Suitcase

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A Rollaboard, a type of wheeled suitcase, made by German luggage company Rimowa Rimowa Koffer Topas-Serie (Ruckseite).jpg
A Rollaboard, a type of wheeled suitcase, made by German luggage company Rimowa
A perspective picture of a modern suitcase Suitcase1.jpg
A perspective picture of a modern suitcase

A suitcase is a form of luggage. It is a rectangular container with a handle and is typically used to carry one's clothes and other belongings while traveling. [1] The first suitcases appeared in the late 19th century due to the increased popularity of mass tourism at the time and were meant to hold dress suits. They were originally made using heavier materials such as leather or steel, but, beginning in the 1930s, were constructed with more lightweight materials like plastic and cardboard.

Contents

Before the 1970s, the idea of rolling luggage was shunned by the travel industry, who viewed it as much less masculine than traditional luggage. American entrepreneur Bernard Sadow pitched his version of the wheeled suitcase, for which he was granted a patent in 1972, to various department stores before it was picked up and sold at Macy's stores starting in 1970. It took several years to become the predominant form of suitcase, and Sadow's version was soon superseded by the Rollaboard, a type of wheeled suitcase that was upright rather than flat like Sadow's model and invented in 1987 by American pilot Robert Plath. The addition of wheels to the suitcase has since been called one of the most significant innovations in travel.

Smart suitcases with enhanced capabilities such as GPS tracking and device charging were popularized in the 2010s, though explosions of their lithium ion batteries in cargo holds caused them to be banned from being checked by many major airlines in the late 2010s.

History

12th century to late 19th century: Luggage before the suitcase

During the Crusades, the first luggage—wheeled containers used to transport weaponry—was developed in 1153. [2] The word "luggage", derived from the verb "lug", was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 1596 to mean "denoting inconveniently heavy baggage". [3] Luggage prior to the invention of the suitcase was mostly wood and leather trunks with an iron base, which were waterproofed using canvas or tree sap. Servants were often made to carry these trunks for their owners, such as for European elites during the Grand Tour in the 18th century, since travel was mostly exclusive to the wealthy. [4]

Late 19th century to mid-20th century: Beginnings

A brown leather suitcase from the Auckland War Memorial Museum that belonged to a QAIMNS staff nurse during World War I Suitcase (AM 2001.25.958-6).jpg
A brown leather suitcase from the Auckland War Memorial Museum that belonged to a QAIMNS staff nurse during World War I

As mass tourism increased in popularity and travel became accessible to non-elites due to railways and cruise ships, the need for more practical luggage increased. In the late 19th century, the first luggage known as "suit cases" or "suit-cases", which were meant to carry dress suits without wrinkling them, came about. [3] The earliest models of suitcases were invented by British businessmen, who used them to carry goods and clothing. [5] They were modeled after trunks and made by stretching leather, rubbery cloth, or wicker over a flat, rigid [6] frame made of wood or steel with leather or brass caps on the corners and a handle on their long side, contrasting them with trunks, which had handles on their two shorter sides. [5] They typically had a compartment for shirts and a hat box on the inside. [4] Suitcases first started being manufactured alongside trunks by luggage companies such as the Shwayder Trunk Manufacturing Company, which would later be renamed Samsonite. [7] They were initially considered a lesser alternative to trunks, as evidenced by North American travel catalogs from the turn of the 20th century advertising trunks much more prominently than suitcases. [4]

Lightweight suitcases were mostly marketed at first toward women. In 1938, a weight limit of 40 pounds for checked bags was established in the United States, which led to the heavier leather model of suitcase being supplanted by lighter plastic and cardboard suitcases throughout the 1930s and 1940s. [2] [4] German luggage company Rimowa built the first aluminum suitcase, which it started selling in 1950 with a grooved design inspired by the Junkers Ju 52 airplane. [7] In Europe, porters were responsible for carrying train passengers' suitcases until around the middle of the 20th century, when they became less abundant. [8]

1970s to 2000s: Wheeled suitcases

Early patents for a wheeled trunk and a wheeled suitcase came in 1887 and 1945, respectively, and a design for a "portable porter", a wheeled device that could be attached to a suitcase, was advertised in British newspapers in the 1940s. However, none of these designs originally caught on. [4] During her second world tour in 1928, American artist Anita Willets-Burnham made the first recorded wheeled suitcase, which had two baby carriage wheels attached to it and a telescoping wooden handle. [9] Until the 1970s, wheeled luggage was seen by the travel industry as a niche invention solely for women. [8]

An illustration from Bernard D. Sadow's 1972 patent for rolling luggage Rolling luggage patent 1.png
An illustration from Bernard D. Sadow's 1972 patent for rolling luggage

In 1970, Bernard D. Sadow, the then-vice president of Massachusetts luggage company U.S. Luggage, was carrying two heavy 27-inch suitcases at an airport in Puerto Rico on his way back from a family vacation in Aruba when he noticed a worker rolling a heavy machine on a wheeled platform. After remarking to his wife that people needed wheels for their luggage, Sadow returned to his factory in Fall River, Massachusetts and attached casters to a suitcase with a strap that allowed him to tow it behind him. [10] Sadow spent months attempting to sell his wheeled suitcase to various New York City department stores, but was met with resistance. [11] Most department stores, according to him, refused to sell his invention due to a "macho feeling" that men would consider rolling their luggage "wimpy" [7] and that women who travelled would have their husbands around to carry their suitcases for them. [8]

After being turned away by Jack Schwartz, a Macy's buyer, a vice president from the company, Jerry Levy, called Sadow back in for a meeting. He instructed Schwartz to buy Sadow's suitcases, and Macy's began selling them in stores in October 1970, advertising them as "The Luggage That Glides" and showcasing them with mannequins; they rose in popularity soon thereafter. [10] [11] That same year, Sadow applied for a patent for "rolling luggage", which had rollers on its bottom wall and a flexible transport strap attached near the top, and was granted it as patent number 3,653,474 in 1972. [12] It stated that, due to airplanes replacing trains as the primary mode of long-distance travel, "Baggage-handling has become perhaps the biggest single difficulty encountered by an air passenger." [11] Macy's competitors came together to break the patent about two years after it was granted to Sadow, allowing them to sell their own wheeled luggage, although Sadow's model was often wobbly and difficult to maneuver. [13] Sadow later died in 2011. [14]

1980s to 2000s: Rollaboards and other innovations

The Rollaboard or roll-aboard (also referred to as a rollerboard, an eggcorn of the term) [15] is an upright wheeled suitcase with two wheels on the bottom and a telescoping handle invented by Robert Plath, a Northwest Airlines 747 pilot, in 1987. [11] He had the idea while at a hotel during a layover in Scandinavia as he watched passengers struggle to get their bags, which were attached by bungee cords, out of luggage trolleys. He designed the prototype for the Rollaboard in his garage, screwing a hard-shell bag to a luggage trolley, and started to get ideas from other crew members while carrying it around. [16] [17] It marked a shift from Sadow's model, which rolled flat on four wheels. [18] At first, Plath only sold the Rollaboard to fellow pilots and flight attendants, manufacturing and selling 100 of the bags to various crew members in December 1989. [16]

In 1991, Plath left Northwest Airlines to start the luggage company Travelpro in Deerfield Beach, Florida, which initially only sold the product to other flight crews. [19] He hired a team of sales representatives in 1992, and in the mid-1990s, Travelpro started selling Rollaboards commercially in retail stores, making it a competitor of Samsonite, then the largest American luggage manufacturer. [16] Plath sold Travelpro in 1999. [20] The Rollaboard was widely imitated by other luggage companies starting around 1993, [17] causing Sadow's design to quickly be almost entirely replaced. [11] [18] Designer Don Ku from Flushing, Queens invented and patented a suitcase with an extendable handle in 1993. [21] [22] In 2004, Samsonite started selling the first "spinner-style" suitcase, which had four wheels and could be moved and spun in any direction. Durability testing for suitcases also became more rigorous around this time as they became lighter. [7]

Since 2010s: Smart suitcases

A smart suitcase created by Bluesmart, whose suitcases came with GPS tracking, an internal scale, and other features. The company shut down in 2018, which it blamed on a ban by many major airlines on smart suitcases with nonremovable lithium-ion batteries. Bluesmart connected carry-on (17135575321).jpg
A smart suitcase created by Bluesmart, whose suitcases came with GPS tracking, an internal scale, and other features. The company shut down in 2018, which it blamed on a ban by many major airlines on smart suitcases with nonremovable lithium-ion batteries.

