A structure relocation is the process of moving a structure from one location to another. There are two main ways for a structure to be moved: disassembling and then reassembling it at the required destination, or transporting it whole. For the latter, the building is first raised and then may be pushed on temporary rails or dollies if the distance is short. Otherwise, wheels, such as flatbed trucks, are used. These moves can be complicated and require the removal of protruding parts of the building, such as the chimney, as well as obstacles along the journey, such as overhead cables and trees.
Reasons for moving a building range from commercial reasons such as scenery to preserving an important or historic building. Moves may also be made simply at the whim of the owner, or to separate a building from the plot of land on which it stands.
Elevating a whole structure is typically done by attaching a temporary steel framework under the structure to support it. A network of hydraulic jacks is placed under the framework and controlled by a unified jacking system, elevating the structure off the foundation. An older, low-technology method is to use building jacks called screw jacks or jackscrews which are manually turned.
With both types of jacking systems, wood beams (called cribs, cribbing or box cribs) are stacked into piles to support both the structure and the jacks. The structure is then lifted in increments. Once the structure is at a sufficient height, hydraulic dollies (or a flatbed truck) are placed under the supporting framework. These are used to move the structure to the new location. After the move, the steps are reversed and the structure is lowered.
There are several reasons why a structure may be moved. For example, a redevelopment, such as urban regeneration, could cause a relocation. The buyer of a building may wish to move it to a new location, or the owner might sell the land that the building is on while keeping the building. [2]
Another reason for the relocation of a building is to preserve it for historic interest. An example of such preservation is the Lin An Tai Historical House in Taiwan. Such a move could be made because a building is in danger at its present location. [3]
On the island of Chiloe, in Chile, there is a tradition of moving houses if the original site is haunted. [4] The house is placed on tree trunk rollers and dragged to the new location by oxen. [5]
London's Marble Arch (1847) was originally the entrance to the newly rebuilt Buckingham Palace. Following the expansion of Buckingham Palace, it was dismantled and rebuilt at a location near Hyde Park, with work being completed in 1851. [6] [7]
In order to save a single tree, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the first President of the Republic of Turkey, moved the future location of his summer house, the Yalova Atatürk Mansion, four meters to the east in 1936. [8]
Between October 12 and November 14, 1930, the 8-story, 11,000 ton Indiana Bell building, the headquarters of the Indiana Bell telecommunications company, was shifted 52 feet south, rotated 90 degrees, then another 100 feet west. The city's telephone operations continued uninterrupted during the course of the building's relocation. [9] [10]
In 1950 the Compania Telefónica de Mexico (Telephone Company of Mexico) building located in the city of Guadalajara was moved 11.8 meters without any interruption of telephone operations. Building weights 1,700 metric tons. The project started in May and ended in November 1950. The building movement itself took 5 days. Head of the project was Jorge Matute Remus, [11] construction engineer and headmaster of the Universidad De Guadalajara at the time.
In September 1959 a 280 metres tall guyed radio mast of Europe 1 longwave transmitter in Felsberg-Berus, Germany was moved 102 metres northwards in order to realize a better radiation pattern of the transmitter. This was perhaps the tallest object ever moved on land
One of Europe's oldest dwelling houses in Exeter, United Kingdom, [12] [13] was relocated in 1961 to make way for a bypass road. [14] The 15th century wooden framed building was moved on rails around 100 yards (91 m) up a 1:10 hill, and became known as The House That Moved. [15]
The Lubomirski Palace of Warsaw was successfully rotated 74 degrees in 1970.
The Cudecom Building in Bogotá, Colombia (Weight 7,000 Metric Tons, Distance Moved: 95 Feet); was moved in October 1974 using Steel Rollers. The 8 story building was moved westward to build an avenue. The move of the Cudecom Building was in the Guinness Book of World Records for 30 years. Moving Cudecom Building Part 1 Moving Cudecom Building Part 2
The Gem Theatre and Century Theatre, both housed within the same building in Detroit, were moved five blocks on wheels to its new location at 333 Madison Avenue on 16 October 1997, because of the development of the Comerica Park area when it became home of the Detroit Tigers. At a distance of 563 meters (1,847 feet) it is the furthest known relocation of a sizable building setting a world record by Expert House Movers, LLC. [16]
The Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Starý MostThe Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary(Kostel Nanebevzetí Panny Marie (Most)
), part of the city of Most, is a late Gothic church that was built in the years 1517–1550 after the city fire. It gained notoriety mainly in 1975, when it was moved 841 meters along the tracks, to save it from a town that had been razed to the ground due to coal mining. In 1972, the church tower was dismantled, as its security would require too demanding modifications and complications during the move. Security work was then started in the interior of the church, which consisted of strengthening the vault by spraying and reinforcing the building with a steel lattice structure, which clamped the church inside and out and made it possible to distribute the entire weight of the historic masonry (9,600 tons) onto individual transport carts. The perimeter of the church was secured by a concrete ring. The total weight of the church was finally 12,000 tons. The most expensive part of the preparatory work was the construction of the transport track. Due to the large transport distance, the track was only 160 meters long. It was then always dismantled behind the church and assembled five times in front of the church during the move. 53 transport trolleys manufactured by Škoda Plzeň were inserted under all statically important points on the constructed track. The trucks worked on the hydraulic principle. The hydraulics also controlled eight boom arms that were supposed to push or brake the church. The work was controlled by a computer, the core of the system was a calculator from the American company Hewlett-Packard, but manual intervention was not excluded. The author of the software coordinating the entire system was mechanical engineer Jiří Souček.
Structure relocation was common in the 1980s in Romania because of Ceausescu's building projects. Many buildings, including churches and older apartment blocks used to be relocated using hydraulics. One of the most notable feats achieved was on 27 May 1987, when a whole apartment block weighing 7600 Tonnes was split in half and completely relocated, with people left inside, with no damage whatsoever. As of this day the building still stands, and it was one of the most challenging relocations in the whole world. Engineer Eugeniu Iordachescu moved 29 buildings (from which 13 were churches) during his career. (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutarea_cl%C4%83dirilor_%C8%99i_structurilor)
As part of the Minnesota Shubert Performing Arts and Education Center development, the Shubert Theatre was moved between 9 February 1999 and 21 February 1999. The 2,638 tonne (2,596 short ton) building was moved three city blocks and is the heaviest recorded building move done on wheels. [17]
The 850 tonne Belle Tout Lighthouse was built in 1831 near the edge of the cliff on the next headland west from Beachy Head, East Sussex, England. It was moved more than 17 metres (56 feet) further inland in 1999 due to cliff erosion. It was pushed by four hydraulic jacks along four steel and concrete beams to a new site that was designed specifically to allow for possible future relocations. [18]
In 1999, the 208-foot (63 m) tall, 2540-tonne Cape Hatteras Lighthouse was moved 2,900 feet (880 m) to protect it from being undermined by beach erosion. When the North Carolina lighthouse was built in 1870, it was over 1,500 feet (460 m) from the sea, but by 1935 the beach had eroded and the waves were only 100 feet (30 m) away. Starting in 1930, many efforts to halt the erosion were attempted, including adding over a million cubic yards of loose sand, massive sandbags, and steel and concrete walls. After nearly 70 years it became apparent that fighting the erosion was a never-ending battle, and the decision was made to move the lighthouse away from the sea.
The 3,200-year-old Statue of Ramesses II in Cairo was moved on 25 August 2006 from Ramses Square to a new museum site. The statue was slowly being damaged by pollution and was in an area where it was difficult for people to visit. The move of the statue, which measures 11 metres (36 feet) high and weighs around 83 tonnes (91 short tons) was broadcast live on Egyptian television. Transported whole on the back of two trucks, the statue had previously been cut into eight pieces when it was moved from its excavation site in the mid-1950s. [19]
In June 2008, Hamilton Grange National Memorial, the 1802 home of Alexander Hamilton in New York City, was relocated from a cramped lot on Convent Avenue to a more spacious setting facing West 141st Street in nearby St. Nicholas Park, where it is currently undergoing a complete restoration. It is actually the second time the 298-ton mansion has been moved. In 1889, it was relocated from its original site on West 143rd Street to a church's property two blocks away.
