Susan Fiske

Last updated
Susan Fiske
Born (1952-08-19) August 19, 1952 (age 72)
NationalityAmerican
Education Radcliffe College (BA)
Harvard University (PhD)
Occupation(s)Professor of psychology at Princeton University, author
Known for Stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, cognitive miser
Relatives Donald Fiske (father), Alan Fiske (brother)

Susan Tufts Fiske (born August 19, 1952) is an American psychologist who served as the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs in the Department of Psychology at Princeton University. [1] She is a social psychologist known for her work on social cognition, stereotypes, and prejudice. [2] Fiske leads the Intergroup Relations, Social Cognition, and Social Neuroscience Lab at Princeton University. Her theoretical contributions include the development of the stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, power as control theory, and the continuum model of impression formation.

Contents

Biography

Fiske comes from a family of psychologists and social activists. Her father, Donald W. Fiske, was an influential psychologist who spent most of his career at the University of Chicago. [3] Her mother, Barbara Page Fiske (1917–2007), was a civic leader in Chicago. [4] Her brother, Alan Page Fiske, is an anthropologist at UCLA. Fiske's grandmother and great grandmother were suffragists. [5] Two nieces and her daughter all have psychology PhDs. In 1969, Susan Fiske enrolled at Radcliffe College for her undergraduate degree in social relations, where she graduated magna cum laude in 1973. [1] She received her PhD from Harvard University in 1978, for her thesis titled Attention and the Weighting of Behavior in Person Perception. She currently resides in Vermont, with her husband Douglas Massey, a retired Princeton sociologist. [5]


Career

The last semester of Fiske's senior year, she worked with Shelley Taylor, an assistant professor at Harvard, studying social cognition, particularly the effect attention has in social situations. [5] After graduation, Fiske continued in the field of social cognition. There is conflict between the fields of social psychology and cognitive psychology, and some researchers want to keep these two fields separate. Fiske felt that significant knowledge could be attained by combining the fields. Fiske's experience with this conflict and her interest in the field of social cognition resulted in Fiske's and Taylor's book Social Cognition. This book provides an overview of the developing theories and concepts emerging in the field of social cognition, while explaining the use cognitive processes to understand social situations, ourselves and others. [5] Fiske and Steven Neuberg went on to develop one of the first dual process models of social cognition, the "continuum model."

She gave expert testimony in the landmark case, Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins which was eventually heard by the Supreme Court of the United States, [6] making her the first social psychologist to testify in a gender discrimination case. This testimony led to a continuing interest in the use of psychological science in legal contexts. [7]

Working with Peter Glick, Fiske analyzed the interdependence of male-female interactions, leading to the development of ambivalent sexism theory. She also examined gender differences in social psychologists' publication rates and citations within the influential psychology journal, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The male authors in the sample submitted more articles and had higher acceptance rates (18% vs. 14%). Women's impact was the same as men's as measured through the number of citations in textbooks and handbooks, so women were more cited per article published. [8]

Fiske worked with Peter Glick and Amy Cuddy to develop the Stereotype Content Model. [5] This model explains that warmth and competence differentiate out group stereotypes.

Fiske has been involved in the field of social cognitive neuroscience. [5] This field examines how neural systems are involved in social processes, such as person perception. [9] Fiske's own work has examined neural systems involved in stereotyping, [10] intergroup hostility, [11] and impression formation. [12]

She has authored over 400 publications and has written several books, including her 2010 work Social Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology [13] and Social Cognition, a graduate level text that defined the now-popular subfield of social cognition. She has edited the Annual Review of Psychology (with Daniel Schacter and Shelley Taylor) and the Handbook of Social Psychology (with Daniel Gilbert and the late Gardner Lindzey). Other books include Envy Up, Scorn Down: How Status Divides Us, which describes how people constantly compare themselves to others, with toxic effects on their relationships at home, at work, in school, and in the world, [14] and The Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies. [15] She serves on the Board of Directors of Annual Reviews. [16]

Research

Her four most well-known contributions to the field of psychology are the stereotype content model, [17] [18] ambivalent sexism theory, [19] the continuum model of impression formation, [20] and the power-as-control theory. [21] She is also known for the term cognitive miser, coined with her graduate adviser Shelley E. Taylor, referring to individuals' tendencies to use cognitive shortcuts and heuristics. [22] [23]

Stereotype content model

The stereotype content model (SCM) is a psychological theory arguing that people tend to perceive social groups along two fundamental dimensions: warmth and competence. [18] [24] Warmth describes the group's perceived intent (friendly and trustworthy or not); competence describes their perceived ability to act on their intent. [24] The SCM was originally developed to understand the social classification of groups within the population of the U.S. However, the SCM has since been applied to analyzing social classes and structures across countries [10] [25] and history. [26]

Most samples view their own middle class as both warm and competent, but they view refugees, homeless people, and undocumented immigrants as neither warm nor competent. The SCM's innovation is identifying mixed stereotypes—high on competence but low on warmth (e.g., rich people) or high on warmth but low on competence (e.g., elderly people). [27] Nations with higher income inequality tend to use these mixed stereotypes more frequently. [25]

Groups’ perceived cooperativeness predicts their perceived warmth, and this dimension reflects the importance of intent. [18] Warmth predicts active helping and harming. [28] A group's perceived status predicts its stereotypic competence, so this reflects a belief in meritocracy, that people get what they deserve. [18] Competence predicts passive helping and harming. [28]

Ambivalent sexism theory

Fiske and Peter Glick developed the ambivalent sexism inventory (ASI) as a way of understanding prejudice against women. [19] The ASI posits two sub-components of gender stereotyping: hostile sexism (hostility towards nontraditional women), and benevolent sexism (idealizing and protecting traditional women). The theory posits that men and women's intimate interdependence, coupled with men's average status advantage, requires incentives for women who cooperate (benevolent sexism) and punishment for women who resist (hostile sexism). [29] Both men and women can endorse hostile sexism and benevolent sexism, though men on average score higher than women, especially on hostile sexism. [30] The ASI appears useful across nations. [31] The authors have also developed a parallel scale of ambivalence toward men. [32]

Power-as-control theory

Power-as-control theory aims to explain how social power motivates people to heed or ignore others. In this framework, power is defined as control over valued resources and over others' outcomes. Low-power individuals attend to those who control resources, while powerful people need not attend to low-power individuals (since high-power individuals can, by definition, get what they want). [33]

Continuum model of impression formation

This model describes the process by which we form impressions of others. Impression formation is framed as depending on two factors: The available information and the perceiver's motivations. [34] According to the model, these two factors help to explain people's tendency to apply stereotyping processes vs. individuating processes when forming social impressions.

Response to 'replication crisis'

With the replication crisis of psychology earning attention, Fiske drew controversy for calling out critics of psychology. [35] [36] [37] [38] In a letter intended for publication in APS Observer, she referred to these unnamed "adversaries" as "methodological terrorist" and "self-appointed data police", and said that criticism of psychology should only be expressed in private or through contacting the journals. [35] Columbia University statistician and political scientist Andrew Gelman, "well-respected among the researchers driving the replication debate", responded to Fiske, saying that she had found herself willing to tolerate the "dead paradigm" of faulty statistics and had refused to retract publications even when errors were pointed out. [35] [39] He added that during her tenure as editor a number of papers edited by her were found to be based on extremely weak statistics; one of Fiske's own published papers had a major statistical error and "impossible" conclusions. [35]

After the leak of her letter, she tempered the language in the published APS Observer column, removing the term "methodological terrorists". [40] In the column, she expressed concern that although peer critiques are valuable, peer critique through social media outlets "can encourage a certain amount of uncurated, unfiltered denigration." She elaborated: "In a few rare but chilling cases, self-appointed data police are volunteering critiques" that "attack the person, not just the work; they attack publicly, without quality controls; they have reportedly sent their unsolicited, unvetted attacks to tenure-review committees and public-speaking sponsors; they have implicated targets' family members and advisors." [37] Since writing the column, Fiske has published peer-reviewed advice about publishing rigorous research in the 21st century [41] and about adversarial collaboration as a remedy to public incivility among disagreeing perspectives. [42]

Awards and achievements

Fiske became an elected member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2013. In 2011, Fiske was elected into the Fellowship of the British Academy. [1] In 2010, she was awarded the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award. [1] She received numerous awards in 2009, including a Guggenheim Fellowship, the Association for Psychological Science William James Fellow Award, and the Society for Personality and Social Psychology Donald Campbell Award. [1] [43] [44] In 2008, Fiske received the Staats Award for Unifying Psychology, from the American Psychological Association. In 2003, she was awarded the Thomas Ostrom Award from the International Social Cognition Network and for 2019 the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Social Sciences. [45]

Fiske was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Granada in 2017, University of Basel in 2013, the University of Leiden in 2009 and the Université catholique de Louvain in 1995. [1]

She served as past president of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Division 8 of the American Psychological Association, the Federation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, the Foundation for the Advancement of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, and the American Psychological Society (now the Association for Psychological Science). She is also a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Academy of Political and Social Science. She was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2014. [46]

A quantitative analysis published in 2014 identified Fiske as the 22nd most eminent researcher in the modern era of psychology (12th among living researchers, 2nd among women). [47]

Books

Selected journal articles

Related Research Articles

Positive illusions are unrealistically favorable attitudes that people have towards themselves or to people that are close to them. Positive illusions are a form of self-deception or self-enhancement that feel good; maintain self-esteem; or avoid discomfort, at least in the short term. There are three general forms: inflated assessment of one's own abilities, unrealistic optimism about the future, and an illusion of control. The term "positive illusions" originates in a 1988 paper by Taylor and Brown. "Taylor and Brown's (1988) model of mental health maintains that certain positive illusions are highly prevalent in normal thought and predictive of criteria traditionally associated with mental health."

Shelley Elizabeth Taylor is an American psychologist. She serves as a distinguished professor of psychology at the University of California, Los Angeles. She received her Ph.D. from Yale University, and was formerly on the faculty at Harvard University. A prolific author of books and scholarly journal articles, Taylor has long been a leading figure in two subfields related to her primary discipline of social psychology: social cognition and health psychology. Her books include The Tending Instinct and Social Cognition, the latter by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor.

Self-enhancement is a type of motivation that works to make people feel good about themselves and to maintain self-esteem. This motive becomes especially prominent in situations of threat, failure or blows to one's self-esteem. Self-enhancement involves a preference for positive over negative self-views. It is one of the three self-evaluation motives along with self-assessment and self-verification . Self-evaluation motives drive the process of self-regulation, that is, how people control and direct their own actions.

Laurie A. Rudman is a social psychology feminist professor as well as the Director of the Rutgers University Social Cognition Laboratory who has contributed a great deal of research to studies on implicit and explicit attitudes and stereotypes, stereotype maintenance processes, and the media's effects on attitudes, stereotypes, and behavior on the Feminism movement. She was awarded the 1994 Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize for her research examining the effects of sexist advertising on men's behavior toward female job applicants.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stereotype</span> Generalized but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing

In social psychology, a stereotype is a generalized belief about a particular category of people. It is an expectation that people might have about every person of a particular group. The type of expectation can vary; it can be, for example, an expectation about the group's personality, preferences, appearance or ability. Stereotypes are often overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information. A stereotype does not necessarily need to be a negative assumption. They may be positive, neutral, or negative.

Ambivalent sexism is a theoretical framework which posits that sexism has two sub-components: hostile sexism (HS) and benevolent sexism (BS). Hostile sexism reflects overtly negative evaluations and stereotypes about a gender. Benevolent sexism represents evaluations of gender that may appear subjectively positive, but are actually damaging to people and gender equality more broadly. For the most part, psychologists have studied hostile forms of sexism. However, theorists using the theoretical framework of ambivalent sexism have found extensive empirical evidence for both varieties. The theory has largely been developed by social psychologists Peter Glick and Susan Fiske.

Ambivalent prejudice is a social psychological theory that states that, when people become aware that they have conflicting beliefs about an outgroup, they experience an unpleasant mental feeling generally referred to as cognitive dissonance. These feelings are brought about because the individual on one hand believes in humanitarian virtues such as helping those in need, but on the other hand also believes in individualistic virtues such as working hard to improve one's life.

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Monica R. Biernat is a social psychologist known for her research on social judgment, stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. She is a University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at the University of Kansas.

Felicia Pratto is a social psychologist known for her work on intergroup relations, dynamics of power, and social cognition. She is Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Connecticut. Pratto is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.

