Pycnoporellus alboluteus

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Pycnoporellus alboluteus
Pycnoporellus alboluteus 160227.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Polyporales
Family: Fomitopsidaceae
Genus: Pycnoporellus
Species:
P. alboluteus
Binomial name
Pycnoporellus alboluteus
(Ellis & Everh.) Kotl. & Pouzar (1963)
Synonyms [1]
  • Fomes alboluteusEllis & Everh. (1895)
  • Polyporus alboluteus(Ellis & Everh.) Ellis & Everh. (1898)
  • Scindalma alboluteum(Ellis & Everh.) Kuntze (1898)
  • Aurantiporellus alboluteus(Ellis & Everh.) Murrill (1905)
  • Aurantiporus alboluteus(Ellis & Everh.) Murrill (1905)
  • Phaeolus alboluteus(Ellis & Everh.) Pilát (1937)
  • Hapalopilus alboluteus(Ellis & Everh.) Bondartsev & Singer (1941)

Pycnoporellus alboluteus, commonly known as the orange sponge polypore, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Fomitopsidaceae. Distributed throughout the boreal conifer zone, the fungus is found in mountainous regions of western North America, and in Europe. It causes a brown cubical rot of conifer wood, especially spruce, but also fir and poplar. The soft, spongy orange fruit bodies grow spread out on the surface of fallen logs. Mature specimens have tooth-like or jagged pore edges. A snowbank mushroom, P. alboluteus can often be found growing on logs or stumps protruding through melting snow. Although the edibility of the fungus and its usage for human culinary purposes are unknown, several species of beetles use the fungus as a food source.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Fomes alboluteus by Job Bicknell Ellis and Benjamin Matlack Everhart in 1895. Collected by botanist Charles Spencer Crandall, [2] the type specimens were found growing on the charred trunks of Abies subalpina in the mountains of Colorado, at an elevation of 10,000 feet (3,000 m). [3] In its taxonomic history, it has been transferred to several genera. The original authors moved it to Polyporus in 1898, considering it allied to Polyporus leucospongia . They also noted that the pores developed teeth-like elongations like those of genus Irpex . [4] Other generic transfers include Scindalma by Otto Kuntze in the same year, [5] Aurantiporellus by William Alphonso Murrill in 1895, Aurantiporus by Murrill in 1905, [6] Phaeolus by Albert Pilát in 1937, and Hapalopilus by Appollinaris Semenovich Bondartsev and Rolf Singer in 1943. [7] It was given its current name in 1963 when Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdeněk Pouzar placed it in Pycnoporellus . [8]

The generic name Pycnoporellus is Ancient Greek for "with countless pores". [9] The specific epithet alboluteus is a combination of the Latin words for "white" and "yellow". Curtis Gates Lloyd did not approve of the name, opining: "I hardly see how Ellis could have given it a worse name if he had tried, for it is neither "white" nor "yellow", but orange as Ellis described it. The young growth may possibly be white, but not when developed." [10] The fungus is commonly known as the "orange sponge polypore". [11] [12]

Description

The fruit bodies, which grow spread out on the surface of the substrate, can be readily removed in large sheets. Pycnoporellus alboluteus 61386.jpg
The fruit bodies, which grow spread out on the surface of the substrate, can be readily removed in large sheets.

The fruit bodies of P. alboluteus are annual, and are resupinate; they can be spread out on the substrate surface for up to 1 m (3+1⁄4 ft). Fresh fruit bodies are bright orange, finely grooved, and have a soft and spongy upper surface. The pore surface is orange with angular pores that are usually larger than 1 mm in diameter. It features thin partitions that split to form a teeth-like layer. The flesh is soft and pale orange, up to 2 mm thick, with a felt-like texture. The tubes are the same color as the pores, and continuous with the flesh, measuring up to 2 cm (3⁄4 in) thick. [13] Bruised pores sometimes turn black. [14] All tissues of the fungus turn bright red if a drop of dilute potassium hydroxide is applied. [13] Fresh fruit bodies retain considerable moisture and can be squeezed of liquid like a sponge. [2] The fruit body can be readily removed in large sheets from the wood it grows on. [15] The edibility of the fruit body is unknown. [16] It has a fragrant odor. [16]

The hyphae are monomitic and lack clamps. Pycnoporellus alboluteus 336486.jpg
The hyphae are monomitic and lack clamps.

