Sutorius eximius

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Sutorius eximius
Sutorius eximius 75326.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Sutorius
Species:
S. eximius
Binomial name
Sutorius eximius
(Peck) Halling, Nuhn, & Osmundson (2012)
Synonyms [1]
  • Boletus robustus Frost (1874)
  • Boletus eximiusPeck (1887)
  • Ceriomyces eximius(Peck) Murrill (1909)
  • Tylopilus eximius(Peck) Singer (1947)
  • Leccinum eximium(Peck) Pomerleau (1959)
  • Leccinum eximium(Peck) Singer (1973)

Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.

Contents

Originally described in 1874 as a species of Boletus , the fungus has also been classified in the genus Leccinum because of the scabers on the stipe, or in Tylopilus because of the color of the spore print. Molecular genetic analysis revealed that the lilac-brown bolete was separate from both of these genera, and merited placement in a new genus. Sutorius was created to contain this bolete and the closely related Australian species S. australiensis .

Although the lilac-brown bolete was once considered edible, caution is typically recommended in modern field guides when considering this bolete for the table after several poisonings were reported in northeastern North America. Symptoms include severe gastrointestinal distress with vomiting, diarrhea, and nausea that generally lasts less than 24 hours.

Taxonomy

The species was originally described as Boletus robustus by American mycologist Charles Christopher Frost in 1874, from specimens collected in Vermont. He noted that the cap was "chocolate color, fleshy, and so succulent that it is difficult to dry and preserve". [2] The name assigned by Frost, however, is an illegitimate homonym of a name previously used for a different species by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1851. [3] Charles Horton Peck published the new name Boletus eximius for the same species in 1887. [4] William Alphonso Murrill transferred the species to Ceriomyces in 1909, [5] but this genus is no longer recognized, having largely been subsumed into Boletus . [6]

The scales on the stipe surface are distinct from those of Leccinum. Sutorius eximius 95313.jpg
The scales on the stipe surface are distinct from those of Leccinum.

Various authorities have treated the taxon as either a Boletus, Leccinum, or Tylopilus, depending on which morphological characteristics they deemed most significant. [1] Rolf Singer initially considered the species most appropriately placed in Tylopilus on account of the reddish-brown spore print, [7] a taxonomic opinion shared by Alexander H. Smith and Harry Thiers, who wrote "Concerning whether or not the species should be placed in Leccinum, we can only say that the color of the stipe ornamentation is merely a reflection of the color of the stipe generally and that it does not change color in a characteristic pattern as it ages. For this reason we exclude it from Leccinum and agree with Singer that it is a Tylopilus." [8] Later however, Singer thought the somewhat scabrous ornamentation of the stipe justified a placement in Leccinum . [9] René Pomerleau had previously (1959) placed the species in Leccinum, [10] but this transfer was invalid, as no basionym was specified. [11]

Roy E. Halling designated a lectotype specimen in 1983 from Frost's original collections. [12] Early molecular evidence suggested that the lilac-brown bolete was genetically distinct from the genera in which it had formerly been placed. [13] In 2012, Halling and colleagues published molecular evidence indicating that the species did not belong in either Tylopilus or Leccinum as it does not share a recent common ancestor with either of those genera. Recognizing its genetic and morphological distinctiveness, they created the genus Sutorius , with S. eximius as the type species. [1] As of 2015, the only other species in Sutorius is S. australiensis , found in Australia.

The generic name Sutorius is derived for the Latin word for "cobbler" (sutor), referring to Charles Frost's profession. [1] The epithet eximius means "distinguished" or "excellent in size and beauty". [14] Although Frost's reason for using this name is not known with certainty, Peter Roberts and Shelley Evans speculate "Perhaps it was the violet-brown colors, which are quite attractive in a formal, nineteenth-century manner." [15] S. eximius is commonly known as the "lilac-brown bolete". [16]

