Rhododendron columbianum

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Rhododendron columbianum
Ledum glandulosum 7486.JPG
Status TNC G5.svg
Secure  (NatureServe) [1]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Ericaceae
Genus: Rhododendron
Species:
R. columbianum
Binomial name
Rhododendron columbianum
Synonyms [2]
  • Ledum columbianumPiper
  • Ledum glandulosumNuttall 1843, not Rhododendron glandulosum (Standley ex Small) Millais 1917
  • Rhododendron neoglandulosumHarmaja

Rhododendron columbianum, commonly known as western Labrador tea, swamp tea, or muskeg tea, is a shrub that is widespread in the western United States and in western Canada, reported from British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado. It grows in wet places from sea level up to 3,500 m (11,000 ft). [2] It was formerly known as Ledum columbianum. Its origins date back to the late Pliocene. [3]

Contents

Description

Rhododendron columbianum is a shrub up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) tall, spreading by means of underground rhizomes. The evergreen leaves are ovate to lanceolate, fragrant when crushed. Flowers are white to cream, borne in groups of 10 to 35. [4] The leaves grow very close to the stalk and their bottoms bear tiny white hairs. [5]

Taxonomy

History

Rhododendron columbianum was originally named Ledum columbianum, so it appears as its former name in many texts. In 2009 Kathleen A. Kron and Walter S. Judd deemed the morphology of genus Ledum alike enough to the Rhododendron genus to combine it into the larger Rhododendron genus. This taxonomic change resulted in the original name of Ledum columbianum being changed to Rhododendron columbianum. [6] Ledum columbianum was removed from the National Wetland Plant List in 2012, but re-added as Rhodedendron columbianum for the official 2013 list publication, where it still remains. [7] Currently, both Rhododendron columbianum and Rhododendron groenlandicum share the common name of Labrador tea. [8]

Phylogeny

According to The Smithsonian Institution's Paleobotanical Library, a megafossil of R.columbianum was found in Washington and dated to the late Pliocene, along with five other Rhododendron species belonging to the Pliocene era. [9] The genetic crossing of R.groenlandicum and R.neoglandulosum results in R. columbianum. [10] Results from molecular and nuclear phylogenetic analyses indicate that R. columbianum and R. tolmachevii make up a clade most closesly related to R. groenlandicum, R. hypoleucum, and R. tomentosum. [11]

Uses

Rhododendron columbianum has been used medicinally as a tea astringent, diaphoretic, diuretic and laxative properties. The plant can, however, be toxic if the tea is allowed to steep too long. The fragrance of the leaves has also been shown useful in repelling insects and rodents. [12] [13]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericales</span> Order of eudicot flowering plants

The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons. Species in this order have considerable commercial importance including for tea, persimmon, blueberry, kiwifruit, Brazil nuts, argan, and azalea. The order includes trees, bushes, lianas, and herbaceous plants. Together with ordinary autophytic plants, the Ericales include chlorophyll-deficient mycoheterotrophic plants and carnivorous plants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ericaceae</span> Heather family of flowering plants

The Ericaceae are a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the heath or heather family, found most commonly in acidic and infertile growing conditions. The family is large, with c. 4250 known species spread across 124 genera, making it the 14th most species-rich family of flowering plants. The many well known and economically important members of the Ericaceae include the cranberry, blueberry, huckleberry, rhododendron, and various common heaths and heathers.

<i>Rhododendron</i> Genus of flowering plants in the heath family Ericaceae

Rhododendron is a very large genus of about 1,024 species of woody plants in the heath family (Ericaceae). They can be either evergreen or deciduous. Most species are native to eastern Asia and the Himalayan region, but smaller numbers occur elsewhere in Asia, and in North America, Europe and Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Labrador tea</span> Tea made from three related plant species

Labrador tea is a common name for three closely related plant species in the genus Rhododendron as well as a herbal tea made from their leaves.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Ledum</i> Subsection of genus Rhododendron

Ledum was a genus in the family Ericaceae, including eight species of evergreen shrub native to cool temperate and subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and commonly known as Labrador tea. It is now recognised as a subsection of section Rhododendron, subgenus Rhododendron, of the genus Rhododendron.

<i>Gaylussacia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Gaylussacia is a genus of about fifty species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to the Americas, where they occur in eastern North America and in South America in the Andes and the mountains of southeastern Brazil. Common English names include huckleberry and "dangleberry".

<i>Rhododendron groenlandicum</i> Species of flowering plant

Rhododendron groenlandicum is a flowering shrub with white flowers and evergreen leaves that is used to make a herbal tea.