The Nathaniel Lieb House (1969), by architect Robert Venturi, was moved by barge from Long Beach Island, New Jersey to Glen Cove, New York in 2009. [20]
In April 2013, due to construction works on Fuzuli Street the House of famous Baku millionaire, Isa bey Hajinski, in Baku (Azerbaijan), which was built in 1908, was moved 10 m to protect it as historical and architectural monument. The weight of this building is 18,000 tonnes. It was the heaviest building in the world ever moved. [21]
The William Walker House, built circa 1904, was relocated 500 feet when the new owner, Thomas Tull, decided to preserve the home instead of demolishing it. The move took place in August 2016. The house was designed by architects Longfellow, Alden & Harlow. [22] [23]
On December 21, 2016 part of the Belleview-Biltmore Hotel was relocated and placed on a new foundation where it will be converted into an inn with event space, an ice cream parlor, and a history room. [24]
Beginning in 1983, Shipcarpenter Square in Lewes, Delaware, is an historic residential development in which entire homes from centuries past were re-located to a common residential neighborhood. The development consists of approximately 40 homes that were relocated whole. [25]
The Warder Mansion, the only surviving Washington, D.C. building by architect H. H. Richardson, was saved from demolition in 1923 by George Oakley Totten Jr. Totten bought the exterior stone – except the main doorway, which reportedly went to the Smithsonian Institution – and much of the interior woodwork, and transported it, piece by piece, in his Model T Ford. He reassembled the building about 1.5 miles north of its original site and converted it into an apartment house. [26]
In 1925, Thomas C. Williams Jr. bought a 15th-century Tudor manor house, Agecroft Hall, which stood by the River Irwell in Pendlebury, England. The hall was disassembled, crated and transported to Richmond, Virginia, where it was reassembled as the centrepiece of a Tudor estate on the banks of the James River. [27] The 16th-century Warwick Priory in Warwick, England was bought by Alexander and Virginia Weddell in 1926 and relocated in the same manner. Architect Henry G. Morse oversaw both moves. He designed additions to the reassembled priory, inspired by Sulgrave Manor and Wormleighton Manor. The expanded building was renamed Virginia House, and stands next door to Agecroft Hall.
Newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst purchased and attempted to relocate two Cistercian monasteries during his travels in Spain, but neither was completed during his lifetime. The first was built about 1141 and found abandoned by Hearst in 1925. He purchased the ruin and attempted to ship it to his home in California, San Simeon. The crates, however, were detained by customs officials in New York City, and due to his deteriorating finances during the Great Depression, Hearst was unable to complete the shipment. The stones were purchased in 1951 and reassembled in Florida as a tourist attraction. In 1964, the building was purchased by a local Episcopal diocese and restored to its original purpose as the Church of St. Bernard de Clairvaux. [28]
Hearst's second attempt at relocating a monastery was in 1931 when he found the closed Santa Maria de Ovila monastery, built around 1200. He purchased the structure, disassembled it and successfully shipped it to San Francisco, but was unable to rebuild the monastery. Hearst eventually gave the stones to the city of San Francisco, where they sat for decades in Golden Gate Park. Eventually, some of the stones were acquired by the Abbey of New Clairvaux in Vina, California, where they are currently being reconstructed; [29] others are now being used as decorative accents in the San Francisco Botanical Garden.
Abu Simbel is an archaeological site comprising two massive rock temples completed in 1244 BCE, on the western bank of the Nile in southern Egypt. Construction of the Aswan High Dam would have submerged the temples beneath the waters of Lake Nasser. In 1959, an international donation campaign began to save the monuments of Nubia: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization. The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964, and cost US$80 million. Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was cut into large blocks, dismantled and reassembled in a new location – 65 m higher and 200 m back from the river, in what many consider one of the greatest feats of archaeological engineering. Today, thousands of tourists visit the temples daily. Guarded convoys of buses and cars depart twice a day from Aswan, the nearest city. Many visitors also arrive by plane, at an airfield that was specially constructed for the temple complex.
On 18 April 1968, John Rennie's London Bridge (which had replaced the original bridge in 1831) was sold to the American entrepreneur Robert P. McCulloch of McCulloch Oil for the sum of $2,460,000. The bridge was reconstructed at Lake Havasu City, Arizona, and opened on 10 October 1971. Not all of the bridge was transported to America, as some were kept behind in lieu of tax duties. The version of London Bridge that was rebuilt at Lake Havasu consists of a concrete frame with stones from the old (but not the original) London Bridge used as cladding. It spans a canal that leads from Lake Havasu to Thomson Bay, and forms the centrepiece of a theme park in the English style, complete with mock-Tudor shopping mall. The bridge has become one of Arizona's biggest tourist attractions. [30]
The Old Wellington Inn (1552) and Sinclair's Oyster Bar, two of Manchester, England's oldest buildings, dating from the 16th century and 17th century respectively, had their foundations raised 4 feet 9 inches (1.45 m) when the Shambles Square marketplace was refurbished in the 1960s. [31] They were in close proximity to the 1996 Manchester bombing. As part of the rebuilding, they were disassembled and moved 100 m north to the new Shambles Square, next to Manchester Cathedral. [32] Originally the two buildings comprised a single row, but they were rebuilt 90 degrees to each other and connected by new construction.