Description

Bisected fruitbody Sutorius eximius 435211.jpg
Bisected fruitbody

Fruit bodies have caps that are initially convex, later becoming broadly convex to more or less flat, with a diameter of 5–12 cm (2.0–4.7 in). The cap surface is dry to slightly sticky, with a texture ranging from smooth to somewhat felt-like. Its color is purplish brown to grayish brown to reddish brown; young specimens are often covered with a fine whitish bloom (a delicate, powdery coating). The flesh is whitish, and slowly stains gray-brown when it is cut or injured. It has no distinctive odor, and a mild to slightly bitter taste. On the cap underside, the pore surface is dark chocolate brown to purple brown, and stains dark brown where bruised. The nearly circular pores number up to 3 per millimeter, and the tubes are 0.9–2.2 cm (0.4–0.9 in) deep. The solid stipe measures 4.5–9 cm (1.8–3.5 in) long by 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) thick. Its color is similar to that of the cap, and it has a scurfy surface from a dense coating of purplish to purple-brown scabers. [16]

The lilac-brown bolete produces a pinkish to reddish-brown to amber-brown spore print. The smooth, translucent spores are narrowly spindle shaped and measure 11–17 by 3.5–5  µm. [16] Collections made in Costa Rica have shorter spores (10.5–13.3 µm) and smaller fruitbodies than eastern North American material; [17] Guyanese material also has smaller spores, measuring 9.7–12 µm. [18] These differences are attributed to clinal variation. [1] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club shaped, four-spored, and measure 23–30 by 7–8 µm. The cystidia on the pore edges (cheilocystidia) are narrowly spindle-shaped (fusoid), measuring 20–30 by 7–8 µm. Cystidia on the pore surface (pleurocystidia) are thin-walled, fusoid to swollen (ventricose), with dimensions of 27–42 by 8–12 µm. There are no clamp connections in the hyphae of Sutorius eximius. [8]

Similar species

Lookalikes
Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus 90012.jpg
Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus
Tylopilus alboater (Schwein.) Murrill 532905.jpg
Tylopilus alboater
2013-07-13 Tylopilus violatinctus T.J. Baroni & Both 348949.jpg
Tylopilus violatinctus

The Australian congener Sutorius australiensis produces somewhat smaller and darker fruitbodies than S. eximius. [1] The violet-grey bolete, Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus , is found in eastern North America and Korea. This species is somewhat similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by its smoother stipe, less brownish colors, and bitter taste. The Asian and North American black velvet bolete, T. alboater , has a black to grayish-brown cap and grows in deciduous woods. [19] T. violatinctus , found in eastern North America, has whitish pores, a smooth stipe, and a somewhat paler cap than S. eximius. [15]

Habitat and distribution

Fruit bodies of Sutorius eximius grow in the soil singly or scattered among leaf litter. A mycorrhizal species, the bolete has been recorded growing in association with plants from various genera, including Dicymbe , Dipterocarpus , Fagus , Hopea , Quercus , Shorea , and Tsuga . The species has been recorded from North America, Costa Rica, and Indonesia. [1] In Costa Rica, where it usually associates with the endemic oaks Quercus seemannii and Q. copeyensis , the lilac-brown bolete can be locally abundant in the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera de Talamanca. [17] Additional locations with collections that have not been confirmed by DNA analysis include Guyana, [18] Japan, [20] China. [1] Although S. eximius has been reported from Thailand, [21] molecular analysis of Thai collections suggests that they represent a distinct, as-yet unnamed species. [1]

Edibility

Sutorius eximius is typically considered an edible mushroom, and listed as so in several North American field guides. [16] Charles McIlvaine and Louis Krieger both wrote favorably of the bolete's esculent properties, but a series of poisonings reported from the New England region and eastern Canada have cast doubt on its edibility. According to Greg Marley, author Roger Phillips was the first to include a toxicity warning in his 1991 book Mushrooms of North America. [22] Despite its revised status in North America, the lilac-brown bolete remains one of the most common fungi used as food by locals in the Hengduan Mountains region of southwestern China. [23]

Chemistry

Tylopilusins are novel bisphenol pigment compounds isolated from the fruit bodies of Sutorius eximius. Tylopilusins A and B were identified in 2012, [24] while tylopilusin C was reported a year later. [25] Other compounds reported to occur in the fruit bodies include gyroporin and caffeic acid. [13]

