Psilocybe caerulipes

For the other mushroom called "blue foot", see Hydnellum cyanopodium.

Psilocybe caerulipes
Wild Psilocybe caerulipes in Veracruz, Mexico
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Division:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Agaricomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Hymenogastraceae
Genus:	Psilocybe
Species:	P. caerulipes
Binomial name
Psilocybe caerulipes Peck
Range of Psilocybe caerulipes
Synonyms
Agaricus caerulipes

Psilocybe caerulipes Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is convex or umbonate
	Hymenium is adnate or sinuate
	Stipe is bare
	Spore print is purple-brown
	Ecology is saprotrophic
	Edibility is psychoactive

Psilocybe caerulipes, commonly known as blue-foot, is a rare psilocybin mushroom of the family Hymenogastraceae, ^[1] having psilocybin and psilocin as main active compounds. An older synonym is Agaricus caerulipes.

It is in the section Semilanceatae, other members of the section include Psilocybe bohemica , Psilocybe callosa , Psilocybe carbonaria , Psilocybe cyanofibrillosa , Psilocybe fimetaria , Psilocybe indica , Psilocybe liniformans var. liniformans , Psilocybe liniformans var. americana , Psilocybe pelliculosa , Psilocybe semiinconspicua , Psilocybe semilanceata , Psilocybe serbica , Psilocybe silvatica , Psilocybe subfimetaria and Psilocybe venenata .

Etymology

From the Latin words caerulea (blue) and pes (foot).

Description

Psilocybe caerulipes has a farinaceous taste and a no to slightly farinaceous odor.

• The cap is 1 — 3.5 cm in diameter, obtusely conic to convex, and the margin is initially turned inwards, later becoming broadly convex to flattened or somewhat umbilicate while retaining a slight umbo, and at times quite irregular. The surface is viscid when moist from a gelatinous pellicle, but soon becomes dry and shiny, translucent-striate, and decorated with fine fibrillose veil remnants, often with greenish stains near the margin or a greenish tinge overall . It is cinnamon brown to caramel brown when fresh, hygrophanous, and soon fading to dingy ochraceous buff during dry conditions. The flesh is thin, pliant, bruising blue, sometimes slowly.
• The gills are close but not crowded, narrow with adnate to sinuate to uncinate attachment. They are nearly white at first, becoming dark brown as the spores mature; the edges are whitish and slightly fimbriate.
• The spores are dark brown, ellipsoid, 7—10 x 4—5 μm from 4-spored basidia, thick-walled, and with a broad germ pore. The spores from 2-spored basidia are larger.
• The stipe is 3–6 cm long, 1.5–3 mm thick, equal to enlarging downwards, tough(ropey), and is whitish to brown at first. The stipe is pallid to bluish when dried, becoming dingy brown towards the base with age, and bruises blue, sometimes slowly. The surface is powdered at the apex, and covered with whitish to grayish fibrils downwards. The flesh is stuffed with a pith and is solid at first but becomes hollow. It lacks an annulus but sometimes remnants of the thin cortinate partial veil form a soon disappearing fibrillose annular zone in the upper region of the stem.
• Microscopic features: The basidia are 2- and 4-spored. Pleurocystidia are absent. The cheilocystidia are 18—35 x 4.5—7.5 μm, langeniform (swollen at the base, narrowed at the top), and with a thin neck, sometimes forked, 1–2.5 μm broad at apices. ^[2]

Habitat

Psilocybe caerulipes may be found growing solitary to cespitose, in deciduous forests on hardwood slash and debris, plant matter, on or about decaying hardwood logs, birch, beech and maple.

Season

Psilocybe caerulipes grows from late May through December.

Distribution

Psilocybe caerulipes grows in eastern North America, from Nova Scotia to North Carolina, and west to Michigan. It has also been found as far south as Mexico in the states of Hidalgo and Veracruz. ^{[2] [3]} In Mexico it is found in cloud forests on Fagus. It is often overlooked as just another little brown mushroom, and although widely distributed, it is not found often. It is sometimes confused with the larger Psilocybe ovoideocystidiata .

References

1. Ramírez-Cruz, Virginia; Guzmán, Gastón; Villalobos-Arámbula, Alma Rosa; Rodríguez, Aarón; Matheny, P. Brandon; Sánchez-García, Marisol; Guzmán-Dávalos, Laura (2013). "Phylogenetic inference and trait evolution of the psychedelic mushroom genus Psilocybe sensu lato (Agaricales)". Botany. 91 (9). Canadian Science Publishing: 573–591. Bibcode:2013Botan..91..573R. doi: 10.1139/cjb-2013-0070 . ISSN   1916-2790.
2. Singer R, Smith AH. (1958). Mycological investigations on Teonanácatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part II. A taxonomic monograph of Psilocybe, section Caerulescentes. Mycologia50(2): 262-303.
3. Guzmán G. (1973). Some distributional relationships between Mexican and United States mycofloras. Mycologia65: 1319-1330.

Further reading

• Stamets, Paul (1996). Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. ISBN   978-0-9610798-0-2.
• Guzmán, G. The Genus Psilocybe: A Systematic Revision of the Known Species Including the History, Distribution and Chemistry of the Hallucinogenic Species. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia Heft 74. J. Cramer, Vaduz, Germany (1983) [now out of print].