The Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (ArSSR),also known as Soviet Armenia,or simply Armenia,was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union,located in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Soviet Armenia bordered the Soviet republics of Azerbaijan and Georgia and the independent states of Iran and Turkey. The capital of the republic was Yerevan and it contained thirty-seven districts (raions). Other major cities in the ArmSSR included Leninakan,Kirovakan,Hrazdan,Etchmiadzin,and Kapan. The republic was governed by Communist Party of Armenia,a republican branch of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic,also known as Soviet Georgia,the Georgian SSR,or simply Georgia,was one of the republics of the Soviet Union from its second occupation in 1921 to its independence in 1991. Coterminous with the present-day republic of Georgia,it was based on the traditional territory of Georgia,which had existed as a series of independent states in the Caucasus prior to the first occupation of annexation in the course of the 19th century. The Georgian SSR was formed in 1921 and subsequently incorporated in the Soviet Union in 1922. Until 1936 it was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,which existed as a union republic within the USSR. From November 18,1989,the Georgian SSR declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. The republic was renamed the Republic of Georgia on November 14,1990,and subsequently became independent before the dissolution of the Soviet Union on April 9,1991,whereupon each former SSR became a sovereign state.
Stepan Georgevich Shaumian was an Armenian Bolshevik revolutionary and politician active throughout the Caucasus. His role as a leader of the Russian Revolution in the Caucasus earned him the nickname of the "Caucasian Lenin",a reference to Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin.
Korenizatsiia was an early policy of the Soviet Union for the integration of non-Russian nationalities into the governments of their specific Soviet republics. In the 1920s,the policy promoted representatives of the titular nation,and their national minorities,into the lower administrative levels of the local government,bureaucracy,and nomenklatura of their Soviet republics. The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. In Russian,the term korenizatsiya (коренизация) derives from korennoye naseleniye. The policy practically ended in the mid-1930s with the deportations of various nationalities.
Sergo Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze was a Georgian-born Bolshevik and Soviet politician.
Mikayel Nalbandian was a Russian-Armenian writer,poet,political theorist and activist.
Russian nationalism is a form of nationalism that promotes Russian cultural identity and unity. Russian nationalism first rose to prominence as a Pan-Slavic enterprise during the 19th century Russian Empire,and was repressed during the early Bolshevik rule. Russian nationalism was briefly revived through the policies of Joseph Stalin during and after the Second World War,which shared many resemblances with the worldview of early Eurasianist ideologues.
The Georgian affair of 1922 was a political conflict within the Soviet leadership about the way in which social and political transformation was to be achieved in the Georgian SSR. The dispute over Georgia,which arose shortly after the forcible Sovietization of the country and peaked in the latter part of 1922,involved local Georgian Bolshevik leaders,led by Filipp Makharadze and Budu Mdivani,on one hand,and their de facto superiors from the Russian SFSR,particularly Joseph Stalin and Grigol Ordzhonikidze,on the other hand. The content of this dispute was complex,involving the Georgians' desire to preserve autonomy from Moscow and the differing interpretations of Bolshevik nationality policies,and especially those specific to Georgia. One of the main points at issue was Moscow's decision to amalgamate Georgia,Armenia and Azerbaijan into Transcaucasian SFSR,a move that was staunchly opposed by the Georgian leaders who urged for their republic a full-member status within the Soviet Union.
Armenian nationalism in the modern period has its roots in the romantic nationalism of Mikayel Chamchian (1738–1823) and generally defined as the creation of a free,independent and united Armenia formulated as the Armenian Cause. Armenian national awakening developed in the 1880s in the context of the general rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire. The Russian Armenia followed with significant causes. The Armenian Apostolic Church has been a great defender of Armenian nationalism,with leaders like Khrimian Hayrik who devoted his life to the peasantry. The establishment of modern Armenia (1991) and Armenian social fabric becoming more complex gradually decrease the political influence of Hye Dat and shifted towards a modern Armenian nationalism modeled as a liberal nationalism.
Movses Baghramian was an 18th-century Armenian writer and activist. He was a collaborator of the Indo-Armenian activists Joseph Emin and Shahamir Shahamirian and played an important role in running the printing press founded by Shahamirian in Madras. He wrote the work Nor tetrak vor kochi hordorak,which calls on Armenians to fight for the liberty of their country. It has been called "the first journalistic-political work" in the Armenian context.
Patma-Banasirakan Handes is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the Armenian National Academy of Sciences. It covers research on Armenian history,art history,literature,and linguistics. The journal also publishes discussions and debates,book reviews and also has special sections devoted to science news and Armenian Diasporan affairs. It occasionally publishes obituaries and biographies and commemorates the lives of noted scholars involved in Armenian studies. It is the Academy's "flagship journal".
The Georgian Socialist-Federalist Revolutionary Party was a Georgian nationalist party,founded in April 1904. The party's program demanded the national autonomy of Georgia,within the framework of a Russian federal state,and advocated for a democratic socialist system. Mainly based in the rural areas,the party's membership was almost entirely drawn from the peasantry and the petty gentry. The political profile of the party had an appeal amongst moderately nationalist intellectuals,schoolteachers and students. The party strived that agricultural issues not be decided by central authorities,but by autonomous national institutions. The party published the periodical Sakartvelo.
Mesame Dasi was the first social-democratic party in the Caucasus,based in Tbilisi,Georgia. It was founded in 1892 by Egnate Ninoshvili and M. G. Tskhakaya as a literary-political group,and became affiliated with the international socialist-Marxist movement in 1893. The name,meaning "third group," was coined by Giorgi Tsereteli during his speech at the funeral for Ninoshvili and it was printed in the newspaper Kvali.
Mass deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia took place several times throughout the 20th century,and sometimes some of them have been described by some authors as acts of forced resettlement and ethnic cleansing.
The Shamkhor massacre or the Shamkhor incident,took place on 22–25 January 1918,Shamkir,Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijani armed groups,acting on orders from the Military Council of Nationalities,massacred Russian soldiers who were returning home from the Caucasus Front,in an effort to obtain sufficient arms.
Marxism and the National Question is a short work of Marxist theory written by Joseph Stalin in January 1913 while living in Vienna. First published as a pamphlet and frequently reprinted,the essay by the ethnic Georgian Stalin was regarded as a seminal contribution to Marxist analysis of the nature of nationality and helped to establish his reputation as an expert on the topic. Stalin would later become the first People's Commissar of Nationalities following the victory of the Bolshevik Party in the October Revolution of 1917.
Soviet leaders and authorities officially condemned nationalism and proclaimed internationalism,including the right of nations and peoples to self-determination. Soviet internationalism during the era of the USSR and within its borders meant diversity or multiculturalism. This is because the USSR used the term "nation" to refer to ethnic or national communities and or ethnic groups. The Soviet Union claimed to be supportive of self-determination and rights of many minorities and colonized peoples. However,it significantly marginalized people of certain ethnic groups designated as "enemies of the people",pushed their assimilation,and promoted chauvinistic Russian nationalistic and settler-colonialist activities in their lands. Whereas Vladimir Lenin had supported and implemented policies of korenizatsiia,Joseph Stalin reversed much of the previous policies,signing off on orders to deport and exile multiple ethnic-linguistic groups brandished as "traitors to the Fatherland",including the Balkars,Crimean Tatars,Chechens,Ingush,Karachays,Kalmyks,Koreans and Meskhetian Turks,with those,who survived the collective deportation to Siberia or Central Asia,were legally designated "special settlers",meaning that they were officially second-class citizens with few rights and were confined within small perimeters.
Georgian nationalism is a nationalist ideology promoting Georgian national identity,the Georgian language and culture.
Anarchism in Georgia began to emerge during the late 19th century out of the Georgian national liberation movement and the Russian nihilist movement. It reached its apex during the 1905 Russian Revolution,after a number of anarchists returned from exile to participate in revolutionary activities,such as in the newly-established Gurian Republic.
This is a select bibliography of English language books and journal articles about the history of the Caucasus. A brief selection of English translations of primary sources is included. Book entries have references to journal articles and reviews about them when helpful. Additional bibliographies can be found in many of the book-length works listed below. The External links section contains entries for publicly available select bibliographies from universities. This bibliography specifically excludes non-history related works and self-published books.