Smart suitcases—suitcases with built-in technological features—became popular in the 2010s. [3] [24] These features include internal tracking, geolocation, fingerprint scanners, device charging, scales, GPS capabilities, touch switches, remote locking, and computer vision, among others. [25] Companies such as Away, Arlo Skye, and Ovis mostly sell smart luggage. [18] Most smart suitcases are powered by a lithium-ion battery. [24]

After a number of Li-ion batteries in smart suitcases exploded and caught fire in the cargo holds of planes, the International Air Transport Association classified the batteries as "dangerous goods". It published recommendations to its approximately 275 members, including United, JetBlue, and Virgin Atlantic, to put restrictions on smart suitcases with nonremovable batteries in May 2017. [26] United States–based airlines including American, Alaska, Delta, and others banned smart luggage with nonremovable batteries from being checked in late 2017 and early 2018, while the United Kingdom's Civil Aviation Authority recommended a similar ban in 2018. [24] [27] Smart suitcase companies such as Bluesmart shut down as a result of these bans. [23]

Other materials

The first suitcases made of polycarbonate were made in 2000 by the German luggage maker Rimowa. [28] Samsonite made a push toward using materials such as vulcanized fibre and polypropylene in suitcases. [3]

A suitcase covered in luggage tags, which were placed on customers' suitcases by hotels from the 1900s to the 1960s as a promotional tactic. 'Far Out' Case.jpg
A suitcase covered in luggage tags, which were placed on customers' suitcases by hotels from the 1900s to the 1960s as a promotional tactic.

Suitcases became culturally significant around the 1920s, when they made appearances in books like the Hardy Boys series and in films like the silent film The Woman in the Suitcase . Daniel A. Gross of Smithsonian described suitcases at the time as "a literary symbol for both mobility and mystery—perhaps filled with gold, photographs, or simply a stranger's possessions". [4] In the mid-20th century, Mexican laborers who worked in the United States would often return home with suitcases as a status symbol to prove that they had become "cosmopolitan men". [3] From the 1900s to the 1960s, hotels placed luggage labels on customers' suitcases to advertise themselves, with illustrations inspired by travel posters of the time. [6]

The supposedly feminine nature of the wheeled suitcase was mocked in the 1984 film Romancing the Stone , where Kathleen Turner's character, Joan Wilder, brings her wheeled suitcase to the jungle, which bothers Michael Douglas's character, Jack T. Colton, who is attempting to fend off evil. [8] Soo Youn of National Geographic included the suitcase, specifically the addition of wheels to it, on his list of inventions that changed travel forever, while SmarterTravel's Caroline Costello listed the wheeled suitcase as one of the best travel inventions of all time. [14] [29] Of the wheeled suitcase, Ian Jack wrote for The Guardian that "outside the cheap flight, no other modern development has made travel easier". [30]

See also

Related Research Articles

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A shopping cart, trolley, or buggy, also known by a variety of other names, is a wheeled cart supplied by a shop or store, especially supermarkets, for use by customers inside the premises for transport of merchandise as they move around the premises, while shopping, prior to heading to the checkout counter, cashiers or tills. Increasing the amount of goods a shopper can collect increases the quantities they are likely to purchase in a single trip, boosting store profitability.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Touring bicycle</span> Bicycle designed or modified for touring

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Checked baggage</span> Baggage stored in a vessels cargo hold

Checked baggage is luggage delivered to an airline or train for transportation in the hold of an aircraft, storage on a coach bus or baggage car of a passenger train. Checked baggage is inaccessible to the passenger during the flight or ride, as opposed to carry-on baggage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lost luggage</span> Travellers accoutrements which fail to reach their intended destination

Lost luggage is luggage conveyed by a public carrier such as an airline, seafaring cruise ship, shipping company, or railway which fails to arrive at the correct destination with the passenger. In the United States, an average of 1 in 150 people have their checked baggage misdirected or left behind each year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trunk (luggage)</span> Type of luggage

A trunk, also known as a travel trunk, is a large cuboid container designed to hold clothes and other personal belongings. They are most commonly used for extended periods away from home, such as for boarding school, or long trips abroad. Trunks are differentiated from chests by their more rugged construction due to their intended use as luggage, instead of the latter's pure storage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsonite</span> Luggage manufacturer

Samsonite International S.A. is an American luggage manufacturer and retailer, with products ranging from large suitcases to small toiletries bags and briefcases. The company was founded in 1910 in Denver, Colorado, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baggage</span> Travelers accoutrements container