In deposit, the spores are white. [11] The spores are cylindrical, smooth, hyaline (translucent), inamyloid, and measure 9–12 by 3–3.5  μm. Pycnoporellus alboluteus has a monomitic hyphal system, meaning it is made of generative hyphae, which are thin-walled, branched, and narrow. Hyphae in the flesh layer are thin- to thick-walled, frequently branched, and measure 2–10 μm in diameter, while those of the pores are roughly similar in morphology, but measure 3–5 μm. Both forms have a thin incrustation on their walls that gives them a rough appearance when viewed with a light microscope. [13] The hymenium (spore-bearing tissue layer) is 40–60 μm thick, and has abundant cystidia, which are hyaline, and measure 7–9 μm in diameter. [14] They are cylindrical, thin-walled to moderately thick-walled, hyaline, have a septum at the base, and measure 60–120 by 5–10 μm. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and have dimensions of 25–35 by 6–7 μm. [13]

Similar species

Lookalikes
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus 02.jpg
Pycnoporus cinnabarinus
Ceriporia spissa 95656.jpg
Ceriporia spissa
Oligoporus leucospongia 155253.jpg
Oligoporus leucospongia

Field characteristics used to identify Pycnoporellus alboluteus include its orange color, toothlike pore edges, and the soft texture of its flesh. [16] Other reddish-colored polypores with which Pycnoporellus alboluteus can be confused include Polyporus alboluteus , P. fibrillosus , and P. cinnabarinus . They can be distinguished by the size of their pores: P. alboluteus has pores that measure 1–3 mm, those of P. fibrillosus are 1–2 per mm, while those of P. cinnabarinus are 2–4 per mm. [15] The shelf-like fruit bodies of Pycnoporellus fulgens have distinct caps, [16] smaller pores measuring 0.3–0.5 mm, and less tendency to be pulled away from the substrate in sheets. [17] Oligoporus leucospongia is another snowbank fungus that prefers downed conifer logs. It can be distinguished from P. alboluteus by its whitish cottony upper surface. [18] Another orange fungus, Ceriporia spissa , is tightly appressed to the wood substrate, with a soft, gelatinous body texture. [16]

Ecology, habitat and distribution

Pycnoporellus alboluteus causes a brown cubical rot on fallen logs of coniferous trees. [13] The fruit bodies usually grow on the underside of the log, and may start developing while still immersed in snow. Although new fruit bodies usually begin growing in the spring, they may persist throughout the year. [12] In Europe, it usually grows on Picea species, but also on Abies . In North America, it also grows on Populus . The fungus has a circumpolar distribution, and is found in the boreal conifer zone, [13] particularly in the montane zone, 8,000–10,000 feet (2,400–3,000 m). [19] In North America, the fruit bodies begin growth under snow in the spring, continuing until midsummer, while in Europe, it is usually encountered in autumn. [13] It is abundant in the Rocky Mountain region of North America, [20] but rare in the eastern United States and Canada. [17] As a timberline fungus subject to high altitudes, the fruit bodies are subjected to bright light, high winds, and low relative humidity, all of which have a drying effect. They counteract these extremes by absorbing water quickly, and drying slowly. [21]

In Europe, it is one of 32 threatened species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention. It has been recorded from Czechoslovakia, [22] and Poland, where it is mostly found in old-growth forests. [23] It is rare in northern Europe, where it has been found in Finland growing on Picea abies and Alnus incana , [24] and in Sweden. [25]

In North America, the fruit bodies of the fungus serve as a food source for the rove beetle species Scaphisoma castaneum, [26] the pleasing fungus beetle species Dacne cyclochilus , [27] and minute tree-fungus beetles, including Octotemnus laevis . [28]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polypore</span> Group of fungi

Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside. They are a morphological group of basidiomycetes-like gilled mushrooms and hydnoid fungi, and not all polypores are closely related to each other. Polypores are also called bracket fungi or shelf fungi, and they characteristically produce woody, shelf- or bracket-shaped or occasionally circular fruiting bodies that are called conks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polyporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Polyporaceae are a family of poroid fungi belonging to the Basidiomycota. The flesh of their fruit bodies varies from soft to very tough. Most members of this family have their hymenium in vertical pores on the underside of the caps, but some of them have gills or gill-like structures. Many species are brackets, but others have a definite stipe – for example, Polyporus badius.

<i>Cerrena unicolor</i> Species of fungus

Cerrena unicolor, commonly known as the mossy maze polypore, is a species of poroid fungus in the genus Cerrena. This saprobic fungus causes white rot.

<i>Daedaleopsis confragosa</i> Species of fungus

Daedaleopsis confragosa, commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus, and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888.

<i>Meripilus giganteus</i> Species of fungus

Meripilus giganteus is a polypore fungus in the family Meripilaceae. It causes a white rot in various types of broadleaved trees, particularly beech (Fagus), but also Abies, Picea, Pinus, Quercus and Ulmus species. This bracket fungus, commonly known as the giant polypore or black-staining polypore, is often found in large clumps at the base of trees, although fruiting bodies are sometimes found some distance away from the trunk, parasitizing the roots. M. giganteus has a circumboreal distribution in the northern Hemisphere, and is widely distributed in Europe. In the field, it is recognizable by the large, multi-capped fruiting body, as well as its pore surface that quickly darkens black when bruised or injured.

