Railway electrification in New Zealand

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Railway electrification in New Zealand consists of three separate electric systems, all on the North Island. Electrification was initially adopted by the New Zealand Railways for long tunnels; the Otira Tunnel, the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel and the two Tawa Tunnels of the Tawa Flat Deviation. Electrification of Wellington suburban services started with the Johnsonville Line and Kapiti Line out of Wellington from the 1930s. Auckland suburban services were electrified in 2014–2015. Electrification of long-distance services on the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) dates from 1986. New long tunnels, for example the Rimutaka Tunnel and the Kaimai Tunnel, were operated by diesels, and the Otira and Lyttelton Tunnels have converted to diesel operation.

Contents

From 1908 to 1953, there was an electrified mine railway from the Stockton mine on the West Coast of the South Island.

Earlier NZR electrified routes from 1923 to the 1940s operated at 1,500 V DC, but the NIMT (1986) and Auckland suburban services (from 2014) use 25 kV 50 Hz AC; all with overhead catenary supply. The use of 16 kV 16.7 Hz AC for the NIMT was proposed in 1950.

History

Stockton mine railway

The Stockton mine railway was, in 1908, New Zealand's first electric railway. It carried coal from the Westport-Stockton Coal Companies mine to the NZR railhead at Ngakawau on the West Coast of the South Island from 1908 to 1953, when it was replaced by an aerial cableway. The line was 10.5 km (6.5 mi) long, with 2.4 km (1.5 mi) in two long tunnels. The system used 275 V DC from a low overhead line via trolley poles, and 915 mm (3 ft) gauge track. The seven locos were of low built "mine" type. [1]

Otira and Lyttelton Tunnels

An E class locomotive as used at Otira at the Ferrymead Heritage Park. NZR EO class locomotive 05.JPG
An E class locomotive as used at Otira at the Ferrymead Heritage Park.

The first NZR line to be electrified in New Zealand was the Otira Tunnel in 1923. This long tunnel (8.55 km (5.31 mi)) with a steep gradient (1 in 33) could not have been worked by steam. In 1916, there was consideration of electrification of the entire 100 km (62 mi) section with steep grades from Jackson (West Coast) to Springfield (Canterbury), but in 1923, just the Otira-Arthur's Pass section (14 km (8.7 mi)) was electrified. [2]

In 1929, the Lyttelton Line through the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel was electrified. This tunnel (opened in 1867) was short and had a lesser gradient than the Otira (0.3%) but replacement of steam operation was desirable. [3] Electrification of this and other lines was being studied by the Public Works Department as early as 1911. [4]

The Merz & McLellan Report

The 1925 report by the English consulting firm of Merz & McLellan was commissioned by the Minister of Railways Gordon Coates to investigate electrification of suburban services in the four main centres of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch and Dunedin. For Christchurch it recommended electrification of the Lyttelton Line but not the main lines north and south. Now only Auckland and Wellington have suburban passenger services. The firm's partner Charles Merz of Newcastle upon Tyne had reported on Melbourne suburban electrification in 1908 and 1912. [5] [6]

Wellington electrification

Several Wellington lines were then electrified: in 1938, the Johnsonville Line; and from 1940, the Kapiti Line section of the NIMT north of Wellington to Paekakariki through the two Tawa Tunnels which were part of the Tawa Flat Deviation. This line also had steep gradients (1 in 57) on the bank from Paremata up to Pukerua Bay. [7]

An EM Ganz-Mavag EMU on the Hutt Valley Line near Epuni, 2003 EM 1367 leading a southbound 4 car set as the morning sun breaks through the clouds, near Epuni - 17 May 2003.jpg
An EM Ganz-Mavag EMU on the Hutt Valley Line near Epuni, 2003

In February 1946, it was decided to electrify the remaining Wellington suburban lines to the Hutt Valley as there was a shortage of coal for locomotives, and also to replace commuter steam trains with EMUs, as the Hutt Valley was now largely residential with new state housing replacing market gardens. When the extra EMUs arrived in 1949, they were initially used for the Kapiti Line to Paekakariki while the Hutt Valley lines to Upper Hutt and Melling were electrified. So in the Hutt Valley, EMUs were supplemented in peak periods by older carriages hauled by electric locomotives until they were replaced by the Ganz-Mavag EMUs from 1986. [8]