Baggage or luggage consists of bags, cases, and containers which hold a traveler's personal articles while the traveler is in transit. A modern traveler can be expected to have packages containing clothing, toiletries, small possessions, trip necessities. On the return trip, travelers may have souvenirs and gifts. For some people, luggage and the style thereof is representative of the owner's wealth and status. Luggage is constructed to protect the items during travel either with a hard shell or a durable soft material. Luggage often has internal subdivisions or sections to aid in securing items. Handles are typically provided to facilitate carrying, and some luggage may have wheels and/or telescoping handles or leashes to make moving them easier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hand luggage</span> Luggage small enough to be carried in the passenger compartment of a vehicle

The term hand luggage or cabin baggage refers to the type of luggage that passengers are allowed to carry along in the passenger compartment of a vehicle instead of a separate cargo compartment. Passengers are allowed to carry a limited number of smaller bags with them in the vehicle, which typically contain valuables and items needed during the journey. There is normally storage space provided for hand luggage, either under seating, or in overhead lockers. Trains usually have luggage racks above the seats and may also have luggage space between the backs of seats facing opposite directions, or in extra luggage racks, for example, at the ends of the carriage near the doors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bag tag</span> Ticket attached to luggage for identification

Bag tags, also known as baggage tags, baggage checks or luggage tickets, have traditionally been used by bus, train, and airline carriers to route checked luggage to its final destination. The passenger stub is typically handed to the passenger or attached to the ticket envelope:

  1. to aid the passenger in identifying their bag among similar bags at the destination baggage carousel;
  2. as proof—still requested at a few airports—that the passenger is not removing someone else's bag from the baggage reclaim hall; and
  3. as a means for the passenger and carrier to identify and trace a specific bag that has gone astray and was not delivered at the destination. The carriers' liability is restricted to published tariffs and international agreements.
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Tumi Holdings, Inc., is a manufacturer of high-end luxury suitcases and bags for travel based in Edison, New Jersey. Founded in 1975 by Charlie Clifford after a stint in the Peace Corps in Peru, the company is named after a Peruvian tumi ceremonial knife used for sacrifices. Tumi, Inc. was a unit of Doughty Hanson & Co. from 2004 until after its 2012 initial public offering.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Baggage cart</span> Small carts for carrying luggage

Baggage carts, luggage carts, luggage trolleys or trolleys are small vehicles pushed by travelers (human-powered) to carry individual luggage, mostly suitcases. There are two major sizes: One for big luggage and one for small luggage. Carts have usually two parts for carrying luggage: A small section (basket) for carry on luggage at the same level as the handle, and a lowered large section for suitcases a small and large bags.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antler Luggage</span> British company

Antler is a British company that has been designing and manufacturing luggage since 1914. The company is currently headquartered in London, United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Toiletry bag</span> Portable container that holds hygiene and toiletry supplies

A toiletry bag is a portable container—usually a pouch with a drawstring or zippered closure—that holds body hygiene and toiletry supplies such as toothbrush and toothpaste, dental floss, cotton swabs, deodorant, nail clippers, tweezers, soap, shaving supplies, hairbrush, contact lenses and feminine products. Toiletry bags are most often used for traveling and in living circumstances where permanent shelves and cupboards are unavailable for use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">D. Dudley Bloom</span>

David Dudley Bloom was an American businessman who made notable contributions to the consumer products industry as a conceptual inventor and marketing executive during the 1950s and 1960s, including proposing and designing the first conventional travel luggage built on wheels; marketing the first "magic milk bottle" for dolls; and designing and marketing a continuous-play tape recorder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tanner Krolle</span> British company

Tanner Krolle is a manufacturer of leather goods based in London.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Globe-Trotter</span> British luggage manufacturer

Globe-Trotter is a British manufacturer of luxury luggage, based in Mayfair, founded in 1897.

Rimowa GmbH, often stylized as RIMOWA, is a luxury luggage manufacturer. The company was founded in 1898, in Cologne, Germany.

Valextra is a brand of luxury leather goods and accessories based in Milan, Italy. The name is a portmanteau of "Valigia", the Italian word for suitcase, and "extra".