<i>Albatrellus subrubescens</i> Species of fungus in the family Albatrellaceae found in Asia, Europe and North America

Albatrellus subrubescens is a species of polypore fungus in the family Albatrellaceae. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) of the fungus have whitish to pale buff-colored caps that can reach up to 14.5 cm (5.7 in) in diameter, and stems up to 7 cm (2.8 in) long and 2 cm (0.8 in) thick. On the underside of the caps are tiny light yellow to pale greenish-yellow pores, the site of spore production. When the fruit bodies are fresh, the cap and pores stain yellow where exposed, handled, or bruised.

<i>Buglossoporus</i> Genus of fungi

Buglossoporus is a genus of fungi in the family Fomitopsidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1966 by Czech mycologists František Kotlába and Zdeněk Pouzar, with Buglossoporus quercinus as the type species. In some works, Buglossoporus has been treated as a synonym of Piptoporus.

<i>Neofavolus alveolaris</i> Species of fungus

Neofavolus alveolaris, commonly known as the hexagonal-pored polypore, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of dead hardwoods. Found on sticks and decaying logs, its distinguishing features are its yellowish to orange scaly cap, and the hexagonal or diamond-shaped pores. It is widely distributed in North America, and also found in Asia, Australia, and Europe.

<i>Fuscocerrena</i> Genus of fungi

Fuscocerrena is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single polypore species Fuscocerrena portoricensis, found in eastern North America, Central America, and South America.

<i>Globifomes</i> Genus of fungi

Globifomes is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, containing the single North American species Globifomes graveolens, commonly known as sweet knot. This fungus is found fruiting singly or in groups on trunks or logs of hardwood trees, primarily oaks. The fruit body consists of a mass of small overlapping hoof-shaped caps arising from a common core. It is initially dull yellow-brown with tan petal-shaped margins, aging to dark brown.

<i>Pachykytospora</i> Genus of fungi

Pachykytospora is a small genus of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. Species in the cosmopolitan genus cause white rot. There are about 10 species in the genus, with newest member described from European Russia in 2007. Pachykytospora species have fruit bodies that are resupinate, with light brown tubes. They are characterized by their uneven, ellipsoid spores, and the Polyporus-like skeletal-binding hyphae.

<i>Poronidulus</i> Genus of fungi

Poronidulus is a fungal genus in the family Polyporaceae. It is a monotypic genus, and contains the single polypore species Poronidulus conchifer, found in North America. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1904. The generic name, which combines the Ancient Greek word πόρος ("pore") with the Latin word nidulus, refers to the superficial similarity of the cup-shaped Poronidulus fruit bodies with those of the genus Nidularia. A second species, Poronidulus bivalvis, found in Bogor, was placed in the genus by Franz Xaver Rudolf von Höhnel in 1914. The actual identity of this taxon, however, is uncertain.

<i>Skeletocutis</i> Genus of fungi

Skeletocutis is a genus of about 40 species of poroid fungi in the family Polyporaceae. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution, although most species are found in the Northern Hemisphere. It causes a white rot in a diverse array of woody substrates, and the fruit bodies grow as a crust on the surface of the decaying wood. Sometimes the edges of the crust are turned outward to form rudimentary bracket-like caps.

<i>Lentinus brumalis</i> Species of fungi

Lentinus brumalis is an inedible species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Its common name is the winter polypore. The epithet brumalis means "occurring in the winter", describing how this species tends to fruit during winter. It causes white rot on dead hardwood, and is distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere in temperate and boreal zones.

<i>Picipes badius</i> Species of fungus

Picipes badius, commonly known as the black-footed polypore or black-leg, is a species of fungus in the family Polyporaceae. It causes a white rot of hardwoods and conifers. The species is found in temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America. It has a dark brown or reddish-brown cap that reaches a diameter of 25 cm (9.8 in), and a stipe that is often completely black or brown at the top and black at the base.

<i>Hapalopilus rutilans</i> Species of fungus

Hapalopilus rutilans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

<i>Ganoderma sessile</i> Species of fungus

Ganoderma sessile is a species of polypore fungus in the Ganodermataceae family. There is taxonomic uncertainty with this fungus since its circumscription in 1902.

<i>Skeletocutis amorpha</i> Species of fungus

Skeletocutis amorpha is a species of poroid fungus in the family Polyporaceae, and the type species of the genus Skeletocutis.