Peter Samuel Glick is an American social psychologist and the Henry Merritt Wriston Professor in the Social Sciences at Lawrence University. He is known for his research on gender stereotyping and ambivalent sexism. In 2022, Glick, Amy Cuddy, and Susan Fiske were honored with the Society of Experimental Social Psychology's Scientific Impact Award for their 2002 paper proposing the stereotype content model.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Susan Tufts Fiske – Curriculum Vitae" (PDF). Princeton University, Department of Psychology. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2014. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
  2. ↑ Capriccioso, Rob (January 13, 2006). "Gone, but Not Forgotten". Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved October 11, 2010.
  3. ↑ "Donald W. Fiske". University of Chicago . Retrieved December 7, 2013.
  4. ↑ "Barbara Page Fiske". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Susan T. Fiske: Award for distinguished scientific contributions". American Psychologist. 65 (8): 695–706. 2010. doi:10.1037/a0020437. PMID   21058759.
  6. ↑ Fiske, S. T.; Bersoff, D. N.; Borgida, E.; Deaux, K.; Heilman, M. E. (1991). "Social science research on trial: The use of sex stereotyping research in Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins". American Psychologist. 46 (10): 1049–1060. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.10.1049. S2CID   18888481.
  7. ↑ Borgida, E., & Fiske, S. T. (Eds.) (2008). Beyond common sense: Psychological science in the courtroom. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.
  8. ↑ Cikara, M.; Rudman, L.; Fiske, S. (2012). "Dearth by a thousand cuts?: Accounting for gender differences in top-ranked publication rates in social psychology". Journal of Social Issues. 68 (2): 263–285. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01748.x. PMC   3991494 . PMID   24748688.
  9. ↑ Ochsner, K. N.; Lieberman, M. D. (2001). "The emergence of social cognitive neuroscience". American Psychologist. 56 (9): 717–734. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.9.717. PMID   11558357.
  10. 1 2 Fiske, S. T. (2012). "Journey to the edges: Social structures and neural maps of intergroup processes". British Journal of Social Psychology. 51 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.2011.02092.x. PMC   3641691 . PMID   22435843.
  11. ↑ Cikara, M.; Fiske, S. T. (2011). "Bounded empathy: Neural responses to outgroup targets' (mis)fortunes". Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 23 (12): 3791–3803. doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00069. PMC   3792561 . PMID   21671744.
  12. ↑ Ames, D. L.; Fiske, S. T. (2013). "Outcome dependency alters the neural substrates of impression formation". NeuroImage. 83: 599–608. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.001. PMC   4478593 . PMID   23850465.
  13. ↑ "Susan T. Fiske, PhD". Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
  14. ↑ Science, 2011, 333, 289-90.
  15. ↑ Malone, C., & Fiske, S. T. (2013). The Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
  16. ↑ "Annual Reviews Board of Directors". Annual Reviews.
  17. ↑ Whitley, Bernard E.; Kite, Mary E. (2010). The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. p. 226. ISBN   978-0-495-59964-7.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Fiske, Susan T.; Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Glick, Peter; Xu, Jun (2002). "A Model of (Often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 82 (6): 878–902. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.320.4001 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878. PMID   12051578. S2CID   17057403.
  19. 1 2 Glick, P.; Fiske, S. T. (1996). "The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 70 (3): 491–512. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.470.9865 . doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.
  20. ↑ Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum model of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influence of formation and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). New York: Academic Press.
  21. ↑ Fiske, S. T. (1993). "Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping". American Psychologist. 48 (6): 621–628. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.6.621. PMID   8328729.
  22. ↑ Brannigan, Gary G.; Merrens, Matthew R., eds. (2005). "Susan T. Fiske" . The social psychologists: Research adventures. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 18–32. ISBN   978-0-07-007234-3.
  23. ↑ Wallace, Patricia (1999). The Psychology of the Internet. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN   978-0-521-63294-2.
  24. 1 2 Fiske, Susan T. (2018-02-28). "Stereotype Content: Warmth and Competence Endure". Current Directions in Psychological Science. 27 (2): 67–73. doi:10.1177/0963721417738825. ISSN   0963-7214. PMC   5945217 . PMID   29755213.
  25. 1 2 Durante, Federica; Fiske, Susan T.; Gelfand, Michele J.; Crippa, Franca; Suttora, Chiara; Stillwell, Amelia; Asbrock, Frank; Aycan, Zeynep; Bye, Hege H. (2017-01-09). "Ambivalent stereotypes link to peace, conflict, and inequality across 38 nations". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (4): 669–674. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114..669D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1611874114 . ISSN   0027-8424. PMC   5278477 . PMID   28069955.
  26. ↑ Durante, Federica; Volpato, Chiara; Fiske, Susan T. (2009). "Using the stereotype content model to examine group depictions in Fascism: An archival approach". European Journal of Social Psychology. 40 (3): 10.1002/ejsp.637. doi:10.1002/ejsp.637. ISSN   0046-2772. PMC   3882081 . PMID   24403646.
  27. ↑ Durante, Federica; Tablante, Courtney Bearns; Fiske, Susan T. (March 2017). "Poor but Warm, Rich but Cold (and Competent): Social Classes in the Stereotype Content Model". Journal of Social Issues. 73 (1): 138–157. doi:10.1111/josi.12208. ISSN   0022-4537.
  28. 1 2 Cuddy, Amy J. C.; Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, Peter (2007). "The BIAS map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 92 (4): 631–648. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.4.631. ISSN   1939-1315. PMID   17469949. S2CID   16399286.
  29. ↑ Glick, Peter; Fiske, Susan T. (2001), "Ambivalent sexism", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 33, Elsevier, pp. 115–188, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(01)80005-8, ISBN   9780120152339
  30. ↑ Glick, Peter; Fiske, Susan T. (2001). "An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality". American Psychologist. 56 (2): 109–118. doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.2.109. ISSN   0003-066X. PMID   11279804.
  31. ↑ Glick, Peter; Fiske, Susan T.; Mladinic, Antonio; Saiz, José L.; Abrams, Dominic; Masser, Barbara; Adetoun, Bolanle; Osagie, Johnstone E.; Akande, Adebowale (2000). "Beyond prejudice as simple antipathy: Hostile and benevolent sexism across cultures". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 79 (5): 763–775. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.79.5.763. hdl: 11511/40492 . ISSN   0022-3514. PMID   11079240.
  32. ↑ Glick, Peter; Fiske, Susan T. (1999). "The Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory". Psychology of Women Quarterly. 23 (3): 519–536. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1999.tb00379.x. ISSN   0361-6843. S2CID   145242896.
  33. ↑ Fiske, S. T. (1993). "Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping". American Psychologist. 48 (6): 621–628. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.6.621. PMID   8328729.
  34. ↑ Fiske, S. T., Lin, M., & Neuberg, S. L. (1999). The continuum model. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual-Process Theories in Social Psychology. Guilford Press.
  35. 1 2 3 4 "Scientists are furious after a famous psychologist accused her peers of 'methodological terrorism'". Business Insider. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  36. ↑ "Draft of Observer Column Sparks Strong Social Media Response". Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  37. 1 2 Fiske, APS Past President Susan T. (2016-10-31). "A Call to Change Science's Culture of Shaming". APS Observer. 29 (9).
  38. ↑ Singal, Jesse. "Inside Psychology's 'Methodological Terrorism' Debate". Science of Us. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  39. ↑ "BREAKING . . . . . . . PNAS updates its slogan! - Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science". Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science. 2017-10-04. Retrieved 2017-10-04.
  40. ↑ "Draft of Observer Column Sparks Strong Social Media Response". Association for Psychological Science. Retrieved 2019-01-09.
  41. ↑ Fiske, Susan T. (2016). "How to publish rigorous experiments in the 21st century". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 66: 145–147. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.01.006. ISSN   0022-1031. PMC   6294447 . PMID   30555180.
  42. ↑ Fiske, Susan T. (2017). "Going in Many Right Directions, All at Once". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 12 (4): 652–655. doi:10.1177/1745691617706506. ISSN   1745-6916. PMC   5520646 . PMID   28727963.
  43. ↑ "Susan T. Fiske". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation . Archived from the original on January 4, 2013. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  44. ↑ "The Fiske Lab – People". Princeton University. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
  45. ↑ BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award 2019
  46. ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.
  47. ↑ Diener, E.; Oishi, S.; Park, J. (2014). "An incomplete list of eminent psychologists of the modern era". Archives of Scientific Psychology. 2 (1): 20–31. doi: 10.1037/arc0000006 .
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