Bluesmart Inc. was a global travel technology company that developed and produced Internet of Things travel products. The brand launched a carry-on suitcase, the Bluesmart One, on the crowdfunding website Indiegogo in 2014. The campaign raised US$2.2 million in contributions and became the highest crowdfunding project ever for a travel product at that time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Away (company)</span> American travel and lifestyle brand

Away is an American luggage and travel accessories brand founded by Jen Rubio and Steph Korey in 2015 and based in New York City. Having raised $31 million in financing, Away is one of the highest funded female-backed startups.

References

  1. ↑ "suitcase". Cambridge English Dictionary . Retrieved December 2, 2022
  2. 1 2 Elliott, Annabel Fenwick (28 September 2018). "From the Crusades to robotic cases, the surprisingly interesting 1,000-year history of luggage". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 McHugh, Jess (8 December 2016). "A Brief History of the Modern Suitcase". Travel + Leisure . Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Magazine, Smithsonian; Gross, Daniel A. (9 May 2014). "The History of the Humble Suitcase". Smithsonian . Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  5. 1 2 Murphy, Cullen (1 June 1986). "Luggage Through the Ages". The Atlantic . Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  6. 1 2 "The Golden Age of Travel and the History of Luggage Tags". Barnebys . 20 December 2021. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bachelor, Blane (24 March 2015). "The history of luggage". Fox News . Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Marçal, Katrine (24 June 2021). "Mystery of the wheelie suitcase: how gender stereotypes held back the history of invention". The Guardian . Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  9. ↑ Diehl, Amy (18 August 2021). "How Gender Bias Inhibits Progress and What Leaders Can Do About It". Ms. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  10. 1 2 Mayerowitz, Scott (1 October 2010). "The Suitcase With Wheels Turns 40". ABC News . Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Sharkey, Joe (October 4, 2010). "Reinventing the Suitcase by Adding the Wheel". New York Times . Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  12. ↑ USpatent 3653474,Bernard D Sadow,"Rolling luggage",issued 4 April 1972, assigned to United States Luggage Corp
  13. ↑ Hunter, Marnie (4 October 2010). "Happy anniversary, wheeled luggage!". CNN . Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  14. 1 2 Youn, Soo (24 October 2018). "7 brilliant inventions that changed travel". National Geographic . Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  15. ↑ Bologna, Caroline (27 April 2022). "'Rollerboard' Or 'Rollaboard': What's The Correct Term For A Suitcase?". HuffPost . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  16. 1 2 3 Altaner, David (31 October 1993). "Success in the Bag for Pilot-Entrepreneur". Sun-Sentinel . Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  17. 1 2 Clark, Jayne (16 August 2022). "Rollaboard luggage celebrates a wheelie big birthday". ABC News . Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  18. 1 2 3 Arikoglu, Lale (22 September 2017). "30 Years Ago, One Suitcase Changed Everything". Condé Nast Traveler . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  19. ↑ Richardson, Brenda (18 July 1994). "Rolling Luggage Takes a Load Off Travelers". Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  20. ↑ Banerjee, Sorboni (22 November 2016). "Behind the scenes at Travelpro luggage lab". FOX 13 . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  21. ↑ "Luggage through the ages". The Washington Post . 15 June 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  22. ↑ Elliott, Annabel Fenwick (28 September 2018). "From the Crusades to robotic cases, the surprisingly interesting 1,000-year history of luggage". The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  23. 1 2 O'Kane, Sean (1 May 2018). "Bluesmart shuts down after airlines ban smart luggage". The Verge . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  24. 1 2 3 Wamsley, Laurel (6 December 2017). "Airlines Restrict 'Smart Luggage' Over Fire Hazards Posed By Batteries". NPR . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  25. ↑ Biro, Ilona (4 January 2018). "Next-level luggage: Smart suitcases are here and we want every one". CBC . Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  26. ↑ Sachs, Andrea (23 January 2018). "With 'smart' luggage, if you can't remove the lithium battery, consider it grounded". The Washington Post. Retrieved 27 November 2022– via The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  27. ↑ Hyde, Amanda (16 September 2022). "Why your 'smart' luggage could get you kicked off a plane". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
  28. ↑ Joensson, Wolfgang (20 November 2018). Iconix: Exceptional Product Design. Simon and Schuster. ISBN   978-1-5107-3040-3.
  29. ↑ Costello, Caroline (8 March 2012). "10 best travel inventions of all time". SmarterTravel. Retrieved 29 November 2022– via ABC News.
  30. ↑ Jack, Ian (19 July 2014). "What was life like before luggage had wheels?". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
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