Sanjak of Gümülcine

Sancak-i Gümülcine
	Sancak-i Gümülcine
	Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire
	Location of Sanjak of Gümülcine1907 Ottoman map of the Adrianople Vilayet, with the Sanjak of Gümülcine as the vilayet's westernmost province
Capital	Gümülcine
History
Today part of	Bulgaria ; Greece

Last updated February 20, 2019

The Sanjak of Gümülcine (Ottoman Turkish: Sancak-i Gümülcine, Greek : Υποδιοίκησις Γκιουμουλτζίνας, Bulgarian : Гюмюрджински санджак) was a second-level province ( sanjak ) of the Ottoman Empire in Thrace, forming part of the Adrianople Vilayet. Its capital was Gümülcine, modern Komotini in Greece.^[1]

Ottoman Turkish, or the Ottoman language, is the variety of the Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire. It borrows, in all aspects, extensively from Arabic and Persian, and it was written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. During the peak of Ottoman power, Persian and Arabic vocabulary accounted for up to 88% of the Ottoman vocabulary, while words of foreign origin heavily outnumbered native Turkish words.

Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus and other parts of the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea. It has the longest documented history of any living Indo-European language, spanning more than 3000 years of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the major part of its history; other systems, such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary, were used previously. The alphabet arose from the Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin, Cyrillic, Armenian, Coptic, Gothic, and many other writing systems.

Bulgarian, is an Indo-European language and a member of the Southern branch of the Slavic language family.

History and administrative division

The sanjak of Gümülcine was created in 1878 out of the territory of the sanjaks of Gallipoli and Filibe (Plovdiv) from the Adrianople Vilayet, as well as parts of the sanjak of Drama of the Salonica Vilayet.^[1]

Plovdiv is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, with a city population of 345,213 as of 2017 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. It is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational center. There is evidence of habitation in Plovdiv dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, when the first Neolithic settlements were established; it is said to be one of the oldest cities in Europe.

The Vilayet of Adrianople or Vilayet of Edirne was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

The Sanjak of Drama was a second-level Ottoman province encompassing the region around the town of Drama in eastern Macedonia.

It comprised six sub-provinces or kazas , which were further subdivided into nahiyes :^[1]

A kaza is an administrative division historically used in the Ottoman Empire and currently used in several of its successor states. The term is from Ottoman Turkish and means "jurisdiction"; it is often translated "district", "sub-district", or "juridical district".

Kaza of Gümülcine (mod. Komotini): Seyh Cumaya, Kirli or Girli, Çakal, Celebiye, Şehir (Gümülcine urban area), Saphane, Yasi, Maronya, Kura-i Cedid
Kaza of Sultan Yeri (mod. Krumovgrad): Ada, Tashli, Güve, Teke, Mestanlı
Kaza of Ahi Çelebi (mod. Smoljan): Ismilan, Çitak, Karsili, Pasavik, Tozburun, Söğütçük
Kaza of İskeçe (mod. Xanthi): Yenice, Sakar Kaya, Celepli, Cedid, Yassiören
Kaza of Eğri Dere (mod. Ardino): Mesgulli, Küçük Viran, Davud, Hotaşlı and Dolastir, Rupçoz (retroceded by Bulgaria in 1886)
Kaza of Dari Dere (mod. Zlatograd): Şahin, Ak Bunar

Sapes is a town and a former municipality in the Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 354.596 km². The population is 8,383 (2011).

Iasmos is a town and a municipality in the Rhodope regional unit of Thrace, Greece. It is built on the side of the Rhodope Mountains. Although references about the village date back to the 16th Century, it is likely that those references are about the old location of the village, a few kilometres west of the current position. The actual date that the inhabitants settled in the current place is between the late 18th century and 1814.

Maroneia is a village and a former municipality in the Rhodope regional unit, East Macedonia and Thrace, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Maroneia-Sapes, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 287.155 km². Population 6,350 (2011). The seat of the municipality was in Xylagani.

The sanjak survived until it was occupied by Bulgarian troops in the First Balkan War (1912–1913), after which it came under Bulgarian control. In 1919, after World War I, the southern portions came under Allied administration with the Treaty of Neuilly, and in 1920 they came under Greek control, forming the prefectures of Xanthi and Rhodope.^[1]

The Kingdom of Bulgaria, also referred to as the Tsardom of Bulgaria and the Third Bulgarian Tsardom, was a constitutional monarchy in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October 1908 when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a kingdom. Ferdinand I was crowned a Tsar at the Declaration of Independence, mainly because of his military plans and for seeking options for unification of all lands in the Balkan region with an ethnic Bulgarian majority.

The First Balkan War, lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and comprised actions of the Balkan League against the Ottoman Empire. The combined armies of the Balkan states overcame the numerically inferior and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies and achieved rapid success.

World War I 1914–1918 global war originating in Europe

World War I, also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as "the war to end all wars", it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history. It is also one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 influenza pandemic caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide.

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Xanthi is a city in Thrace, northeastern Greece. It is the capital of the Xanthi regional unit of the region of East Macedonia and Thrace.

Zlatograd is a town in Smolyan Province, Southern-central Bulgaria. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous Zlatograd Municipality. In December 2009, the town had a population of 7,110.

Ardino is a town in southern Bulgaria, in the Rhodope Mountains. It is located in Kardzhali Province and it is also close to Smolyan.

The Bulgarian Exarchate was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.

The Vilayet of Kosovo was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkan Peninsula which included the current territory of Kosovo and the western part of the Republic of North Macedonia. The areas today comprising Sandžak (Raška) region of Serbia and Montenegro, although de jure under Ottoman control, were in fact under Austro- Hungarian occupation from 1878 until 1909, as provided under Article 25 of the Treaty of Berlin. Uskub (Skopje) functioned as the capital of the province and the mid way point between Istanbul and its European provinces. Uskub's population of 32,000 made it the largest city in the province, followed by Prizren, also numbering at 30,000.

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The Sanjak of Gelibolu or Gallipoli was a second-level Ottoman province encompassing the Gallipoli Peninsula and a portion of southern Thrace. Gelibolu was the first Ottoman province in Europe, and for over a century the main base of the Ottoman Navy. Thereafter, and until the 18th century, it served as the seat of the Kapudan Pasha and capital of the Eyalet of the Archipelago.

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References

1 2 3 4 Konortas, Paraskevas. Γκιουμουλτζίνας Σαντζάκι (1878 - 1912). Θρακικός Ηλεκτρονικός Θησαυρός (in Greek). Retrieved 2 March 2013.

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[Thracian_E-Thesaurus-1] 1 2 3 4 Konortas, Paraskevas. Γκιουμουλτζίνας Σαντζάκι (1878 - 1912). Θρακικός Ηλεκτρονικός Θησαυρός (in Greek). Retrieved 2 March 2013.