<i>Rhododendron tomentosum</i> Species of plant

Rhododendron tomentosum, commonly known as marsh Labrador tea, northern Labrador tea or wild rosemary, is a flowering plant in the subsection Ledum of the large genus Rhododendron in the family Ericaceae.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">sect.</span> Tsutsusi</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron section Tsutsusi was a subgenus of the genus Rhododendron, commonly referred to as the evergreen azaleas. In 2005 it was reduced to a section of subgenus Azaleastrum. Containing 80 - 117 species, it includes both deciduous and evergreen types and is distributed in Japan, China and northeastern Asia. They are of high cultural importance to the Japanese. Among the species in this genus lie the largest flowering azaleas.

<i>Monotropastrum</i> Genus of flowering plants

Monotropastrum is a small genus of myco-heterotrophic plants in the family Ericaceae. As currently circumscribed the group includes two species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ledol</span> Chemical compound

Ledol is a poisonous sesquiterpene that can cause cramps, paralysis, and delirium. Caucasian peasants used Rhododendron plants for these effects in shamanistic rituals.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Brachycalyx</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron subsection Brachycalyx is a subsection of the genus Rhododendron, in section Tsutsusi, subgenus Azaleastrum, consisting of fifteen species of azaleas from Asia.

<i>Rhododendron <span style="font-style:normal;">subsect.</span> Tsutsusi</i> Group of shrubs

Rhododendron subsection Tsutsusi is a subsection of the genus Rhododendron, in section Tsutsusi, subgenus Azaleastrum, consisting of 66 species of Azaleas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monotropoideae</span> Subfamily of flowering plants in the heather family Ericaceae

Monotropoideae, sometimes referred to as monotropes, are a flowering plant subfamily in the family Ericaceae. Members of this subfamily are notable for their mycoheterotrophic and non-photosynthesizing or achlorophyllous characteristics.

Chrysomyxa nagodhii is a species of rust fungus in the family Coleosporiaceae. It was described as new to science by Canadian mycologist Patricia E. Crane in 2001. It probably occurs throughout the range of Ledum decumbens and Rhododendron groenlandicum. On Picea, spermogonia and aecia occur on distinct rusty yellow bands on current-year needles.

Kathleen Anne Kron is a retired biology professor from Wake Forest University. She is known for her research on Ericaceae, a family of flowering plants.

Leohumicola verrucosa is a heat-resistant, endophytic, ericoid mycorrhizal soil fungus. Its species name refers to rough, warty or spine-like ornamentations on its aleurioconidia. L. verrucosa was first described from samples of soil exposed to fire; among these it was especially abundant in regularly burned blueberry fields in eastern Canada. L. verrucosa forms mycorrhizal relationships with a wide variety and distribution of species in the Ericaceae family.

References

  1. NatureServe (2024). "Rhododendron columbianum". Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  2. 1 2 Judd, Walter S.; Kron, Kathleen A. (2009). "Rhododendron columbianum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 8. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2020-11-30 via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  3. Leppik, Eliner E. (1974). "Interactions Between Rhododendrons, Pollinating Insects and the Rust Fungi". The Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society. 28 (2). ISSN   0003-0821.
  4. Harmaja, Harri (1990). "New names and nomenclatural combinations in Rhododendron (Ericaceae)". Annales Botanici Fennici. 27 (2): 203.
  5. Harmaja, Harri (1991). "Taxonomic notes on Rhododendron subsection Ledum (Ledum, Ericaceae), with a key to its species". Annales Botanici Fennici. 28: 173 via JSTOR.
  6. NIE, Ze-Long; SUN, Hang; MENG, Ying; WEN, Jun (2009). "Phylogenetic analysis of Toxicodendron(Anacardiaceae) and its biogeographic implications on the evolution of north temperate and tropical intercontinental disjunctions". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 47 (5): 416–430. doi: 10.1111/j.1759-6831.2009.00045.x . ISSN   1674-4918. S2CID   84305917.
  7. Lichvar, Robert W. (2012-10-01). "The National Wetland Plant List". Fort Belvoir, VA. doi:10.21236/ada570149. hdl: 11681/5506 .{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. Hébert, François; Thiffault, Nelson (2011). "The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 146. Rhododendron groenlandicum (Oeder) Kron and Judd". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 91 (4): 725–738. doi: 10.4141/cjps2010-012 . ISSN   0008-4220.
  9. Leppik, Eliner E. (1974). "Interactions Between Rhododendrons, Pollinating Insects and the Rust Fungi". The Quarterly Bulletin of the American Rhododendron Society. 28 (2). ISSN   0003-0821.
  10. Harmaja, Harri (8 October 2002). "Rhododendron subulatum, comb. nova (Ericaceae)". Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board: 184.
  11. Hart, Andrew (2017). "MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE NORTH–TEMPERATE LABRADOR TEAS (ERICACEAE: RHODODENDRON SUBSECT. LEDUM) SUGGESTS A COMPLEX GENETIC HISTORY". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 11: 58–60. doi: 10.17348/jbrit.v11.i1.1138 . S2CID   207807554.
  12. "Rhododendron columbianum". Plants for a Future .
  13. Plants for a Future, The Goddess Project Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine