Spotted puffbird

Spotted puffbird
Spotted puffbird at Presidente Figueiredo, Amazonas state, Brazil
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) [1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Piciformes
Family:	Bucconidae
Genus:	Bucco
Species:	B. tamatia
Binomial name
Bucco tamatia Gmelin, 1788
Synonyms
Nystactes tamatia

The spotted puffbird (Bucco tamatia) is a species of puffbird in the family Bucconidae, the puffbirds, nunlets, and nunbirds. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela. ^{[2] [3]}

Taxonomy

The spotted puffbird was described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae. In his Latin text Marcgrave used the name Tamatia Brasiliensibus where tamatia was the local name for the bird in the Tupi language. ^[4] Later ornithologists such as Francis Willughby in 1678 and John Ray in 1713 based their own description on that by Marcgrave. ^{[5] [6]} In 1780 the French polymath Comte de Buffon described and illustrated Le Tamatia from a specimen that had been collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. ^{[7] [8]} When the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin revised and expanded Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae in 1788 he included the spotted puffbird and cited the works by the earlier ornithologists. He placed the species with the other puffbirds in the genus Bucco and coined the binomial name Bucco tamatia. ^[9]

The spotted puffbird has sometimes been placed in the genus Nystactes. ^[10] It is closely related to the sooty-capped puffbird (B. noanamae). ^[11]

Three subspecies are recognised: ^[12]

• B. t. pulmentum Sclater, PL, 1856 – south Colombia to northeast Bolivia
• B. t. tamatia Gmelin, JF, 1788 – east Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas and north Brazil
• B. t. hypnaleus (Cabanis & Heine, 1863) – central east Brazil

Description

The spotted puffbird is about 18 cm (7.1 in) long and weighs 33 to 42 g (1.2 to 1.5 oz). The nominate subspecies has a pale rufous forehead that becomes rufous spots on a dark brown background on the crown. Below that is a blackish band through the eye, below that a white stripe, and below that a black patch. The white stripe continues around the nape. The upperparts and wings are dark brown with some buffy scallops and the tail is dark brown with some buffy edges to the feathers. The chin is white, the throat rufous, the breast and flanks whitish with black spots and scales, and the belly and vent white with small black spots. The bill is black, the eye bright red, and the feet dark gray or greenish. B. t. pulmentum's throat is much paler than the nominate's, the forehead brighter, and the spotting heavier. B. t. hypnaleus is larger than the nominate but with a smaller bill, and the spotting on its underside is heavier especially on the breast. ^[11]

The spotted puffbird's song is "a series of 10–20 soft, whistled 'chyoi' or 'puwéep' notes (c. 2 per second), weak and hesitant at first, then a few at lower pitch and slower, ending with c. 4 inflected 'pchooii, pchooii, pchooii, peejowee' whistles". It is usually sung at dawn and sometimes sung as a duet. It also makes "faint wheezy whistles" in a dispute. ^[11]

Distribution and habitat

The nominate subspecies of spotted puffbird is found from eastern Colombia east through Venezuela and the Guianas into Brazil and south in Brazil to the left (north) bank of the Amazon River. B. t. pulmentum is found from southeastern Colombia south through eastern Ecuador, northeastern Peru, and western Brazil into northeastern Bolivia. B. t. hypnaleus is found in Amazonian Brazil east of the Tapajós River. The species inhabits a variety of somewhat open landscapes such as várzea and igapó forests, mature secondary forest, savanna woodland, and gallery forest. It seldom occurs in the interior of dense forest. In elevation it generally ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft) but in Venezuela it usually occurs below 700 m (2,300 ft). ^[11]

Behavior

Feeding

The spotted puffbird usually forages from a low perch, sallying out to pluck prey from foliage or bark. It sometimes follows army ant swarms. Its diet includes many types of insects, other invertebrates such as spiders and scorpions, small lizards, and mistletoe berries. ^[11]

Breeding

The spotted puffbird's breeding season varies in different parts of its range, but in general is between March to September. It lays its clutch of two eggs in a chamber excavated in arboreal termitaria. ^[11]

Status

The IUCN has assessed the spotted puffbird as being of Least Concern. However, though it has a very large range, its population has not been quantified and is believed to be decreasing. ^[1] It is thought to be uncommon in most of its range but is easily overlooked and so might be more abundant. It occurs in several protected areas. ^[11]

References

1. BirdLife International (2016). "Spotted Puffbird Nystactes tamatia". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
2. Gill, F.; Donsker, D.; Rasmussen, P. (July 2021). "IOC World Bird List (v 11.2)" . Retrieved July 14, 2021.
3. Remsen, J. V., Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 24 August 2021. Species Lists of Birds for South American Countries and Territories. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCCountryLists.htm retrieved August 24, 2021
4. Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. p. 208.
5. Willughby, Francis (1678). Ray, John (ed.). The Ornithology of Francis Willughby of Middleton in the County of Warwick. London: John Martyn. p. 190.
6. Ray, John (1713). Synopsis methodica avium & piscium (in Latin). London: William Innys. p. 65.
7. Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de (1780). "Le Tamatia". Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux (in French). Vol. 7. Paris: De l'Imprimerie Royale. pp. 94–96, Plate 4.
8. Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de; Martinet, François-Nicolas; Daubenton, Edme-Louis; Daubenton, Louis-Jean-Marie (1765–1783). "Barbu à ventre tacheté, de Cayenne". Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle. Vol. 8. Paris: De L'Imprimerie Royale. Plate 746.
9. Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 405.
10. Rasmussen, P.C.; Collar, N.J. (2002). "Family Bucconidae (Puffbirds)" . In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 7: Jacamars to Woodpeckers. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions. pp. 102-139 [126-127]. ISBN   978-84-87334-37-5.
11. Rasmussen, P.C.; Collar, N.; Kirwan, G.M. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Spotted Puffbird (Bucco tamatia), version 1.0". Birds of the World. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. doi:10.2173/bow.spopuf1.01.
12. Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2023). "Jacamars, puffbirds, barbets, toucans, honeyguides". IOC World Bird List Version 13.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 14 February 2023.