Related Research Articles

<i>Exsudoporus frostii</i> Species of fungus in the family Boletaceae found in North America

Exsudoporus frostii, commonly known as Frost's bolete or the apple bolete, is a bolete fungus first described scientifically in 1874. A member of the family Boletaceae, the mushrooms produced by the fungus have tubes and pores instead of gills on the underside of their caps. Exsudoporus frostii is distributed in the eastern United States from Maine to Georgia, and in the southwest from Arizona extending south to Mexico and Costa Rica. A mycorrhizal species, its fruit bodies are typically found growing near hardwood trees, especially oak.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Leccinum manzanitae</i> Species of fungus

Leccinum manzanitae is an edible species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1971, it is commonly known as the manzanita bolete for its usual mycorrhizal association with manzanita trees. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have sticky reddish to brown caps up to 20 cm (8 in), and its stipes are up to 16 cm (6.3 in) long and 3.5 cm (1.4 in) thick. They have a whitish background color punctuated with small black scales known as scabers. Found only in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States and Canada, it is the most common Leccinum species in California. The mushroom is edible, although opinions vary as to its quality. L. manzanitae can be usually distinguished from other similar bolete mushrooms by its large size, reddish cap, dark scabers on a whitish stipe, and association with manzanita and madrone.

<i>Suillellus amygdalinus</i> Species of fungus

Suillellus amygdalinus is a fungus of the bolete family found in western North America. The fruit bodies, or mushrooms, are characterized by their thick, red to brown caps, red pores, and the strong bluing reaction observed when the mushroom tissue is injured or cut. The cap can reach diameters of up to 12 cm (4.7 in) and the stipe 9 cm (3.5 in) long by 3 cm (1.2 in) thick at maturity. This mushroom has been found in manzanita and madrone woodlands of central California north to southern Oregon. Although the edibility of the mushroom is not known with certainty, it may be poisonous, and is not recommended for consumption. Other similar red-pored, bluing boletes from North America, including Rubroboletus eastwoodiae, Boletus luridiformis, and B. subvelutipes, can be distinguished from S. amygdalinus either by the color of the cap, the degree of reticulation on the stipe, or by location.

<i>Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus, commonly known as the violet-grey bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family. First described in 1936, the mushroom has a disjunct distribution, and is distributed in eastern North America and Korea. The fruit bodies of the fungus are violet when young, but fade into a chocolate brown color when mature. They are solid and relatively large—cap diameter up to 15 cm (5.9 in), with a white pore surface that later turns pink, and a white mycelium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is inedible. A number of natural products have been identified from the fruit bodies, including unique chemical derivatives of ergosterol, a fungal sterol.

<i>Tylopilus tabacinus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

<i>Tylopilus alboater</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.

<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

Boletus curtisii is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It produces small- to medium-sized fruit bodies (mushrooms) with a convex cap up to 9.5 cm (3.7 in) wide atop a slender stem that can reach a length of 12 cm (4.7 in). In young specimens, the cap and stem are bright golden yellow, although the color dulls to brownish when old. Both the stem and cap are slimy or sticky when young. On the underside of the cap are small circular to angular pores. The mushroom is edible, but not appealing. It is found in eastern and southern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with hardwood and conifer trees. Once classified as a species of Pulveroboletus, the yellow color of B. curtisii is a result of pigments chemically distinct from those responsible for the yellow coloring of Pulveroboletus.

<i>Boletus auripes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus auripes, commonly known as the butter-foot bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from New York in 1898, the fungus is found in eastern Asia, Central America, and eastern North America from Canada to Florida. It is a mycorrhizal species and typically grows in association with oak and beech trees.

<i>Phylloporus arenicola</i> Species of fungus

Phylloporus arenicola is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. It is found in the Pacific Northwest region of western North America, where it grows in sand dunes in a mycorrhizal association with pine trees. It is one of only three North American Boletaceae species that occur in coastal sand dunes.

<i>Boletus miniato-olivaceus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus miniato-olivaceus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1874, it is found in eastern North America and northeast Mexico.

<i>Boletus subvelutipes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus subvelutipes, commonly known as the red-mouth bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in Asia and North America, where it fruits on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have a brown to reddish-brown cap, bright yellow cap flesh, and a stem covered by furfuraceous to punctate ornamentation and dark red hairs at the base. Its flesh instantly stains blue when cut, but slowly fades to white. The fruit bodies are poisonous, and produce symptoms of gastrointestinal distress if consumed.

<i>Tylopilus rhoadsiae</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus rhoadsiae, commonly known as the pale bitter bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

<i>Boletus subluridellus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus subluridellus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1971 by American mycologists, the bolete is found in the eastern United States and Canada. It grows on the ground in coniferous and mixed forests in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous trees, especially oak. The fruit bodies (mushrooms) have orangish-red, broadly convex caps that are up to 10 cm (3.9 in) in diameter, with small, dark reddish pores on the underside. The pale yellow stipe measures 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) long by 1.5–2.3 cm (0.6–0.9 in) thick. All parts of the fruit body will quickly stain blue when injured or touched.

<i>Tylopilus peralbidus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus peralbidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

Tylopilus albofarinaceus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae found in China. It was first described as new to science in 1948 by Wei-Fan Chiu as a species of Boletus; F.L. Tai transferred it to the genus Tylopilus in 1979. The fruit body has a convex, white cap that is up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter. The tubes on the cap underside are 3 mm long, while the pores are about 0.7–1 mm wide. The flesh in the stipe is white and does not change color with injury. It has ellipsoid spores measuring 11–14 by 5–7 µm. The type collection was made in Kunming in August 1938.

<i>Tylopilus sordidus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus sordidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was originally described in 1874 by Charles Christopher Frost as a species of Boletus. Alexander H. Smith and Harry Thiers transferred it to the genus Tylopilus in 1968. Fruit bodies of the fungus have a convex to flattened cap measuring 4.5–13 cm (1.8–5.1 in) in diameter. The brownish cap surface is initially tomentose to felt-like, but develops cracks in age. All parts of the mushrooms bruise dark blue to greenish when injured. The spore print is reddish brown; spores are smooth, roughly elliptical, and measure 10–14 by 4–6 µm. The bolete is found in North America, where it grows on the ground under oaks and conifers. Its edibility was recently unknown, but it is now considered inedible.

<i>Austroboletus subflavidus</i> Species of fungus

Austroboletus subflavidus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in eastern North America, where it fruits near oak and pine trees. Originally described as a species of Tylopilus by American mycologist William Murrill in 1938, it was transferred to the genus Austroboletus by Carl B. Wolfe in 1980. The fruit body has a white to yellowish convex to flattened cap measuring 3–10 cm (1.2–3.9 in) in diameter. The pores on the cap underside, which measure about 1 mm wide, are initially white to grayish before becoming pinkish. The coarsely reticulate and pitted stipe measures 4.5–14.5 cm (1.8–5.7 in) long by 0.7–3 cm (0.3–1.2 in). The spore print is reddish brown; spores are spindle-shaped (fusoid) with dimensions of 15–20 by 6–9 μm.