An FP class Matangi EMU at Khandallah on the Johnsonville Line, 2011 NZR FP class Khandallah.jpg
An FP class Matangi EMU at Khandallah on the Johnsonville Line, 2011

The Johnsonville and Melling lines were short branch lines which were originally part of the main line (NIMT) north and the Hutt Valley line to the Wairarapa, until the lines were replaced by deviations. The sections of these lines that were retained were mainly used for suburban commuter services, with initially some stock traffic to Johnsonville (later to Raroa). [9]

Dieselisation

For two new long tunnels, diesel operation was more economic than a short electrified section; the Rimutaka Tunnel (1955) and the Kaimai Tunnel (1978). The Rimutaka Tunnel required an intermediate ventilation shaft. From 1967, diesel locomotives (DA class) replaced electric locomotives (EW class) on freight trains south of Paekakariki on the Kapiti Line after the track in some older tunnels on the North–South Junction were lowered, so diesels could run under the catenary into Wellington. [10]

On two existing electrified tunnels, the electrified section was only a small part of the total line. Hence, the Lyttelton Rail Tunnel was operated by diesel locomotives from 19 September 1970. [11] The Otira Tunnel was long and steep, so for dieselisation from 1997, a door and special ventilation fans were fitted [12] (electrification of the whole 100 km (62 mi) Springfield to Jackson section with its steep gradients had been considered in 1906 [13] and in the 1950s; possibly using 50 Hz AC instead of DC).[ citation needed ]

Electrification of the NIMT

The electrification of the central section of the North Island Main Trunk was completed in 1988. The Development of New Zealand Railways (10469150234).jpg
The electrification of the central section of the North Island Main Trunk was completed in 1988.

In 1950, electrification of the entire North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) from Auckland to Paekakariki (the terminus of the Wellington electrification) was proposed by the General Manager Frank Aickin; the system comprised 657 route miles or 1,000 km (620 mi) of track. Operation at 16 kV 16.7 Hz AC was proposed, so would have been similar to the systems in Austria, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and Norway; although it has been superseded by 25 kV 50 Hz AC or 25 kV 60 Hz AC for new systems;

The NIMT represented only 12% of the network length, but carried 40% of the system tonnage (13% more than the total South Island tonnage). A hundred Bo-Bo locomotives would be required, and in Auckland, there would be suburban electric services to Henderson west of Auckland and to Papakura 34 km (21.1 mi) south of Auckland. A report by two Swedish engineers (Thelander and Edenius) was also obtained. Their report said electrification was a matter of necessity and estimated greater capital cost saving with AC electrification instead of DC (1500 V; or 3000 V as proposed by English Electric) than Aickin had allowed for. But the proposal was dropped in favour of dieselisation, with the first mainline DF class diesel locomotives arriving in 1954. [14] [15] [16]

In 1974, a study was undertaken to consider the looming problem of "traffic saturation" on the mountainous central section, particularly the Raurimu Spiral. In 1975, the study recommended electrification using 25 kV 50 Hz AC; but with a decline in traffic the proposal was dropped. In the late 1970s with the "oil shocks" of 1973 and 1979, the Third National Government embarked on several projects to reduce dependence on imported oil. [17]

A NIMT EF locomotive in Bumble-Bee livery Tranzrail bumblebee.jpg
A NIMT EF locomotive in Bumble-Bee livery

Electrification of the 412 km (256 mi) centre section of the NIMT was one of the Think Big projects. The project was approved in December 1981; specifications were prepared in 1982 and tenders let in 1982–83. Other works improved the line by easing curves and gradients and replacing signalling. Work started in late 1984 and was completed in 1988 though on 24 June rather than March as planned, [18] with an official train traversing the whole section. Brush Traction supplied 22 EF class locomotives; the design was scaled up to the Eurotunnel Class 9 locomotives supplied by Brush for the Channel Tunnel. [19]

In December 2016, KiwiRail announced that it proposed to dieselise this section of the NIMT due to the age of the present electric locomotives and the cost and time delays in changing locomotives at each end of the electrified section at Te Rapa and Palmerston North. [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] The decision was reversed in 2018. [25]

Electrification of the Auckland suburban network

A new AM class electric multiple unit at Puhinui in 2013, introduced as part of railway electrification in Auckland. AMA 103 at Puhinui.jpg
A new AM class electric multiple unit at Puhinui in 2013, introduced as part of railway electrification in Auckland.

The extensive suburban rail network around Auckland which had been operated by steam locomotives and then by diesel locomotives and railcars was electrified using 25 kV 50 Hz AC between April 2014 and July 2015. Electrification goes 34 kilometres (21 mi) south to Papakura, and there are no immediate plans to extend further south on the NIMT to Pukekohe or as far as Hamilton (the Waikato Connection and earlier Auckland-Hamilton passenger services have not succeeded). In 2020, the government announced funding to extend electrification from Papakura to Pukekohe. [26] In 2021, New Zealand rail operator KiwiRail secured independent panel approval of the resource consents for the main works related to its electrification project in South Auckland. The sanction for the electrification of the rail line between Papakura and Pukekohe has been given as per the COVID-19 fast-track legislation. [27] Electrification works between Papakura and Pukekohe were completed in August 2024. [28]

Existing systems

Auckland metro

All electrified lines in the Auckland metro area uses the 25 kV 50 Hz AC system.

The system is fed from Transpower's 220 kV grid at two locations: Penrose and Southdown

North Island Main Trunk

The North Island Main Trunk uses 25 kV 50 Hz AC. The system used is a 25-0-25 kV auto-transformer system, with autotransformers spaced along the line interconnecting the "positive" 25 kV contact line, earth, and the "negative" 25 kV feeder line.

The system is fed at four traction substations, taking power from Transpower's 220 kV national grid.

NIMT traction substations
NameLocationTypeNotes
Bunnythorpe 40°17′03″S175°37′56″E / 40.2841°S 175.6323°E / -40.2841; 175.6323 Feeder
Tangiwai 39°27′50″S175°34′30″E / 39.4640°S 175.5751°E / -39.4640; 175.5751 Feeder
Taumarunui 38°53′21″S175°19′16″E / 38.8892°S 175.3212°E / -38.8892; 175.3212 Feeder
Hamilton 37°47′48″S175°15′58″E / 37.7967°S 175.2660°E / -37.7967; 175.2660 Feeder

Wellington metro

All electrified lines in the Wellington metro area use the 1700 V DC system.

Woburn traction substation on the Hutt Valley Line Woburn rail traction substation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand.JPG
Woburn traction substation on the Hutt Valley Line

The Wellington metro system is fed by 18 traction substations, taking power from Wellington Electricity's (Wellington metro) or Electra's (Kapiti Coast) 11 kV distribution networks. There are also a number of cross-tie substations, which do not feed electricity into the lines but perform switching functions.

Wellington metro traction substations
NameLocationNotes
Epuni 41°12′27″S174°55′49″E / 41.2074°S 174.9304°E / -41.2074; 174.9304 cross-tie substation
Glenside 41°12′06″S174°49′12″E / 41.2018°S 174.8199°E / -41.2018; 174.8199
Heretaunga 41°08′50″S174°59′28″E / 41.1471°S 174.9910°E / -41.1471; 174.9910 cross-tie substation
Kaiwharawhara 41°15′12″S174°48′16″E / 41.2532°S 174.8044°E / -41.2532; 174.8044
Khandallah 41°14′34″S174°47′37″E / 41.2428°S 174.7936°E / -41.2428; 174.7936
Lindale 40°53′29″S175°01′48″E / 40.8915°S 175.0300°E / -40.8915; 175.0300
Lower Hutt 41°12′50″S174°53′14″E / 41.2139°S 174.8871°E / -41.2139; 174.8871
Mana 41°05′39″S174°52′04″E / 41.0943°S 174.8678°E / -41.0943; 174.8678
Ngaio 41°15′08″S174°46′15″E / 41.2521°S 174.7707°E / -41.2521; 174.7707
Ngaurangacross-tie substation
Paremata 41°07′24″S174°51′00″E / 41.1234°S 174.8501°E / -41.1234; 174.8501
Paekakariki
Petone 41°13′03″S174°52′49″E / 41.2175°S 174.8804°E / -41.2175; 174.8804
Pomare 41°10′18″S174°58′05″E / 41.1718°S 174.9680°E / -41.1718; 174.9680
Pukerua Bay 41°02′34″S174°53′01″E / 41.0428°S 174.8837°E / -41.0428; 174.8837
Raumati 40°56′12″S174°59′43″E / 40.9367°S 174.9952°E / -40.9367; 174.9952
Rocky Point 41°13′52″S174°50′29″E / 41.2311°S 174.8413°E / -41.2311; 174.8413 cross-tie substation
Silverstream 41°08′50″S174°59′28″E / 41.1471°S 174.9910°E / -41.1471; 174.9910
Tawa 41°10′05″S174°49′44″E / 41.1680°S 174.8289°E / -41.1680; 174.8289 cross-tie substation
Upper Hutt 41°07′39″S175°04′02″E / 41.1276°S 175.0673°E / -41.1276; 175.0673
Waikanae
Wellington 41°16′30″S174°47′03″E / 41.2749°S 174.7841°E / -41.2749; 174.7841
Woburn 41°13′12″S174°54′46″E / 41.2201°S 174.9127°E / -41.2201; 174.9127

Future

In 2008, a paper was produced by former New Zealand Rail senior managers Murray King and Francis Small, [29] on the extension of the NIMT 25 kV electrification from Te Rapa to Papakura and Hamilton to Tauranga. [29] The report put the total cost of electrification at $860 million, with $433 million for the Papakura-Te Rapa section. [29] It concluded that money would be better spent on grade and curvature easements, removing speed restrictions and increasing the length of passing loops. [29]

The 2023 New Zealand budget set aside $369.2 million for 4 years between 2023 and 2026 for the Rail Network Improvement Programme, which included funding for a detailed business case for the electrification of the North Island Main Trunk. [30]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rail transport in New Zealand</span>

Rail transport in New Zealand is an integral part of New Zealand's transport network, with a nationwide network of 4,375.5 km (2,718.8 mi) of track linking most major cities in the North and South Islands, connected by inter-island rail and road ferries. Rail transport in New Zealand has a particular focus on bulk freight exports and imports, with 19 million net tonnes moved by rail annually, accounting for more than half of rail revenue.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Island Main Trunk</span> Railway line in New Zealand running between Auckland and Wellington

The North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) is the main railway line in the North Island of New Zealand, connecting the capital city Wellington with the country's largest city, Auckland. The line is 682 kilometres (424 mi) long, built to the New Zealand rail gauge of 1,067 mm and serves the large cities of Palmerston North and Hamilton.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand EF class locomotive</span> Class of 22 electric locomotives

The New Zealand EF class locomotive is a class of 25 kV 50 Hz AC electric locomotives that operate on the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT) between Palmerston North and Te Rapa in New Zealand. Built by Brush Traction in Loughborough, England between 1986 and 1988 to run on the new electrified central section of the NIMT, at 3,000 kilowatts (4,000 hp), they are the most powerful locomotives to operate in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Public transport in the Wellington Region</span> Overview of public transport in Wellington, New Zealand

Public transport in the Wellington Region, branded under the name Metlink, is the public transport system serving Wellington and its surrounding region. It is the most used public transport system in New Zealand per capita, and consists of electric and diesel buses, suburban trains, ferries and a funicular. It also included trams until 1964, and trolleybuses until 2017.

This is a list of jargon commonly used by railfans and railway employees in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand EW class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand EW class locomotive was a type of electric locomotive used in Wellington, New Zealand. The classification "EW" was due to their being electric locomotives allocated to Wellington. For two decades until the advent of the DX class they were the most powerful locomotives in New Zealand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otira Tunnel</span> Railway tunnel In New Zealand

The Otira Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the Midland Line in the South Island of New Zealand, between Otira and Arthur's Pass. It runs under the Southern Alps from Arthur's Pass to Otira – a length of over 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi). The gradient is mainly 1 in 33, and the Otira end of the tunnel is over 250 m (820 ft) lower than the Arthur's Pass end.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DX class locomotive</span> Class of 49 New Zealand diesel locomotives

The New Zealand DX class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive that currently operates on New Zealand's national railway network. There are 49 of the locomotives and all are owned by KiwiRail. They have a Co-Co wheel arrangement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DA class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand DA class locomotive were a class of diesel-electric mainline locomotives operated on the New Zealand railway system between 1955 and 1989. Consisting of 146 locomotives, it was the most numerous class to ever operate in New Zealand, with five more than the AB class steam locomotive.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand DM class electric multiple unit</span>

The New Zealand DM/D class electric multiple unit were a type of electric multiple units used on the suburban rail network of Wellington, New Zealand. Formed of DM power cars and D trailer cars, the first units were ordered from English Electric in 1936 and introduced on 2 July 1938 operating the electrified Johnsonville Line service. Additional units were ordered in 1942 for the line, and in 1946 as the other Wellington suburban lines were to be electrified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tawa Flat deviation</span> Section of railway line in Wellington, New Zealand

The 8.38 miles (13.49 km) Tawa Flat deviation is a double-track section of the Kapiti Line just north of Wellington, New Zealand with two tunnels; the southernmost section of the North Island Main Trunk railway (NIMT) between Wellington and Auckland. It was built to bypass a limited capacity single track section of the original Wellington and Manawatu Railway (WMR) line which ascended from Wellington to Johnsonville and then descended to Tawa Flat. The original name of Tawa Flat was changed to Tawa in 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">New Zealand EA class locomotive</span>

The New Zealand EA class of electric locomotives were used on the New Zealand rail network between 1968 and 1997 on the Otira – Arthur's Pass section of the Midland line in the South Island, through the Otira Tunnel. Following reconditioning, three were used by KiwiRail's Tranz Metro in Wellington from 2008 to 2011 to top and tail Metlink suburban passenger trains as an interim measure before new rolling stock arrived. Four of the five locomotives were scrapped in 2013 with one being set aside for preservation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kapiti Line</span> Wellington commuter rail line

Metlink's Kapiti Line is the electrified southern portion of the North Island Main Trunk railway between New Zealand's capital city, Wellington, and Waikanae on the Kāpiti Coast, operated by Transdev Wellington on behalf of Greater Wellington Regional Council. Trains run frequently every day, with stops at 16 stations. Until 20 February 2011 it was known as the Paraparaumu Line.

NZR E<sup>C</sup> class

The NZR EC class was a class of electric locomotive used in Christchurch, New Zealand. They replaced steam locomotives on trains through the Lyttelton rail tunnel between Lyttelton and Christchurch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NZR ED class</span>

The NZR ED class locomotive was a type of electric locomotive used in Wellington, New Zealand. They were built by English Electric and the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) between 1938 and 1940, and hauled mainly passenger trains on the Wellington region's 1500 V DC electrification, and banked freight trains on the steep section between Paekākāriki and Pukerua Bay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lyttelton Line</span> Railway line between Lyttelton and Christchurch, New Zealand

Lyttelton Line is a name sometimes used to refer to the section of the Main South Line in New Zealand's South Island between Lyttelton and Christchurch, and can also be used to refer to the operations on this section. As it has always been part of the Main South Line, this name has never been officially used to refer to the track itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paekakariki railway station</span> Railway station in New Zealand

Paekakariki railway station in Paekākāriki on the Kāpiti Coast, New Zealand, is an intermediate station on the Kapiti Line for Metlink's electric multiple unit commuter trains from Wellington. Paekākāriki was the terminal station of the commuter service from 1940 to 1983, when the service was extended to Paraparaumu, and to Waikanae in 2011.

The Haywards–Plimmerton Line was a railway development proposed several times between 1879 and the 1960s to connect the Hutt Valley and Porirua areas of Wellington via Haywards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North–South Junction</span> Railway near Wellington, New Zealand

The North–South Junction is a section of single-track rail line about 7 km long, north of Wellington, New Zealand between the closed (2011) Muri railway station and the (lower) Paekakariki railway station to the north. It is part of the Kapiti Line section of the North Island Main Trunk line between Wellington and Auckland, and part of the Wellington–Manawatu Line, built by the Wellington & Manawatu Railway Company (WMR).

References

Citation

  1. ↑ Churchman 1995, p. 8-9.
  2. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 10–15.
  3. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 16–19.
  4. ↑ "PUBLIC WORKS STATEMENT. BY THE HON. RODERICK McKENZIE, MINISTER OF PUBLIC WORKS. 16th OCTOBER, 1911". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Churchman 1995, p. 16.
  6. ↑ Pierre 1981, p. 185.
  7. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 20–29.
  8. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 30–36.
  9. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 20–24.
  10. ↑ "Lowering Floors Of Tunnels. Press". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 23 February 1967. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  11. ↑ Redward 1974, p. 2.
  12. ↑ Hazel Armstrong (30 June 2012). "Review of safe working procedures for train operations in the Otira tunnel" (PDF).
  13. ↑ "Move to electrified railways to combat energy problems. Press". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 7 February 1981. Retrieved 14 November 2024.
  14. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 37–38.
  15. ↑ Pierre 1981, pp. 242–247.
  16. ↑ Leitch & Stott 1988, pp. 103–107.
  17. ↑ Churchman 1995, p. 38.
  18. ↑ McGavin, Tom (Autumn 1988). "North Island Main Trunk Electrified". New Zealand Railway Observer. 45 (194). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 49. ISSN   0028-8624.
  19. ↑ Churchman 1995, pp. 39–41.
  20. ↑ "Kiwirail to dump electric trains and replace with diesel on NIMT". Stuff (Fairfax Media). 21 December 2016.
  21. ↑ "Editorial: ditching electric trains is shortsighted". Stuff (Fairfax Media). 17 January 2017.
  22. ↑ "Setback in Hamilton-Auckland commuter train dream, Greens say". Stuff (Fairfax Media). 1 July 2015.
  23. ↑ "Opinion: Dual-mode electric-diesel locos KiwiRails missing option". Stuff (Fairfax Media). 21 March 2017.
  24. ↑ "Kiwirail cost-saving plan nuts". Stuff (Fairfax Media). 28 March 2017.
  25. ↑ "Government saves electric trains". www.scoop.co.nz. 30 October 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
  26. ↑ Paterson, Jane (29 January 2020). "Govt's $12b infrastructure spend: Rail, roads and DHBs the big winners". Radio New Zealand . Retrieved 29 January 2020.
  27. ↑ "KiwiRail's electrification project obtains approval of resource consents". Railpage. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  28. ↑ "Major construction milestones achieved in Papakura to Pukekohe electrification project". KiwiRail. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
  29. 1 2 3 4 EXTENSION OF ELECTRIFICATION – Benefits and Costs – Report to ONTRACK (Report). Murray King and Francis Small Consulting. 2008.
  30. ↑ "Wellbeing Budget 2023" (PDF). New Zealand Treasury. 18 May 2023.

Bibliography

  • Churchman, Geoffrey B. (1995). Railway Electrification in Australia and New Zealand. Sydney & Wellington: IPL Books. ISBN   0-908876-79-3.
  • Stott, Bob; Leitch, David (1988). New Zealand Railways: The First 125 Years. Auckland: Heinemann Reed. ISBN   0-7900-0000-8.
  • Sinclair, Roy (1987). Rail: The Great New Zealand Adventure. Wellington: Grantham House. pp. 86–91. ISBN   1-86934-013-2.
  • Pierre, Bill (1981). North Island Main Trunk: An Illustrated History. Auckland: Reed. ISBN   0-589-01316-5.
  • Redward, Roger (1974). Railway Electrification in New Zealand: An illustrated survey. Wellington: Southern Press.
  • Pickering, A J; Spicer, I D, eds. (1970). Pioneer Electrics: A survey of railway electrification in the South Island. Christchurch: Tramways Historical Society.
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