spanish plum, purple mombin, Jamaica plum, and hog plum.

<i>Prunus emarginata</i> Species of tree

Prunus emarginata, the bitter cherry or Oregon cherry, is a species of Prunus native to western North America, from British Columbia south to Baja California, and east as far as western Wyoming and New Mexico. It is often found in recently disturbed areas or open woods on nutrient-rich soil.

<i>Prunus subcordata</i> Species of tree

Prunus subcordata, known by the common names Klamath plum, Oregon plum, Pacific plum and Sierra plum, is a member of the genus Prunus, native to the western United States, especially California and Oregon.

<i>Oemleria cerasiformis</i> Species of flowering plant in the rose family

Oemleria cerasiformis, a shrub commonly known as osoberry, squaw plum, Indian plum, or Indian Peach, is the sole extant species in genus Oemleria. The deciduous and perennial osoberry is one of the first plants to have its flowers bloom and leaves bud in the late winter. The shrub can grow up to 7 meters tall, with spread out branches that grow small white flowers and bitter fruit that sweeten when ripened. Osoberry is dioecious, with females producing fruit, and males producing a high reproductive biomass of pollen and flowers. Animals and insects aid in internal animal dispersion of seeds and pollination.

<i>Prunus americana</i> Species of tree

Prunus americana, commonly called the American plum, wild plum, or Marshall's large yellow sweet plum, is a species of Prunus native to North America from Saskatchewan and Idaho south to New Mexico and east to Québec, Maine and Florida.

<i>Prunus fruticosa</i> Species of plant

Prunus fruticosa, the European dwarf cherry, dwarf cherry, Mongolian cherry or steppe cherry is a deciduous, xerophytic, winter-hardy, cherry-bearing shrub. It is also called ground cherry and European ground cherry, but is not to be confused with plants in the distinct "Groundcherry" genus of Physalis.

<i>Prunus caroliniana</i> Species of tree

Prunus caroliniana, known as the Carolina laurelcherry, Carolina cherry laurel, Carolina cherry, or Cherry laurel, is a small evergreen flowering tree native to the lowlands of Southeastern United States, from North Carolina south to Florida and westward to central Texas. The species also has escaped into the wild in a few places in California.

<i>Prunus geniculata</i> Species of tree

Prunus geniculata is a rare species of plum known by the common name scrub plum. The species is endemic to Florida.

<i>Prunus rivularis</i> Species of tree

Prunus rivularis, known variously by the common names creek plum, hog plum, or wild-goose plum is a thicket-forming shrub. It prefers calcareous clay soil or limestone-based woodland soils. This deciduous plant belongs to the rose family, Rosaceae, and is found mainly in the central United States. It is a shrub consisting of slender stems with umbel clusters of white blossoms. The fruit is a drupe that resembles a large berry; though it has a bitter taste, it serves as a source of food for birds and other wildlife. "Prunus" is Latin for plum, whereas "rivularis" means being near a stream.

<i>Prunus hortulana</i> Species of tree

Prunus hortulana, called the hortulan plum and wild goose plum, is a fruit shrub in the rose family found in the central United States in: Arkansas, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Maryland, Missouri, Nebraska, Ohio, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West Virginia. Populations east of the Appalachians probably represent naturalizations.

<i>Prunus simonii</i> Species of tree

Prunus simonii, called apricot plum and Simon plum, is a tree in the genus Prunus. It was first described by Elie-Abel Carrière in 1872 and is native to Hebei province, China. The species is not known in a truly wild state. It has been important for breeding commercial plum cultivars from crosses with other species of the genus Prunus. The species is named for Gabriel Eugène Simon (1829–1896), a French botanist and diplomat who sent pits to the Paris Museum in the early 1860s while he was representing the French government in China. Beginning about 1881, the species became commonly known in the United States; having been introduced there from France.

<i>Prunus umbellata</i> Species of tree

Prunus umbellata, called flatwoods plum, hog plum and sloe plum, is a plum species native to the United States from Virginia, south to Florida, and west to Texas.

<i>Prunus gracilis</i> Species of tree

Prunus gracilis, called the Oklahoma plum, sour plum, and sand plum, is a species of Prunus native to the south-central United States.

References

  1. Pollard, R.P.; Rhodes, L.; Maxted, N. (2016). "Prunus angustifolia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T50673310A50673313. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T50673310A50673313.en . Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species" . Retrieved January 27, 2014.
  3. "Prunus angustifolia". Germplasm Resources Information Network . Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture . Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  4. Bartram, W. Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, East and West Florida. 1791.
  5. Sargent, C. S. Manual of the trees of North America. 2nd Ed. Vol. II. Dover Pub., Inc. New York. 934p. 1965.
  6. Little, E. L. Checklist of United States Trees. USDA Forest service. Washington, D.C. 1979.
  7. Taborda, Noah (April 12, 2022). "Sandhill plum officially named Kansas state fruit". Reflector. Retrieved April 12, 2022.
  8. Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota, Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. p. 77. ISBN   1561643726.
  9. "Plum Delicious and Native, Too!". Florida Native Plant Society. July 15, 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
  10. Lee, Sangtae; Wen, Jun. (2001). A phylogenetic analysis of Prunus and the Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) using ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. American Journal of Botany . 88(1): 150-160.
  11. Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  12. The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
  13. 1 2 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson. "Prunus angustifolia: Chickasaw Plum". University of Florida. Retrieved 3 May 2011.

They grow around Beaver County Oklahoma and Lipscomb county Texas