Q-Chem

Last updated
Developer(s) Q-Chem Inc., Q-Chem developer community
Stable release
6.1.1 / 6 December 2023;31 days ago (2023-12-06)
Written in Fortran, C, C++
Operating system Linux, FreeBSD, Unix and like operating systems, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X
Type Ab initio quantum chemistry, Density functional theory, QM/MM, AIMD, Computational chemistry
License Commercial, academic
Website www.q-chem.com

Q-Chem is a general-purpose electronic structure package [1] [2] [3] [4] featuring a variety of established and new methods implemented using innovative algorithms that enable fast calculations of large systems on various computer architectures, from laptops and regular lab workstations to midsize clusters, HPCC, and cloud computing using density functional and wave-function based approaches. It offers an integrated graphical interface and input generator; a large selection of functionals and correlation methods, including methods for electronically excited states and open-shell systems; solvation models; and wave-function analysis tools. In addition to serving the computational chemistry [5] community, Q-Chem also provides a versatile code development platform.

Contents

History

Q-Chem software is maintained and distributed by Q-Chem, Inc., [6] located in Pleasanton, California, USA. It was founded in 1993 as a result of disagreements within the Gaussian company that led to the departure (and subsequent "banning") of John Pople and a number of his students and postdocs (see Gaussian License Controversy [7] ). [6] [8]

The first lines of the Q-Chem code were written by Peter Gill, at that time a postdoc of Pople, during a winter vacation (December 1992) in Australia. Gill was soon joined by Benny Johnson (a Pople graduate student) and Carlos Gonzalez (another Pople postdoc), but the latter left the company shortly thereafter. In mid-1993, Martin Head-Gordon, formerly a Pople student, but at that time on the Berkeley tenure track, joined the growing team of academic developers. [6] [8]

Postcard advertising the release of Q-Chem 1.0. Q-Chem Postcard.jpg
Postcard advertising the release of Q-Chem 1.0.

In preparation for the first commercial release, the company hired Eugene Fleischmann as marketing director and acquired its URL www.q-chem.com in January 1997. The first commercial product, Q-Chem 1.0, was released in March 1997. Advertising postcards celebrated the release with the proud headline, "Problems which were once impossible are now routine"; however, version 1.0 had many shortcomings, and a wit once remarked that the words "impossible" and "routine" should probably be interchanged! [8] However, vigorous code development continued, and by the following year Q-Chem 1.1 was able to offer most of the basic quantum chemical functionality as well as a growing list of features (the continuous fast multipole method, J-matrix engine, COLD PRISM for integrals, and G96 density functional, for example) that were not available in any other package. [6] [8]

Following a setback when Johnson left, the company became more decentralized, establishing and cultivating relationships with an ever-increasing circle of research groups in universities around the world. In 1998, Fritz Schaefer accepted an invitation to join the Board of Directors and, early in 1999, as soon as his non-compete agreement with Gaussian had expired, John Pople joined as both a Director and code developer. [6] [8]

In 2000, Q-Chem established a collaboration with Wavefunction Inc., which led to the incorporation of Q-Chem as the ab initio engine in all subsequent versions of the Spartan package. The Q-Chem Board was expanded in March 2003 with the addition of Anna Krylov and Jing Kong. In 2012, John Herbert joined the Board and Fritz Schaefer became a Member Emeritus. The following year, Shirin Faraji joined the Board; Peter Gill, who had been President of Q-Chem since 1988, stepped down; and Anna Krylov became the new president. In 2022-23 Yuezhi Mao and Joonho Lee joined the board. The active Board of Directors currently consists of Lee, Mao, Faraji, Gill (past-President), Herbert, Krylov (President), and Hilary Pople (John's daughter). Martin Head-Gordon remains a Scientific Advisor to the Board. [6] [8]

Currently, there are thousands of Q-Chem licenses in use, and Q-Chem's user base is expanding, as illustrated by citation records for releases 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0, which reached 400 per year in 2016 (see Figure 2). [8]

Fig. 2. Citations to Q-Chem: 2001 to 2019. Citations.jpg
Fig. 2. Citations to Q-Chem: 2001 to 2019.

Q-Chem has been used as an engine in high-throughput studies, such as the Harvard Clean Energy Project, [9] in which about 350,000 calculations were performed daily on the IBM World Community Grid.

Figure 3. Statistics of Q-Chem developer activity since 2006. Top chart: Total number of code commits (height of bars) and number of developers contributing (color of bar) by month. Bottom chart: Growth of developer base, showing existing and new developers each month. A steady growth of the developer base can be seen. The inset depicts the total number of commits by the 50 most-prolific developers, showing contributions by full-time team (> 2000 commits), the core developer team (500-2000 commits), and non-core developers (< 500 commits). Q-Chem Developer Activity (2019).png
Figure 3. Statistics of Q-Chem developer activity since 2006. Top chart: Total number of code commits (height of bars) and number of developers contributing (color of bar) by month. Bottom chart: Growth of developer base, showing existing and new developers each month. A steady growth of the developer base can be seen. The inset depicts the total number of commits by the 50 most-prolific developers, showing contributions by full-time team (> 2000 commits), the core developer team (500–2000 commits), and non-core developers (< 500 commits).

Innovative algorithms and new approaches to electronic structure have been enabling cutting-edge scientific discoveries. This transition, from in-house code to major electronic structure engine, has become possible due to contributions from numerous scientific collaborators; the Q-Chem business model encourages broad developer participation. Q-Chem defines its genre as open-teamware: [8] its source code is open to a large group of developers. In addition, some Q-Chem modules are distributed as open source. [8] Since 1992, over 400 man- (and woman-) years have been devoted to code development. Q-Chem 5.2.2, released in December 2019, consists of 7.5 million lines of code, which includes contributions by more than 300 active developers (current estimate is 312). [6] [8] See Figure 3.

Features

Q-Chem can perform a number of general quantum chemistry calculations, such as Hartree–Fock, density functional theory (DFT) including time-dependent DFT (TDDFT), Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), coupled cluster (CC), equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC), [10] [11] [12] configuration interaction (CI), algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC), and other advanced electronic structure methods. Q-Chem also includes QM/MM functionality. Q-Chem 4.0 and higher releases come with the graphical user interface, IQMol, which includes a hierarchical input generator, a molecular builder, and general visualization capabilities (MOs, densities, molecular vibrations, reaction pathways, etc.). IQMol is developed by Andrew Gilbert (in coordination with Q-Chem) and is distributed as free open-source software. IQmol is written using the Qt libraries, enabling it to run on a range of platforms, including OS X, Widows, and Linux. It provides an intuitive environment to set up, run, and analyze Q-Chem calculations. It can also read and display a variety of file formats, including the widely available formatted checkpoint format. A complete, up-to-date list of features is published on the Q-Chem website and in the user manual. [6]

In addition, Q-Chem is interfaced with WebMO and is used as the computing engine in Spartan, or as a back-end to CHARMM, GROMACS, NAMD, and ChemShell. Other popular visualization programs such as Jmol and Molden can also be used.

In 2018, Q-Chem established a partnership with BrianQC, produced by StreamNovation, Ltd., a new integral engine exploiting the computational power of GPUs. The BrianQC plug-in speeds up Q-Chem calculations by taking advantage of GPUs on mixed architectures, which is highly efficient for simulating large molecules and extended systems. BrianQC is the first GPU Quantum Chemistry software capable of calculating high angular momentum orbitals.

Ground State Self-Consistent Field Methods

Density functional theory

Innovative algorithms for faster performance and reduced scaling of integral calculations, HF/DFT and many-body methods

Post Hartree–Fock methods

QM/MM and QM/EFP methods for extended systems

Version history

Beginning with Q-Chem 2.0 only major releases versions are shown.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Pople</span> British theoretical chemist (1925–2004)

Sir John Anthony Pople was a British theoretical chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Walter Kohn in 1998 for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry.

In computational chemistry and molecular physics, Gaussian orbitals are functions used as atomic orbitals in the LCAO method for the representation of electron orbitals in molecules and numerous properties that depend on these.

Gaussian is a general purpose computational chemistry software package initially released in 1970 by John Pople and his research group at Carnegie Mellon University as Gaussian 70. It has been continuously updated since then. The name originates from Pople's use of Gaussian orbitals to speed up molecular electronic structure calculations as opposed to using Slater-type orbitals, a choice made to improve performance on the limited computing capacities of then-current computer hardware for Hartree–Fock calculations. The current version of the program is Gaussian 16. Originally available through the Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange, it was later licensed out of Carnegie Mellon University, and since 1987 has been developed and licensed by Gaussian, Inc.

Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP) is one of several quantum chemistry post-Hartree–Fock ab initio methods in the field of computational chemistry. It improves on the Hartree–Fock method by adding electron correlation effects by means of Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation theory (RS-PT), usually to second (MP2), third (MP3) or fourth (MP4) order. Its main idea was published as early as 1934 by Christian Møller and Milton S. Plesset.

