Cape Hatteras Lighthouse

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"Hatteras light, the most important on our coast is, without doubt, the worst light in the world. Cape Hatteras is the point made by all vessels going to the south, and also coming from that direction; the current of the Gulf Stream runs so close to the outer point of the shoals that vessels double as close round the breakers as possible, to avoid its influence. The only guide they have is the light, to tell them when up with the shoals; but I have always had so little confidence in it, that I have been guided by the lead, without the use of which no vessel should pass Hatteras. The first nine trips I made I never saw Hatteras light at all, though frequently passing in sight of the breakers, and when I did see it, I could not tell it from a steamer's light, excepting that the steamer's lights are much brighter. It has improved much latterly but is still a wretched light. It is all-important that Hatteras should be provided with a revolving light of great intensity, and that the light is raised 15 feet (4.6 m) higher than at present. Twenty-four steamship's lights, of great brilliancy, pass this point in one month, nearly at the rate of one every night (they all pass at night) and it can be seen how easily a vessel may be deceived by taking a steamer's light for a light onshore."

The improvement in the light referred to had begun in 1845 when the reflectors were changed from 14 to 15-inch (380 mm). In 1848 the 18 lamps were changed to 15 lamps with 21-inch (530 mm) reflectors and the light had become visible in clear weather at a distance of 20 miles (32 km). In 1854 a first-order Fresnel lens with flashing white light was substituted for the old reflecting apparatus, and the tower was raised to 150 feet (46 m).

In 1860 the Lighthouse Board reported that Cape Hatteras Lighthouse required protection, due to the outbreak of the Civil War. In 1862 the Board reported "Cape Hatteras, lens and lantern destroyed, light reexhibited.

Second lighthouse

At the behest of mariners and officers of the U.S. Navy, Congress appropriated $80,000 to the United States Lighthouse Board to construct a new beacon at Cape Hatteras in 1868. [7]

Completed in just under two years under the direction of brevet Brigadier General J. H. Simpson of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the new Cape Hatteras lighthouse cost $167,000. The new tower, from which the first-order light was first exhibited on December 16, 1871, was the tallest brick lighthouse tower in the world. It was 200 feet (61 m) above ground and the focal height of the light was 208 feet (63 m) above water. The old tower was demolished in February 1871, leaving ruins that lasted until finally eroded away in a storm in 1980. [8]

In the spring of 1879 the tower was struck by lightning. Cracks subsequently appeared in the masonry walls, which were remedied[ clarification needed ] by placing a metal rod to connect the iron work of the tower with an iron disk sunk in the ground. In 1912 the candlepower of the light was increased from 27,000 to 80,000.

Cape Hatteras Light, USCG Archive photo USCGHatteras.jpg
Cape Hatteras Light, USCG Archive photo

Ever since the completion of the new tower in 1870, there had begun a very gradual encroachment of the sea upon the beach. This did not become serious, however, until 1919, when the high water line had advanced to about 120 ft (36.5) from the base of the tower. Since that time the surf gnawed steadily toward the base of the tower until 1935, when the site was finally reached by the surf. Several attempts were made to arrest this erosion, but dikes and breakwaters had been of no avail. In 1935, therefore, the tower light was replaced by an Aerobeacon atop a four-legged steel skeleton tower, placed farther back from the sea on a sand dune 166 feet (51 m) above the sea, visible for 19 miles (31 km). The abandoned brick tower was then put in the custody of the National Park Service.

The Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration erected a series of wooden revetments which checked the wash that was carrying away the beach. In 1942, when German U-boats began attacking ships just offshore, the Coast Guard resumed its control over the brick tower and manned it as a lookout station until 1945. By then, due to accretion of sand on the beach, the brick tower was 500 to 900 feet (270 m) inland from the sea and again tenable as a site for the light, which was placed back in commission January 23, 1950.

Internal staircase of Hatteras Lighthouse Hatteras Lighthouse spiral staircase.jpg
Internal staircase of Hatteras Lighthouse

The new light consisted of a 36-inch (0.91 m) aviation-type rotating beacon of 250,000 candlepower, visible 20 miles (32 km), and flashing white every 7.5 seconds. The steel skeleton tower, known as the Buxton Woods Tower, was retained by the Coast Guard in the event that the brick tower again became endangered by erosion requiring that the light again be moved.

