Susan Folkman | |
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Born | New York City, US | March 19, 1938
Spouse | David H. Folkman (m. 1958) |
Academic background | |
Education | Brandeis University University of Missouri University of California, Berkeley |
Thesis | An Analysis of Coping in a Middle-Aged Community Sample (1980) |
Academic work | |
Institutions | University of California,Berkeley University of California,San Francisco UCSF School of Medicine |
Notable works | Stress,Appraisal and Coping (1984) |
Susan Kleppner Folkman (born March 19,1938) is an American psychologist,author,and emerita professor of medicine at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF). She is internationally recognized for her contributions to the field of psychological stress and coping. Her 1984 book Stress,Appraisal and Coping alongside Richard S. Lazarus,is the most widely cited academic book in its field,and the 17th most cited book in social science. [1] [2]
Susan Kleppner was born on March 19,1938,in New York City,New York,to parents Beatrice and Otto Kleppner. [3] [4] She received a Bachelor of Arts in history from Brandeis University (1959),an M.Ed. in counseling psychology from the University of Missouri,St. Louis (1974),and a Ph.D. in educational psychology at the University of California,Berkeley (1979). [5] She married David Folkman in 1958 and,after a hiatus of 12 years in which she was at home with their four children, [5] she enrolled in an M.Ed. program in counseling psychology in 1972 at the University of Missouri,St. Louis,completing it in 1974. [5] She was about to enter the PhD program at Washington University in St. Louis when her husband was offered a position in California. The family moved to the Bay Area and Folkman entered the doctoral program in educational psychology at the University of California,Berkeley. [6] She received her PhD in 1979. [5]
Folkman worked with Richard Lazarus and his stress and coping research group while studying for her PhD. In her work with this group,Folkman coined the terms "emotion-focused coping" and "problem-focused coping" as part of her doctoral thesis. [5] Together with Lazarus she co-authored the 1984 book Stress,Appraisal and Coping,which worked through the theory of psychological stress using concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping. [7] [8]
After receiving her PhD,Folkman conducted community-based research with Lazarus until 1987 when Thomas J. Coates,director of the recently funded Center for AIDS Prevention Studies at the University of California,San Francisco,invited Folkman to develop a research program focusing on stress and HIV/AIDS. [9] Folkman moved to UCSF,and in 1989,at the height of the AIDS epidemic,secured funding from the National Institutes of Health for a longitudinal study of stress and coping among the caregiving partners of men with HIV/AIDS. In 1997,she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Utrecht University for her contributions to the literature on stress and coping. [10]
In 2001,Folkman was appointed as the first full-time director of UCSF's Osher Center for Integrative Medicine and named the Osher Foundation Distinguished Professor of Integrative Medicine. [11] In 2006,Folkman was appointed chair of the Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine and the North American Research Conference on Complementary and Integrative Medicine and the North American Research Conference on Complementary and Integrative Medicine. [12] [13]
She was elected to the National Advisory Councils of the National Institute of Mental Health (2000-2004) and the Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. [14] Upon Folkman's retirement in 2009,she was named a professor emerita in UCSF's Department of Medicine. Margaret A. Chesney succeeded Folkman as director of the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine. [15]
Coping refers to conscious strategies used to reduce unpleasant emotions. Coping strategies can be cognitions or behaviours and can be individual or social.
Social support is the perception and actuality that one is cared for,has assistance available from other people,and most popularly,that one is part of a supportive social network. These supportive resources can be emotional,informational,or companionship;tangible or intangible. Social support can be measured as the perception that one has assistance available,the actual received assistance,or the degree to which a person is integrated in a social network. Support can come from many sources,such as family,friends,pets,neighbors,coworkers,organizations,etc.
Richard S. Lazarus was an American psychologist who began rising to prominence in the 1960s. A Review of General Psychology survey,published in 2002,ranked Lazarus as the 80th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. He was well renowned for his theory of cognitive-mediational theory within emotion.
Appraisal theory is the theory in psychology that emotions are extracted from our evaluations of events that cause specific reactions in different people. Essentially,our appraisal of a situation causes an emotional,or affective,response that is going to be based on that appraisal. An example of this is going on a first date. If the date is perceived as positive,one might feel happiness,joy,giddiness,excitement,and/or anticipation,because they have appraised this event as one that could have positive long-term effects,i.e. starting a new relationship,engagement,or even marriage. On the other hand,if the date is perceived negatively,then our emotions,as a result,might include dejection,sadness,emptiness,or fear. Reasoning and understanding of one's emotional reaction becomes important for future appraisals as well. The important aspect of the appraisal theory is that it accounts for individual variability in emotional reactions to the same event.
Sue Desmond-Hellmann is an American oncologist and biotechnology leader who served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Bill &Melinda Gates Foundation from 2014–2020. She was previously Chancellor of the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF),the first woman to hold the position,and Arthur and Toni Rembe Rock Distinguished Professor,and before that president of product development at Genentech,where she played a role in the development of the first gene-targeted cancer drugs,Avastin and Herceptin.
Protection motivation theory (PMT) was originally created to help understand individual human responses to fear appeals. Protection motivation theory proposes that people protect themselves based on two factors:threat appraisal and coping appraisal. Threat appraisal assesses the severity of the situation and examines how serious the situation is,while coping appraisal is how one responds to the situation. Threat appraisal consists of the perceived severity of a threatening event and the perceived probability of the occurrence,or vulnerability. Coping appraisal consists of perceived response efficacy,or an individual's expectation that carrying out the recommended action will remove the threat,and perceived self efficacy,or the belief in one's ability to execute the recommended courses of action successfully.
Cognitive appraisal is the subjective interpretation made by an individual to stimuli in the environment. It is a component in a variety of theories relating to stress,mental health,coping,and emotion. It is most notably used in the transactional model of stress and coping,introduced in a 1984 publication by Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman. In this theory,cognitive appraisal is defined as the way in which an individual responds to and interprets stressors in life. A variety of mental disorders have been observed as having abnormal patterns of cognitive appraisal in those affected by the disorder. Other work has detailed how personality can influence the way in which individuals cognitively appraise a situation.
In psychology,stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure. Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial,as it can improve athletic performance,motivation and reaction to the environment. Excessive amounts of stress,however,can increase the risk of strokes,heart attacks,ulcers,and mental illnesses such as depression and also aggravation of a pre-existing condition.
Susan Buchbinder is an American physician who is best known for her work in HIV prevention and as a researcher in the HIV Vaccine Trials Network. In 2011,she was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She is Clinical Professor of Medicine,Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the University of California,San Francisco.
Emotional approach coping is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a stressful situation. As opposed to emotional avoidance,in which emotions are experienced as a negative,undesired reaction to a stressful situation,emotional approach coping involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to better deal with a stressful situation. The construct was developed to explain an inconsistency in the stress and coping literature:emotion-focused coping was associated with largely maladaptive outcomes while emotional processing and expression was demonstrated to be beneficial.
Thomas J. Coates is the Director of the multi-campus University of California Global Health Institute,a UC-wide initiative established to improve health and reduce the burden of disease throughout the world. He is Professor Emeritus at the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and Founding Director of the UCLA Center for World Health,a joint initiative of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and UCLA Health,He has conducted extensive research in the realm of HIV and is the Michael and Sue Steinberg Endowed Professor of Global AIDS Research within the Division of Infectious Diseases at UCLA and Distinguished Professor of Medicine. Health-related behavior is of particular interest to Coates. Throughout his career as a health expert,his theory-based research has been focused on interventions aimed at reducing risks and threats to health
Self-blame is a cognitive process in which an individual attributes the occurrence of a stressful event to oneself. The direction of blame often has implications for individuals’emotions and behaviors during and following stressful situations. Self-blame is a common reaction to stressful events and has certain effects on how individuals adapt. Types of self-blame are hypothesized to contribute to depression,and self-blame is a component of self-directed emotions like guilt and self-disgust. Because of self-blame's commonality in response to stress and its role in emotion,self-blame should be examined using psychology's perspectives on stress and coping. This article will attempt to give an overview of the contemporary study on self-blame in psychology.
Suzanne C. Segerstrom is a professor of Psychology and biostatistician at the University of Kentucky. She is known for her clinical research on optimism and pessimism in relation to health,stress,and general well-being.
Nancy Elinor Adler is an American health psychologist. She is the Lisa and John Pritzker Professor of Medical Psychology at the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF) and director of UCSF's Center for Health and Community Sciences. Adler is known for her research on health behaviors,health disparities,and social determinants of health.
Diane Havlir is an American physician who is a Professor of Medicine and Chief of the HIV/AIDS Division at the University of California,San Francisco. Her research considers novel therapeutic strategies to improve the lives of people with HIV and to support public health initiatives in East Africa. She was elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2019.
Monica Gandhi is an American physician and professor. She teaches medicine at the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF) and is director of the UCSF Gladstone Center for AIDS Research and the medical director of the San Francisco General Hospital HIV Clinic,Ward 86. Her research considers HIV prevalence in women,as well as HIV treatment and prevention. She has been noted as a critic of some aspects of the COVID-19 lockdowns in the US.
Marguerita Lightfoot is a counseling psychologist known for her research in the field of preventive medicine,especially in regard to HIV prevention and advocacy for homeless youth. She is Professor of Medicine at the University of California,San Francisco School of Medicine and the Chief of the Division of Prevention Science. She serves on the National Academies of Sciences,Engineering,and Medicine Committee on Fostering Healthy Mental,Emotional,and Behavioral Development among Children and Youth.
Debra A. Murphy is a Professor Emerita at the University of California,Los Angeles in the Department of Psychiatry.
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