Vibronic coupling in a molecule involves the interaction between electronic and nuclear vibrational motion. The term "vibronic" originates from the combination of the terms "vibrational" and "electronic", denoting the idea that in a molecule, vibrational and electronic interactions are interrelated and influence each other. The magnitude of vibronic coupling reflects the degree of such interrelation.

In computational chemistry, post–Hartree–Fock (post-HF) methods are the set of methods developed to improve on the Hartree–Fock (HF), or self-consistent field (SCF) method. They add electron correlation which is a more accurate way of including the repulsions between electrons than in the Hartree–Fock method where repulsions are only averaged.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PQS (software)</span> Quantum chemistry software program

PQS is a general purpose quantum chemistry program. Its roots go back to the first ab initio gradient program developed in Professor Peter Pulay's group but now it is developed and distributed commercially by Parallel Quantum Solutions. There is a reduction in cost for academic users and a site license. Its strong points are geometry optimization, NMR chemical shift calculations, and large MP2 calculations, and high parallel efficiency on computing clusters. It includes many other capabilities including Density functional theory, the semiempirical methods, MINDO/3, MNDO, AM1 and PM3, Molecular mechanics using the SYBYL 5.0 Force Field, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics mixed method using the ONIOM method, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and COSMO solvation models. Recently, a highly efficient parallel CCSD(T) code for closed shell systems has been developed. This code includes many other post Hartree–Fock methods: MP2, MP3, MP4, CISD, CEPA, QCISD and so on.

Octopus is a software package for performing Kohn‍–‍Sham density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations.

General Atomic and Molecular Electronic Structure System (GAMESS-UK) is a computer software program for computational chemistry. The original code split in 1981 into GAMESS-UK and GAMESS (US) variants, which now differ significantly. Many of the early developments in the UK version arose from the earlier UK based ATMOL program, which, unlike GAMESS, lacked analytical gradients for geometry optimisation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spartan (chemistry software)</span>

Spartan is a molecular modelling and computational chemistry application from Wavefunction. It contains code for molecular mechanics, semi-empirical methods, ab initio models, density functional models, post-Hartree–Fock models, and thermochemical recipes including G3(MP2) and T1. Quantum chemistry calculations in Spartan are powered by Q-Chem.

Ab initio quantum chemistry methods are computational chemistry methods based on quantum chemistry. The term ab initio was first used in quantum chemistry by Robert Parr and coworkers, including David Craig in a semiempirical study on the excited states of benzene. The background is described by Parr. Ab initio means "from first principles" or "from the beginning", implying that the only inputs into an ab initio calculation are physical constants. Ab initio quantum chemistry methods attempt to solve the electronic Schrödinger equation given the positions of the nuclei and the number of electrons in order to yield useful information such as electron densities, energies and other properties of the system. The ability to run these calculations has enabled theoretical chemists to solve a range of problems and their importance is highlighted by the awarding of the Nobel prize to John Pople and Walter Kohn.

The fragment molecular orbital method (FMO) is a computational method that can be used to calculate very large molecular systems with thousands of atoms using ab initio quantum-chemical wave functions.

Martin Philip Head-Gordon is a professor of chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory working in the area of computational quantum chemistry. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anna Krylov</span> Theoretical chemist

Anna Igorevna Krylov is the USC Associates Chair in Natural Sciences and Professor of Chemistry at the University of Southern California (USC), working in the field of theoretical and computational quantum chemistry. She is the inventor of the spin-flip method. Krylov is the president of Q-Chem, Inc. and an elected member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, the Academia Europaea, and the American Academy of Sciences and Letters.

Quantum chemistry composite methods are computational chemistry methods that aim for high accuracy by combining the results of several calculations. They combine methods with a high level of theory and a small basis set with methods that employ lower levels of theory with larger basis sets. They are commonly used to calculate thermodynamic quantities such as enthalpies of formation, atomization energies, ionization energies and electron affinities. They aim for chemical accuracy which is usually defined as within 1 kcal/mol of the experimental value. The first systematic model chemistry of this type with broad applicability was called Gaussian-1 (G1) introduced by John Pople. This was quickly replaced by the Gaussian-2 (G2) which has been used extensively. The Gaussian-3 (G3) was introduced later.

In computational chemistry, spin contamination is the artificial mixing of different electronic spin-states. This can occur when an approximate orbital-based wave function is represented in an unrestricted form – that is, when the spatial parts of α and β spin-orbitals are permitted to differ. Approximate wave functions with a high degree of spin contamination are undesirable. In particular, they are not eigenfunctions of the total spin-squared operator, Ŝ2, but can formally be expanded in terms of pure spin states of higher multiplicities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CP2K</span>

CP2K is a freely available (GPL) quantum chemistry and solid state physics program package, written in Fortran 2008, to perform atomistic simulations of solid state, liquid, molecular, periodic, material, crystal, and biological systems. It provides a general framework for different methods: density functional theory (DFT) using a mixed Gaussian and plane waves approach (GPW) via LDA, GGA, MP2, or RPA levels of theory, classical pair and many-body potentials, semi-empirical and tight-binding Hamiltonians, as well as Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) hybrid schemes relying on the Gaussian Expansion of the Electrostatic Potential (GEEP). The Gaussian and Augmented Plane Waves method (GAPW) as an extension of the GPW method allows for all-electron calculations. CP2K can do simulations of molecular dynamics, metadynamics, Monte Carlo, Ehrenfest dynamics, vibrational analysis, core level spectroscopy, energy minimization, and transition state optimization using NEB or dimer method.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pople diagram</span> Diagram used in computational chemistry

A Pople diagram or Pople's Diagram is a diagram which describes the relationship between various calculation methods in computational chemistry. It was initially introduced in January 1965 by Sir John Pople,, during the Symposium of Atomic and Molecular Quantum Theory in Florida. The Pople Diagram can be either 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional, with the axes representing ab initio methods, basis sets and treatment of relativity. The diagram attempts to balance calculations by giving all aspects of a computation equal weight.

References

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  3. ↑ Shao, Yihan; Gan, Zhengting; Epifanovsky, Evgeny; Gilbert, Andrew T. B.; Wormit, Michael; Kussmann, Joerg; Lange, Adrian W.; Behn, Andrew; Deng, Jia; Feng, Xintian; Ghosh, Debashree (2015-01-17). "Advances in molecular quantum chemistry contained in the Q-Chem 4 program package". Molecular Physics. 113 (2): 184–215. Bibcode:2015MolPh.113..184S. doi:10.1080/00268976.2014.952696. ISSN   0026-8976. S2CID   4252077.
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  7. ↑ Banned By Gaussian
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  9. ↑ "The Clean Energy Project". Archived from the original on 2011-04-03. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
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  15. ↑ Head-Gordon, Martin; Pople, John A.; Frisch, Michael J. (1988). "MP2 energy evaluation by direct methods". Chemical Physics Letters. 153 (6): 503–506. Bibcode:1988CPL...153..503H. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(88)85250-3.
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  21. ↑ M.S. Gordon; M.A. Freitag; P. Bandyopadhyay; J.H. Jensen; V. Kairys; W.J. Stevens (2001). "The effective fragment potential method: A QM-based MM approach to modeling environmental effects in chemistry". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 105 (2): 203. Bibcode:2001JPCA..105..293G. doi:10.1021/jp002747h.
  22. ↑ M.S. Gordon, L. Slipchenko, H.Li, J.H. Jensen (2007). "The effective fragment potential: A general method for predicting intermolecular interactions". In D.C. Spellmeyer; R. Wheeler (eds.). Volume 3 of Annual Reports in Computational Chemistry. Elsevier. pp. 177–193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ L.V. Slipchenko (2010). "Solvation of the excited states of chromophores in polarizable environment: orbital relaxation versus polarization". Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 114 (33): 8824–30. Bibcode:2010JPCA..114.8824S. doi:10.1021/jp101797a. PMID   20504011.
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  25. ↑ B.G. Johnson; P.M.W. Gill; M. Head-Gordon; C.A. White; D.R. Maurice; T.R. Adams; J. Kong; M. Challacombe; E. Schwegler; M. Oumi; C. Ochsenfeld; N. Ishikawa; J. Florian; R.D. Adamson; J.P. Dombroski; R.L. Graham and A.Warshel (1997). Q-Chem, Version 1.1. Pittsburgh: Q-Chem, Inc.
  26. ↑ C.A. White; J. Kong; D.R. Maurice; T.R. Adams; J. Baker; M. Challacombe; E. Schwegler; J.P. Dombroski; C. Ochsenfeld; M. Oumi; T.R. Furlani; J. Florian; R.D. Adamson; N. Nair; A.M. Lee; N. Ishikawa; R.L. Graham; A. Warshel; B.G. Johnson; P.M.W. Gill; M. Head-Gordon (1998). Q-Chem, Version 1.2. Pittsburgh: Q-Chem, Inc.
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