<i>Nigroporus vinosus</i> Species of fungus

Nigroporus vinosus is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Nigroporus. Its fruit bodies have brownish caps with tinges of purple or red. The cap underside has a pore surface the same colour as the cap, and minute pores. Nigroporus vinosus has a pantropical distribution. It has been recorded from Africa, North America, Central America, South America, Asia, and Oceania. It is a wood-decay fungus that causes a white rot.

<i>Loweomyces fractipes</i> Species of fungus

Loweomyces fractipes is a species of poroid fungus in the family Steccherinaceae, and the type species of the genus Loweomyces. It is a widely distributed species, found in North America, Europe, Central America, South America, and Korea.

References

  1. ↑ "Pycnoporellus alboluteus (Ellis & Everh.) Kotl. & Pouzar, Ceská Mykologie, 17(4):174, 1963". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
  2. 1 2 Peck CH. (1905). "The Polyporaceae of North America–XII. A synopsis of the white and bright-colored pileate species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 32 (9): 469–93 (see p. 486). doi:10.2307/2478463. JSTOR   2478463.
  3. ↑ Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1895). "New species of fungi from various localities". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 47: 413–41 (see p. 413).
  4. ↑ Ellis JB, Everhart BM (1898). "New species of fungi from various localities" (PDF). Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 25 (9): 501–14. doi:10.2307/2477837. JSTOR   2477837.
  5. ↑ Kuntze O. (1898). Revisio generum plantarum (in German). Vol. 3. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 518.
  6. ↑ Murrill WA. (1905). "The Polyporaceae of North America: XII. A synopsis of the white and bright-colored pileate species". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 32 (9): 469–93. doi:10.2307/2478463. JSTOR   2478463.
  7. ↑ Bondartsev A, Singer R (1941). "Zur Systematik der Polyporaceae". Annales Mycologici (in German). 39 (1): 43–65.
  8. ↑ Kotlaba F, Pouzar Z (1963). "Tři význačné choroše slovenských Karpat" [Three noteworthy polypores of the Slovakian Carpathians](PDF abstract). Česká Mykologie. 17 (4): 174–85.
  9. ↑ Schalkwijk-Barendsen HME. (1991). Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. p.  376. ISBN   978-0-919433-47-2.
  10. ↑ Lloyd CG. (1908). "A visit to Professor Peck". Mycological Notes. 29: 379.
  11. 1 2 Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 378. ISBN   978-0815603887.
  12. 1 2 Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. pp.  571–2. ISBN   978-0-89815-169-5.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ryvarden L. (1993). European Polypores (Part 2). Oslo, Norway: Lubrecht & Cramer. pp. 591–2. ISBN   978-82-90724-12-7.
  14. 1 2 Shope (1931), p. 333.
  15. 1 2 Shope (1931), p. 334.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Davis RM, Sommer R, Menge JA (2012). Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America. University of California Press. p. 343. ISBN   978-0-520-95360-4.
  17. 1 2 Trudell S, Ammirati J (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 263. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  18. ↑ Wood M, Stevens S. "Pycnoporellus alboluteus". California Fungi. MykoWeb. Retrieved 2013-08-29.
  19. ↑ Shope (1931), pp. 291–2.
  20. ↑ Lloyd CG. Synopsis of the section Apus of the genus Polyporus. Mycological Notes. Vol. 4. p. 340.
  21. ↑ Shope (1931), p. 305.
  22. ↑ Tortic M, Jelic M (1974). "New European records of Tyromyces kmetii new record and Pycnoporellus alboluteus new-record Polyporaceae and the identity of Irpex woronowii". Česká Mykologie. 28 (1): 26–34.
  23. ↑ Piatek M. (2003). "Notes on Polish polypores. 3. Four rare species of old-growth forests". Polish Botanical Journal. 48 (2): 131–44. ISSN   1641-8190.
  24. ↑ Niemala T. (1980). "Fennoscandian polypores 7. The genus Pycnoporellus". Karstenia. 20: 1–15. doi: 10.29203/ka.1980.190 .
  25. ↑ Hallingback T, Larsson KH (1983). "Pycnoporellus alboluteus new record a species of the virgin forest new to Sweden". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift (in Swedish). 77 (2): 117–21.
  26. ↑ Hanley RS. (1996). "Immature stages of Scaphisoma castaneum Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scahinidae), with observations on natural history, fungal hosts and development". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 98 (1): 36–43.
  27. ↑ Skelley PE, Goodrich MA, Leschen RA (1991). "Fungal host records for Erotylidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea) of America north of Mexico". Entomological News. 102 (2): 57–72 (see p. 60).
  28. ↑ Lawrence JF. (1973). "Host preference in Ciid beetles (Coleoptera: Ciidae) inhabiting the fruiting bodies of Basidiomycetes in North America". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 145: 163–212 (see p. 170).

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