The formerly Grade-I Listed Murray House in Hong Kong (built 1844) was dismantled in 1982 to make way for the Bank of China Tower. It was rebuilt brick-by-brick at Stanley in 2000. The relocation process, nonetheless, was said to have failed to meet 'the international standard of preservation'. Certain architectural features, such as the chimneys and stone columns were lost and were replaced with features taken from other contemporary buildings. Much of the structure, furthermore, was reconstructed to be held up by an added steel-and-concrete core that which was not representative of how it once existed. The Grade-I listed status has thus since been withdrawn. [33]
Several museums, particularly open-air museums, move historic buildings into their surroundings, with some dedicated to showing what life was like in previous centuries called living history.
Museums that have transported and reconstructed old buildings and structures include:
In the past, it was not uncommon that radio towers, free-standing as well as guyed, were dismantled and rebuilt at another site. In some cases, they were rebuilt just a few metres away from their original site, but in others far away from their original site. In first case, these towers were nearly all part of a directional antenna system for long- and medium-wave for which the regulations of directional patterns were changed and the best way to fulfill it, was to build either a new tower or to dismantle one tower and to rebuild it on the new site. It was also done that a tower was dismantled and then used for the upper parts of a new radio tower. This was done for example with the masts at Sender Donebach in 1982 and with the wooden tower of Transmitter Ismaning in 1934. After World War II some radio towers in former East Germany were dismantled by Soviet occupants and rebuilt in former Soviet Union, the most famous example herefore is Goliath transmitter. It is also common that electricity pylons are dismantled and rebuilt at a new site. Also small observation towers built of steel were sometimes dismantled for renovation and afterwards rebuilt.
The tallest structure ever relocated is BREN Tower. In 1959 a 280-metre-tall radio mast was relocated at Felsberg-Berus without dismantling.[ citation needed ]
Although smaller projects are usually paid for in cash, larger projects such as the relocation of a house to a new site are typically financed by banks. Finance is often a major problem faced by project managers as the house needs to be paid for prior to leaving its current site, but the lender for the project cannot take security over the house until it is complete and on the new site. This creates a short-term cashflow problem that unhinges many projects.
The Eddystone Lighthouse is a lighthouse on the Eddystone Rocks, 9 statute miles (14 km) south of Rame Head in Cornwall, England. The rocks are submerged below the surface of the sea and are composed of Precambrian gneiss.
Kimmeridge is a small village and civil parish on the Isle of Purbeck, a peninsula on the English Channel coast in Dorset, England. It is situated about 4.5 miles (7.2 km) south of Wareham and 7 miles (11 km) west of Swanage. In 2013 the estimated population of the civil parish was 90.
Avoncroft Museum of Historic Buildings is an open-air museum of rescued buildings which have been relocated to its site in Stoke Heath, a district of Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, England. Founded in 1963 and opened in 1967, the museum was conceived following the dismantling of a 15th-century timber-framed house in Bromsgrove in 1962 to provide a location for its reconstruction. It became England's first open-air museum and, after the St Fagans National Museum of History in Wales, the second in the United Kingdom. This building is known as the medieval 'Town House' today, though it has been known by other names in the past, including the 'Bromsgrove House' and the 'Merchant's House'. It now houses a collection of domestic, industrial, agricultural and other forms of historic building, the majority dismantled and re-erected.
Cape Hatteras Light is a lighthouse located on Hatteras Island in the Outer Banks in the town of Buxton, North Carolina and is part of the Cape Hatteras National Seashore. It is the tallest lighthouse in the U.S. from base to tip at 210 feet. The lighthouse's semi-unique pattern makes it easy to recognize and famous. It is often ranked high on lists of most beautiful, and famous lighthouses in the US.
Smeaton's Tower is a redundant lighthouse, now a memorial to civil engineer John Smeaton, designer of the third and most notable Eddystone Lighthouse. A major step forward in lighthouse design, Smeaton's structure was in use from 1759 to 1877, until erosion of the ledge it was built upon forced new construction. The tower was largely dismantled and rebuilt on Plymouth Hoe in Plymouth, Devon, where it stands today.
Pendlebury is a town in the City of Salford, Greater Manchester, England. The population at the 2011 Census was 13,069. It lies 4 miles (6 km) north-west of Manchester, 3 miles (5 km) north-west of Salford and 6 miles (10 km) south-east of Bolton.
London Bridge is a bridge in Lake Havasu City, Arizona. United States. When it was built in the 1830s, it spanned the River Thames in London, England. In 1968, the bridge was purchased from the City of London by Robert P. McCulloch. However, McCulloch only had the exterior granite blocks from the original bridge cut and transported to the United States for use in the construction of a new bridge in Lake Havasu City, a planned community he established in 1964 on the shore of Lake Havasu. The only parts of the “New London Bridge” that made it to Arizona were the exterior masonry. The Arizona bridge is a reinforced concrete structure clad in the original masonry of the 1830s bridge. The bridge was completed in 1971, and links mainland Lake Havasu City with Pittsburgh Point. The "rededication" of the London Bridge took place on October 10, 1971.
Kitchener City Hall is the seat of municipal government of Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. It has gone through many iterations through the 20th century, culminating in the current building, which opened in 1993.
The Cape Canaveral Light is a historic lighthouse on the east coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The light was established in 1848 to warn ships of the dangerous shoals that lie off its coast. It is located inside the Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and managed by the Space Launch Delta 45 of the U.S. Space Force with the assistance of the Cape Canaveral Lighthouse Foundation. It is the only fully operational lighthouse owned by the United States Space Force.
The Montauk Point Light, or Montauk Point Lighthouse, is a lighthouse located adjacent to Montauk Point State Park at the easternmost point of Long Island in Montauk, New York. The lighthouse was the first to be built within the state of New York, and was the first public works project of the new United States. It is the fourth oldest active lighthouse in the United States. Montauk Point Light is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. In 2012, it was designated as a National Historic Landmark for its significance to New York and international shipping in the early Federal period.
Agecroft Hall is a Tudor manor house and estate located at 4305 Sulgrave Road on the James River in the Windsor Farms neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia, United States. The manor house was built in the late 15th century, and was originally located in the Irwell Valley at Agecroft, Pendlebury, then in the historic county of Lancashire, England, but by the 20th century it was unoccupied and in a state of disrepair.
Agecroft power station was a coal-fired power station between the eastern bank of the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal and the western bank of the River Irwell at Pendlebury, near Manchester, England. It operated between 1925 and 1993, and was demolished in 1994. HM Prison Forest Bank has since been built on the site.
St. Luke's Episcopal Church is a historic Carpenter Gothic church, built during the 1850s at Cahaba, the first capital of Alabama from 1820 to 1826. The unknown builder closely followed plans published by architect Richard Upjohn in his 1852 book Rural Architecture.
Reconstruction in architectural conservation is the returning of a place to a known earlier state by the introduction of new materials. It is related to the architectural concepts of restoration and preservation, wherein the most extensive form of reconstruction is creating a replica of a destroyed building.
Gay Head Light is a historic lighthouse located on Martha's Vineyard westernmost point off of Lighthouse Road in Aquinnah, Massachusetts.
The Musselbed Shoals Light was a lighthouse which once stood in Narragansett Bay at the west entrance to Mount Hope Bay, south of Bristol Point. As with many Rhode Island lights, it was a casualty of the New England Hurricane of 1938.
Cape Bowling Green Light is an active lighthouse on Cape Bowling Green, a long headland ending in a long low sandspit, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from Ayr, Queensland, Australia. The lighthouse is at the end of the headland, near the base of the sandspit. The first lighthouse at the location, established in 1874, was moved multiple times. It was prefabricated in Brisbane, shipped to the location, moved twice due to coastal erosion and finally transferred for display at the Australian National Maritime Museum at Darling Harbour in Sydney.
The Gannet Rock Lighthouse is a Canadian lighthouse located on a rocky islet 8 miles (13 km) south of Grand Manan in the Bay of Fundy. It was first lit in 1831 and was staffed until 1996. It was solarized in 2002 and remains operational in 2023. It was declared "surplus to requirements" by the Canadian Coast Guard in 2010 and is no longer being maintained.
The Huron City Historic District is a historic district encompassing the village of Huron City, Michigan, with structures located primarily along Pioneer Drive. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
Harwich High and Low Lighthouses are a pair of early 19th-century towers in Harwich, Essex, which were built as leading lights to help guide vessels into the harbour. They replaced an earlier pair of lights established in the seventeenth century when Harwich was a key operational base for the Royal Navy.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)indiana bell building move 11,000 ton.