Tylopilus alboater

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Tylopilus alboater
Tylopilus alboater 159340.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Boletales
Family: Boletaceae
Genus: Tylopilus
Species:
T. alboater
Binomial name
Tylopilus alboater
(Schwein.) Murrill (1909)
Synonyms [1] [2]

Boletus alboaterSchwein. (1822)
Suillus alboater(Schwein.) Kuntze (1898)
Porphyrellus alboater(Schwein.) E.-J.Gilbert (1931)

Contents

Tylopilus alboater
Information icon.svg
Pores icon.pngPores on hymenium
Convex cap icon.svgFlat cap icon.svg Cap is convex or flat
Adnate gills icon2.svg Hymenium is adnate
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is pink
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Edible.pngEdibility is edible

Tylopilus alboater, called the black velvet bolete, by some, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The species is found in North America east of the Rocky Mountains, and in eastern Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, and Thailand. A mycorrhizal species, it grows solitarily, scattered, or in groups on the ground usually under deciduous trees, particularly oak, although it has been recorded from deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests.

The fruit bodies have a black to grayish-brown cap that measures up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. The caps of young specimens have a velvety texture and are covered with a whitish to gray powdery coating; this texture and coating is gradually lost as the mushroom matures, and the cap often develops cracks. The pores on the underside of the cap are small and pinkish. The stem is bluish purple to black, and measures up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long by 4 cm (1.6 in) thick. Both the pore surface and the whitish cap flesh will stain pink to reddish gray, and eventually turn black after being cut or injured. The mushroom is edible, and generally considered one of the best edible Tylopilus species.

Taxonomy and naming

The species was first described in 1822 as Boletus alboater by Lewis David de Schweinitz from specimens he collected in North Carolina. [3] Elias Magnus Fries sanctioned this name in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum. [4] The species was one of several Boletus species that Otto Kuntze transferred to Suillus in his 1898 Revisio Generum Plantarum . [5] American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill transferred it to the genus Tylopilus in 1909. [6] In 1931, French mycologist Jean-Edouard Gilbert transferred the species to his newly created genus Porphyrellus, [7] but this name has since been subsumed into Tylopilus. [8]

In 1875, Charles Horton Peck described Boletus nigrellus from specimens he collected in Sand Lake, New York. [9] Murrill reduced this name to synonymy with T. alboater in 1916, and noted that Peck's description was made from young material obtained "before the white tubes had been colored by mature spores". [10] Several later authorities have treated Peck's species as a synonym of Tylopilus alboater; [11] [12] [13] this synonymy, however, is not indicated by either of the taxonomic authorities Index Fungorum or MycoBank. [14] [15]

The specific epithet alboater means "white and black". [16] It is commonly known as the "black velvet bolete"; [17] Murrill called it the "blackish bolete". [11]

Description

Tylopilus alboater 107377.jpg
The pore surface is whitish to dull pink, and initially stains reddish with injury.
Tylopilus alboater 162441.jpg
One hour after bisection, this fruit body shows the black staining that eventually develops.

The shape of the cap is initially convex before later becoming broadly convex to eventually flattened in maturity; the diameter of the cap is typically between 3 and 15 cm (1.2 and 5.9 in). The cap surface is dry, with a velvet-like texture, although in age it can become rimose (developing a network of cracks and small crevices). The cap color is initially black to dark grayish brown; young specimens can have a whitish bloom (resembling a dusting of fine powder) on the surface. [17] Fruit bodies, especially young specimens, tend to be free of maggots and other insect larvae. [18] As the mushroom matures, the bloom disappears and the color fades to become grayish to grayish brown. [18] The cap flesh is whitish, but after it is cut or injured, it will stain pink to reddish gray, and eventually turn black. [17]

Spores are produced in basidia that are arranged in a vertically arranged layer of minute tubes on the underside of the cap that create a surface of pores. This surface is whitish when young before turning dull pink or flesh-colored in maturity. When bruised, the pore surface initially stains reddish and slowly turns black. The shape of the pores is angular to irregular, and they are small, with roughly two pores per millimeter. The tubes are 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) deep, and usually sunken around the area of attachment to the stem. [19] The stem is 4–10 cm (1.6–3.9 in) long by 2–4 cm (0.8–1.6 in) thick, and is equal in width throughout its length, slightly thicker towards the base, [17] or somewhat thicker in the middle. It is the same color as the cap, or paler. [16] The surface texture of the stem is usually smooth, although some specimens may be slightly reticulated near the top. The spore print can range from pinkish to a deep flesh color. [17]

The spores are oval to ellipsoid in shape, smooth, hyaline (translucent), and measure 7–11 by 3.5–5  μm. [17] The basidia are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 15–24 by 6–7.5 μm. Pleurocystidia (cystidia found on the tube faces) are irregularly club-shaped, with dimensions of 20–36 by 7–10 μm, while cheilocystidia (found on the tube edge) are club-shaped, rare, occur singly, and measure 18–32 by 7–9 μm. Although rare, there are also caulocystidia (occurring on the stem) that are arranged in groups, and which measure individually 24–30 by 6–9 μm. Clamp connections are absent from the hyphae of T. alboater. [2]

Tylopilus alboater is an edible mushroom with a pleasant odor and a mild taste. [19] It is considered one of the best of the edible Tylopilus—a genus that is usually associated with bitter-tasting, unpalatable species. [17] Frying slices of the mushroom brings out a "delicate, earthy, nutty flavor"; longer frying times make the cap "pleasantly crisp". [18] The mushrooms can be used in mushroom dying. [20]

Similar species

Potential Tylopilus lookalikes
Tylopilus atronicotianus 16698.jpg
T. atronicotianus
Tylopilus griseocarneus 161719.jpg
T. griseocarneus

Some Tylopilus species have a superficial resemblance to T. alboater and might be confused with it, including T. atronicotianus , T. atratus , and T. griseocarneus . [17] T. atratus produces smaller fruit bodies with caps up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter, and its whitish flesh directly stains black without any intermediate reddish phase when injured. It is known from only from western New York state. [21] The "false black velvet bolete", T. atronicotianus, has a brownish cap that lacks the velvety texture of T. alboater, and has stems that are minutely velvety and almost black near the base. [16] T. griseocarneus, found in the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains of North America, is readily distinguished from T. alboater by the strong orange to red discoloration that results when cutting or damaging the flesh of a fresh specimen. Furthermore, T. griseocarneus lacks the whitish bloom present on young caps of T. alboater, and typically has a more prominently reticulated stem. [22] Specimens of T. alboater that are paler than usual can be confused with T. ferrugineus, but the latter has yellow cystidia when mounted in KOH, while the cystidia of the former are brownish yellow under similar conditions. [23]

Distribution and habitat

Tylopilus alboater is a mycorrhizal species, and its fruit bodies grow on the ground solitarily, scattered, or in groups under deciduous trees, particularly oak. Fruiting occurs in deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests. [16] [23] Its dark color makes it difficult to notice in the field. [16]

In North America, the mushroom is widely distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. [24] The distribution ranges from Quebec in Canada, [25] south to the New England states down to Florida, extending west to Missouri, [17] Michigan, and Texas. [19] It is also found in Mexico. [17] In Asia, it has been recorded from China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Sichuan), [2] Japan, Taiwan, [23] and Thailand. [26]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Tylopilus felleus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

<i>Aureoboletus mirabilis</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus mirabilis, commonly known as the admirable bolete, the bragger's bolete, and the velvet top, is an edible species of fungus in the Boletaceae mushroom family. The fruit body has several characteristics with which it may be identified: a dark reddish-brown cap; yellow to greenish-yellow pores on the undersurface of the cap; and a reddish-brown stem with long narrow reticulations. Aureoboletus mirabilis is found in coniferous forests along the Pacific Coast of North America, and in Asia. Unusual for boletes, A. mirabilis sometimes appears to fruit on the wood or woody debris of Hemlock, suggesting a saprobic lifestyle. Despite occasional appearances to the contrary, Aureoboletus mirabilis is mycorrhizal, and forms close mutualistic associations with hemlock roots.

<i>Xerocomellus zelleri</i> Species of fungus

Xerocomellus zelleri, commonly known as Zeller's bolete, is an edible species of mushroom in the family Boletaceae. First described scientifically by American mycologist William Alphonso Murrill in 1912, the species has been juggled by various authors to several genera, including Boletus, Boletellus, and Xerocomus. Found solely in western North America from British Columbia south to Mexico, the fruit bodies are distinguished by their dark reddish brown to nearly black caps with uneven surfaces, the yellow pores on the underside of the caps, and the red-streaked yellow stems. The fungus grows in summer and autumn on the ground, often in Douglas fir forests or on their margins. The development of the fruit bodies is gymnocarpic, meaning that the hymenium appears and develops to maturity in an exposed state, not enclosed by any protective membrane.

<i>Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceus, commonly known as the violet-grey bolete, is a fungus of the bolete family. First described in 1936, the mushroom has a disjunct distribution, and is distributed in eastern North America and Korea. The fruit bodies of the fungus are violet when young, but fade into a chocolate brown color when mature. They are solid and relatively large—cap diameter up to 15 cm (5.9 in), with a white pore surface that later turns pink, and a white mycelium at the base of the stem. The mushroom is inedible. A number of natural products have been identified from the fruit bodies, including unique chemical derivatives of ergosterol, a fungal sterol.

<i>Boletellus ananas</i> Species of fungus

Boletellus ananas, commonly known as the pineapple bolete, is a mushroom in the family Boletaceae, and the type species of the genus Boletellus. It is distributed in southeastern North America, northeastern South America, Asia, and New Zealand, where it grows scattered or in groups on the ground, often at the base of oak and pine trees. The fruit body is characterized by the reddish-pink scales on the cap that are often found hanging from the edge. The pore surface on the underside of the cap is made of irregular or angular pores up to 2 mm wide that bruise a blue color. It is yellow when young but ages to a deep olive-brown color. Microscopically, B. ananas is distinguished by large spores with cross striae on the ridges and spirally encrusted hyphae in the marginal appendiculae and flesh of the stem. Previously known as Boletus ananas and Boletus coccinea, the species was given its current name by William Alphonso Murrill in 1909. Two varieties of Boletellus ananas have been described. Although the mushroom may be considered edible, it is not recommended for consumption.

<i>Suillus salmonicolor</i> Species of fungus in the family Suillaceae

Suillus salmonicolor, commonly known as the Slippery Jill, is a fungus in the family Suillaceae of the order Boletales. First described as a member of the genus Boletus in 1874, the species acquired several synonyms, including Suillus pinorigidus and Suillus subluteus, before it was assigned its current binomial name in 1983. It has not been determined with certainty whether S. salmonicolor is distinct from the species S. cothurnatus, described by Rolf Singer in 1945. S. salmonicolor is a mycorrhizal fungus—meaning it forms a symbiotic association with the roots of plants such that both organisms benefit from the exchange of nutrients. This symbiosis occurs with various species of pine, and the fruit bodies of the fungus appear scattered or in groups on the ground near the trees. The fungus is found in North America, Hawaii, Asia, the Caribbean, South Africa, Australia and Central America. It has been introduced to several of those locations via transplanted trees.

<i>Tylopilus tabacinus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus tabacinus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is characterized by a tawny-brown cap measuring up to 17.5 cm (6.9 in) in diameter, and a reticulated stem up to 16.5 cm (6.5 in) long by 6 cm (2.4 in) thick. A characteristic microscopic feature is the distinctive crystalline substance encrusted on the hyphae in the surface of the cap. The species is known from the eastern United States from Florida north to Rhode Island, and west to Mississippi, and from eastern Mexico. It is a mycorrhizal species, and associates with oak and beech trees.

<i>Tylopilus atronicotianus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Boletus curtisii</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Boletus auripes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus auripes, commonly known as the butter-foot bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. First described from New York in 1898, the fungus is found in eastern Asia, Central America, and eastern North America from Canada to Florida. It is a mycorrhizal species and typically grows in association with oak and beech trees.

<i>Boletus abruptibulbus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus abruptibulbus is a species of bolete mushroom in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 2009, it is found only in the Gulf Coast of the Florida Panhandle, where it grows on the ground in coastal sand dunes, one of only three North American boletes known to favor this habitat. The fruit bodies have convex brownish caps up to 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter, supported by solid yellowish to reddish stems measuring 3–5 cm (1.2–2.0 in) long by 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) thick. The pores on the underside of the cap measure about 1–2 mm in diameter and are initially pale yellow before developing a greenish tinge in age. The mushroom's spores, about 20 micrometers long, are unusually long for a member of the Boletaceae. The stem base is bulbous, a diagnostic feature for which the species is named.

<i>Aureoboletus auriflammeus</i> Species of fungus

Aureoboletus auriflammeus, commonly known as the flaming gold bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1872, it is found in eastern North America, where it grows in a mycorrhizal association with oaks. The caps of the fruit bodies are golden orange, with a yellow pore surface on the underside, and a reticulated (network-like) stem. The edibility of the mushroom is not known.

<i>Boletus miniato-olivaceus</i> Species of fungus

Boletus miniato-olivaceus is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1874, it is found in eastern North America and northeast Mexico.

<i>Aureoboletus projectellus</i> Species of fungus

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<i>Boletus subvelutipes</i> Species of fungus

Boletus subvelutipes, commonly known as the red-mouth bolete, is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. It is found in Asia and North America, where it fruits on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit bodies (mushrooms) have a brown to reddish-brown cap, bright yellow cap flesh, and a stem covered by furfuraceous to punctate ornamentation and dark red hairs at the base. Its flesh instantly stains blue when cut, but slowly fades to white. The fruit bodies are poisonous, and produce symptoms of gastrointestinal distress if consumed.

<i>Pulveroboletus ravenelii</i> Species of fungus

Pulveroboletus ravenelii, commonly known as Ravenel's bolete or the powdery sulfur bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Described as new to science in 1853, the widely distributed species is known from Asia, Australia, North America, Central America, and South America. Mycorrhizal with oak, the fungus fruits on the ground singly, scattered, or in groups in woods. Fruit bodies (mushrooms) have convex to flat, yellowish to brownish-red caps up to 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. On the cap underside, the pore surface is bright yellow before turning dingy yellow to grayish brown with age; it stains greenish blue then grayish brown after injury. A cottony and powdery partial veil remains as a ring on the stipe. The mushrooms are edible, and have been used in traditional Chinese medicine and for mushroom dyeing.

<i>Harrya chromapes</i> Species of fungus

Harrya chromapes, commonly known as the yellowfoot bolete or the chrome-footed bolete, is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. The bolete is found in eastern North America, Costa Rica, and eastern Asia, where it grows on the ground, in a mycorrhizal association with deciduous and coniferous trees. Fruit bodies have smooth, rose-pink caps that are initially convex before flattening out. The pores on the cap undersurface are white, aging to a pale pink as the spores mature. The thick stipe has fine pink or reddish dots (scabers), and is white to pinkish but with a bright yellow base. The mushrooms are edible but are popular with insects, and so they are often infested with maggots.

<i>Tylopilus peralbidus</i> Species of fungus

Tylopilus peralbidus is a bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to the eastern United States.

<i>Leccinellum rugosiceps</i> Species of fungus

Leccinellum rugosiceps, commonly known as the wrinkled Leccinum, is a species of bolete fungus. It is found in Asia, North America, Central America, and South America, where it grows in an ectomycorrhizal association with oak. Fruitbodies have convex, yellowish caps up to 15 cm (5.9 in) in diameter. In age, the cap surface becomes wrinkled, often revealing white cracks. The stipe is up to 10 cm (3.9 in) long and 3 cm (1.2 in) wide, with brown scabers on an underlying yellowish surface. It has firm flesh that stains initially pinkish to reddish and then to grayish or blackish when injured. The pore surface on the cap underside is yellowish. Fruitbodies are edible, although opinions vary as to their desirability.

<i>Sutorius eximius</i> Species of fungus

Sutorius eximius, commonly known as the lilac-brown bolete, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. This bolete produces fruit bodies that are dark purple to chocolate brown in color with a smooth cap, a finely scaly stipe, and a reddish-brown spore print. The tiny pores on the cap underside are chocolate to violet brown. It is widely distributed, having been recorded on North America, South America, and Asia, where it grows in a mycorrhizal relationship with both coniferous and deciduous trees.

References

  1. ↑ "Tylopilus alboater (Schwein.) Murrill 1909". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  2. 1 2 3 Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 485. ISBN   962-201-556-5.
  3. ↑ von Schweinitz LD. (1822). Synopsis fungorum Carolinae superioris. Schriften der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Leipzig (in Latin). Vol. 1. Johann Ambrosius Barth. pp. 20–131 (see p. 95).
  4. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officiana Berlingiana. p. 127.
  5. ↑ Kuntze O. (1898). Revisio Generum Plantarum. Vol. 3. Leipzig, Germany: A. Felix. p. 535.
  6. ↑ Murrill WA. (1909). "The Boletaceae of North America – 1". Mycologia. 1 (1): 4–18. doi:10.2307/3753167. JSTOR   3753167.
  7. ↑ Gilbert J-E. (1931). Les Livres du Mycologue, Tome III: Les Bolets (in French). Paris, France: Le François. OCLC   490436586.
  8. ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p.  559. ISBN   978-0-85199-826-8.
  9. ↑ Peck CH. (1878). "Report of the Botanist (1875)". Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Natural History. 29: 29–82 (see p. 44).
  10. ↑ Murrill WA. (1916). (Agaricales) Polyporaceae–Agaricaceae. North American Flora. Vol. 9. New York Botanical Garden. p. 135.
  11. 1 2 Murrill WA. (1920). "Illustrations of fungi–XXXII". Mycologia. 12 (2): 59–61. doi:10.2307/3753406. JSTOR   3753406.
  12. ↑ Singer R. (1947). "The Boletoideae of Florida. The Boletineae of Florida with notes on extralimital species. III". The American Midland Naturalist. 37 (1): 1–135. doi:10.2307/2421647. JSTOR   2421647.
  13. ↑ Wolfe CB Jr. (1981). "Type studies in Tylopilus. 1. Taxa described by Charles H. Peck". Sydowia. 34: 199–213. ISSN   0082-0598.
  14. ↑ "Homotypic synonyms: Boletus nigrellus Peck". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  15. ↑ "Boletus nigrellus Peck 1878". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 337–8. ISBN   0-8131-9039-8.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bessette et al. (2000), pp.  256–7.
  18. 1 2 3 Kuo M. (2007). 100 Edible Mushrooms . Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan Press. pp.  227–9. ISBN   978-0-472-03126-9.
  19. 1 2 3 Phillips R. (2005). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, New York: Firefly Books. p. 282. ISBN   1-55407-115-1.
  20. ↑ Bessette A, Bessette AR (2001). The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 52–3. ISBN   0-8156-0680-X.
  21. ↑ Bessette et al. (2000), p. 259.
  22. ↑ Wolfe CB Jr, Halling RE (1989). "Tylopileus griseocarnus, a new species from the North American Atlantic and Gulf Coastal plain". Mycologia. 81 (3): 342–6. doi:10.2307/3760072. JSTOR   3760072.
  23. 1 2 3 Chen C-M, Ho Y-S, Peng J-J, Lin T-C (2002). "Four species of boletes newly recorded to Taiwan" (PDF). Taiwan Journal of Biodiversity. 4 (2): 51–8.[ permanent dead link ]
  24. ↑ Kuo M. (September 2003). "Tylopilus alboater". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  25. ↑ Labbé R. (March 2010). "Tylopilus alboater / Bolet noirâtre". Les champignons du Québec. www.mycoquebec.org. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
  26. ↑ Seehanan S, Petcharat V, Te-chato S (2007). "Some boletes of Thailand" (PDF). Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology (in Thai and English). 29 (3): 737–54.

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