Scutiger (frog)

Not to be confused with Scutiger (fungus).

Scutiger Temporal range: Oligocene - Present [1]
Scutiger boulengeri
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Megophryidae
Genus:	Scutiger Theobald, 1868
Type species
Bombinator sikimmensis Blyth, 1855

Scutiger is a genus of toads in the family Megophryidae. Common name lazy toads has been coined for them. They occur in China, Burma, Nepal, and northern India in high-altitude habitats. ^[2] Most are endemic to China. ^[3]

Evolution

A 2017 molecular phylogenetic study found that Scutiger originated in Paleo-Tibet during the Oligocene. ^[1]

Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Scutiger: ^{[2] [4]}

• Scutiger adungensis Dubois, 1979– Adung lazy toad
• Scutiger bhutanensis Delorme and Dubois, 2001
• Scutiger boulengeri (Bedriaga, 1898)– Boulenger's lazy toad, Xizang alpine toad, Himalayan stream frog
• Scutiger brevipes (Liu, 1950)
• Scutiger chintingensis Liu and Hu, 1960– Chinting lazy toad, Chinting alpine toad
• Scutiger ghunsa Khatiwada, Shu, Subedi, Wang, Ohler, Cannatella, Xie, and Jiang, 2019– Ghunsa high altitude toad
• Scutiger glandulatus (Liu, 1950)– Hopachai lazy toad, chest gland cat-eyed toad
• Scutiger gongshanensis Yang and Su, 1979– Gongshan lazy toad, Gongshan cat-eyed toad
• Scutiger jiulongensis Fei, Ye, and Jiang, 1995– Jiulong cat-eyed toad
• Scutiger liupanensis Huang, 1985– Liupan lazy toad, Liupan alpine toad
• Scutiger maculatus (Liu, 1950)– spotted lazy toad, piebald alpine toad
• Scutiger mammatus (Günther, 1896)– Tungsolo lazy toad
• Scutiger muliensis Fei and Ye, 1986– Muli cat-eyed toad
• Scutiger nepalensis Dubois, 1974– Nepal lazy toad, mountain pelobatid toad, Asiatic spadefoot toad
• Scutiger ningshanensis Fang, 1985– Ningshan lazy toad, Ningshan alpine toad
• Scutiger nyingchiensis Fei, 1977– Nyingchi lazy toad, Ladakh pelobatid toad, Nyingshi alpine toad
• Scutiger occidentalis Dubois, 1978– Ladakh high altitude toad
• Scutiger pingwuensis Liu and Tian, 1978– Pingwu lazy toad, Pingwu alpine toad
• Scutiger sikimmensis (Blyth, 1855)– Sikkim lazy toad, Sikkim high altitude toad, Blyth's short-limbed frog
• Scutiger spinosus Jiang, Wang, Li, and Che, 2016– spiny lazy toad
• Scutiger tengchongensis Yang & Huang, 2019 ^{[5] [6]}
• Scutiger tuberculatus Liu and Fei, 1979– bumpy lazy toad, round-tubercled cat-eyed toad
• Scutiger wanglangensis Ye and Fei, 2007– Wanglang alpine toad
• Scutiger wuguanfui Jiang, Rao, Yuan, Wang, Li, Hou, Che, and Che, 2012 ^[3] – Wu's lazy toad, Medog lazy toad

Endemic ranges

Many Scutiger species are endemic to highly restricted geographical areas in the Eastern Himalayas. The ranges often overlap with those of Oreolalax species.

• Ningxia, China
  • Scutiger liupanensis : Liupanshan National Nature Reserve, Jingyuan County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
• Shaanxi, China
  • Scutiger ningshanensis : Ningshan County, Shaanxi
• Sichuan, China
  • Scutiger brevipes : Dawu County, Sichuan
  • Scutiger chintingensis : Mount Emei area, Sichuan
  • Scutiger jiulongensis : Jiulong County, Sichuan
  • Scutiger maculatus : Garze, Sichuan and Jiangda, Tibet
  • Scutiger muliensis : Muli County, Sichuan
  • Scutiger pingwuensis : Pingwu County, Sichuan
  • Scutiger wanglangensis : Sichuan
• Yunnan, China
  • Scutiger gongshanensis : Gongshan County, Yunnan
• Tibet
  • Scutiger maculatus : Garze, Sichuan and Jiangda, Tibet
  • Scutiger nyingchiensis : Nyingchi Prefecture, Tibet
  • Scutiger spinosus : Medog County, Tibet and Tawang District, Arunachal Pradesh
  • Scutiger wuguanfui : Medog County, Tibet
• Bhutan
  • Scutiger bhutanensis : Bhutan
• Sikkim, India
  • Scutiger sikimmensis : Sikkim, India

References

1. Hofmann, Sylvia; Stöck, Matthias; Zheng, Yuchi; Ficetola, Francesco G.; Li, Jia-Tang; Scheidt, Ulrich; Schmidt, Joachim (12 June 2017). "Molecular Phylogenies indicate a Paleo-Tibetan Origin of Himalayan Lazy Toads ( Scutiger )". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 3308. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.3308H. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03395-4. PMC   5468327 . PMID   28607415.
2. Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Scutiger Theobald, 1868". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
3. Jiang, Ke; Rao, Dingqi; Yuan, Siqi; Wang, Jishan; Li, Pipeng; Hou, Mian; Che, Maihe; Che, Jing (13 July 2012). "A new species of the genus Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from southeastern Tibet, China". Zootaxa. 3388 (1): 29–40. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3388.1.3.
4. "A New Species of Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China". Novataxa. 25 January 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2019.
5. Yang, Jian-Huan; Huang, Xiang-Yuan (18 January 2019). "A New Species of Scutiger (Anura: Megophryidae) from the Gaoligongshan Mountain Range, China". Copeia. 107 (1): 10. doi:10.1643/CH-17-661. S2CID   92290325.
6. Scutiger tengchongensis.

Further reading

• Fu, J., et al. (1997). Phylogeny of genus Scutiger (Amphibia: Megophryidae): a re-evaluation. Asiatic Herpetol. Res 7, 32–37.