<i>Leccinellum rugosiceps</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum rugosiceps, commonly known as the wrinkled Leccinum, is a species of bolete fungus. It is found in Asia, North America, Central America, and South America, where it grows in an ectomycorrhizal association with oak. Fruitbodies have convex, yellowish caps up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. In age, the cap surface becomes wrinkled, often revealing white cracks. The stipe is up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide, with brown scabers on an underlying yellowish surface. It has firm flesh that stains initially pinkish to reddish and then to grayish or blackish when injured. The pore surface on the cap underside is yellowish. Fruitbodies are edible, although opinions vary as to their desirability.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Halling RE, Nuhn M, Fechner NA, Osmundson TW, Soytong K, Arora D, Hibbett DS (2012). "Sutorius: a new genus for Boletus eximius". Mycologia. 104 (4): 951–961. doi:10.3852/11-376. PMID   22495445. S2CID   32962131.
  2. ↑ Frost CC. (1874). "Catalog of boleti of New England, with descriptions of new species". Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences. 2: 100–105.
  3. ↑ "Boletus robustus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. nat. Sci. 2: 104 (1874)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  4. ↑ Peck CH. (1887). "Notes on the boleti of the United States". Journal of Mycology. 3 (5): 53–55. doi:10.2307/3752522. JSTOR   3752522.
  5. ↑ Murrill WA. (1909). "The Boletaceae of North America II". Mycologia. 1 (4): 140–158. doi:10.2307/3753125. JSTOR   3753125.
  6. ↑ "Record details: Ceriomyces Murrill". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  7. ↑ Singer R. (1947). "The Boletoideae of Florida. The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species III" (PDF). The American Midland Naturalist (2nd ed.). 37 (1): 109. doi:10.2307/2421647. JSTOR   2421647.
  8. 1 2 Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. pp.  106–108. ISBN   978-0-472-85590-2.
  9. ↑ Singer R. (1973). "Notes on bolete taxonomy". Persoonia. 7: 313–320.
  10. ↑ Pomerleau R. (1959). "Notes de cours" [Course notes]. Boletin du Cercle des Mycologues Amateurs de Québec (in French). 6: 117.
  11. ↑ "Leccinum eximium (Peck) Pomerleau, Bol. Cercle Mycol. Amat. Québec 6: 117 (1959)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  12. ↑ Halling R. (1983). "Boletes described by Charles C. Frost". Mycologia. 75 (1): 70–92. doi:10.2307/3792925. JSTOR   3792925.
  13. 1 2 Binder M, Besl H (2000). "28S rDNA sequence data and chemotaxonomical analyses on the generic concept of Leccinum (Boletales)" (PDF). Micologia. 2000: 75–86.
  14. ↑ Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 296. ISBN   978-0-8131-9039-6.
  15. 1 2 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 348. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 262–3. ISBN   978-0-8156-0588-1.
  17. 1 2 Halling RE, Mueller GM (2004). Common Mushrooms of the Talamanca Mountains, Costa Rica. New York, New York: New York Botanical Garden. pp. 57–58. ISBN   978-0-89327-460-3.
  18. 1 2 Fulgenzi TD, Henkel TW, Halling RE (2007). "Tylopilus orsonianus sp. nov. and Tylopilus eximius from Guyana". Mycologia. 99 (4): 622–627. doi:10.3852/mycologia.99.4.622. PMID   18065013.
  19. ↑ Lincoff GH. (1989). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms. New York, New York: AA Knopf. pp. 592–593. ISBN   978-0-394-51992-0.
  20. ↑ Hongo T. (1974). "Tylopilus eximius" (PDF). Notulae Mycologicae. 13: 49–50.
  21. ↑ Chantorn K, Pachinburavan A, Sanoamuang N (2007). "Nine new records of boletes (Boletales, Hymenomycetes) from Nam Nao and Phu Rua National Parks, Thailand" (PDF). KKU Research Journal. 12 (3): 257–64.
  22. ↑ Marley G. (2010). Chanterelle Dreams, Amanita Nightmares: The Love, Lore, and Mystique of Mushrooms. White River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 100–101. ISBN   978-1-60358-214-8.
  23. ↑ Wang L, Yang Z-L (2006). "Wild edible fungi of the Hengduang Mountains, southwestern China" (PDF). In Kleinn C, Yang Y, Weyerhäuser H, Stark M (eds.). The Sustainable Harvest of Non-Timber Forest Products in China. Proceedings of the Sino-German Symposium 2006. pp. 58–65.
  24. ↑ Fukuda T, Nagai K, Tomoda H (2012). "(±)-Tylopilusins, diphenolic metabolites from the fruiting bodies of Tylopilus eximius". Journal of Natural Products. 75 (12): 2228–31. doi:10.1021/np300428r. PMID   23215444.
  25. ↑ Fukuda T, Tomoda H (2013). "Tylopilusin C, a new diphenolic compound from the fruiting bodies of Tylopilus eximinus". Journal of Antibiotics (Tokyo). 66 (6): 355–7. doi: 10.1038/ja.2013.23 . PMID   23612722.

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