The light displays a highly visible black and white diagonal daymark paint scheme. It shares similar markings with the St. Augustine Light. Another lighthouse, with helical markings—red and white 'candy cane stripe'-- is the White Shoal Light (Michigan), which is the only true 'barber pole' lighthouse in the United States. [9] [10] Its distinctive "barber pole" paint job is consistent with other North Carolina black-and-white lighthouses, "each with their own pattern to help sailors identify lighthouses during daylight hours." [5] Today the Coast Guard owns and operates the navigational equipment, while the National Park Service maintains the tower as a historic structure. The Hatteras Island Visitor Center, formerly the Double Keepers Quarters located next to the lighthouse, elaborates on the Cape Hatteras story and the lifestyle on the Outer Banks. Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, tallest in the United States, [5] stands 208 feet (63 m) from the bottom of the foundation to the peak of the roof. To reach the light, which shines 191 feet (58 m) above mean high-water mark, requires climbing 268 steps. The construction order of 1,250,000 bricks was used in the construction of the lighthouse and principal keeper's quarters. [2] The light is still active. Up until 1970 the light was still using its First Order Fresnel lens. In 1970 it was replaced by an Aerobeacon. The light is used and maintained by the U.S Coast Guard as an Aid to Navigation, protecting Mariners from the icy depths of the Graveyard of the Atlantic. The active light can be seen from anywhere on Hatteras Island.

Relocation

Cape Hatteras lighthouse during its relocation on July 1, 1999 Moving Cape Hatteras Light - NPS photo.jpg
Cape Hatteras lighthouse during its relocation on July 1, 1999
Workers prepare for another few inches of movement. HaterasMove.jpg
Workers prepare for another few inches of movement.
The base of Cape Hatteras Light after relocation Cape Hatteras Light Station.JPG
The base of Cape Hatteras Light after relocation

In 1999, with the sea again encroaching, the Cape Hatteras lighthouse had to be moved from its original location at the edge of the ocean to safer ground. Due to erosion of the shore, the lighthouse was just 15 feet (4.6 m) from the water's edge and was in imminent danger. The move was a total distance of 2,900 feet (880 m) to the southwest, placing the lighthouse 1,500 feet (460 m) from the current shoreline. All other support buildings at the site were also moved at the same time. All support buildings were placed back in positions that maintained their original compass orientations and distance/height relationship to the lighthouse. International Chimney Corp. of Buffalo, New York was awarded the contract to move the lighthouse, assisted by, among other contractors, Expert House Movers. The move was controversial at the time with speculation that the structure would not survive the move, resulting in lawsuits that were later dismissed. Despite some opposition, work progressed and the move was completed on September 14, 1999. [5] [11]

The Cape Hatteras Light House Station Relocation Project became known as "The Move of the Millennium." General contractor International Chimney and Expert House Movers won the 40th Annual Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement Award from the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1999. [12] The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is one of the tallest masonry structures ever moved (200 feet tall and weighing 5,000 tons).

Specifications

See also

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References

  1. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  2. 1 2 "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: North Carolina". United States Coast Guard Historian's Office. Archived from the original on September 23, 2017. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  3. Light List, Volume II, Atlantic Coast, Shrewsbury River, New Jersey to Little River, South Carolina (PDF). Light List. United States Coast Guard. 2012. p. 6.
  4. Rowlett, Russ. "Lighthouses of the United States: North Carolina". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Buxton, North Carolina - America's Tallest Lighthouse - Climb It. Roadside America
  6. Rowlett, Russ. "The Tallest Lighthouses". The Lighthouse Directory. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  7. "Historical Vignette 111 - Cape Hatteras Lighthouse". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on May 6, 2010.
  8. "National Register Information System  (#78000266)". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  9. Wobser, David, Boatnerd.com, White Shoal Light. Archived 2011-07-11 at the Wayback Machine
  10. Michigan Lighthouse Conservancy, White Shoal Lighthouse.
  11. Mike Booher and Lin Ezell, Out of Harm's Way, Eastwind Publishing, Annapolis, MD, 2001, ISBN   1-885457-15-4.
  12. Expert House Movers, Inc
  13. "Cape Hatteras Light Station - Cape Hatteras National Seashore (U.S. National Park Service)". National Park Service.

Further reading

Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
Cape hatteras lighthouse img 0529.jpg
Cape Hatteras Lighthouse
Location Hatteras Island, Dare County, US
Coordinates 35°15′2″N75°31′43.7″W / 35.25056°N 75.528806°W / 35.25056; -75.528806
Tower
Constructed1870  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Constructionbrick (tower), reinforced concrete (foundation)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Automated1950  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Height210 ft (64 m)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Shapeconical  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Markingsblack (tower), white (tower), red (foundation)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Heritage National Historic Landmark, National Register of Historic Places listed place, Historic Civil Engineering Landmark  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Light
First lit16 December 1871  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Focal height187 ft (57 m)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Lensfirst order Fresnel lens (18701970), DCB-224 (1970)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Range24 nmi (44 km; 28 mi)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Original light OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Constructed1802  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Constructionsandstone (tower)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Focal height112 ft (34 m), 150 ft (46 m)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Lensfirst order Fresnel lens (1854)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Range18 nmi (33 km; 21 mi)  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg