Thalassonerita

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Thalassonerita
Temporal range: Early Miocene [1] -Recent
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Neritimorpha
Order: Cycloneritida
Family: Phenacolepadidae
Genus: Thalassonerita
Moroni, 1966
Species:
T. naticoidea
Binomial name
Thalassonerita naticoidea
(A. H. Clarke, 1989)
Synonyms [2]
  • BathyneritaA. H. Clarke, 1989
  • Nerita (Thalassonerita) Moroni, 1966

Thalassonerita is a monotypic genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Neritidae. Its sole species is Thalassonerita naticoidea. [2] T. naticoidea is endemic to underwater cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean. [3] Originally classified as Bathynerita, the genus was reassessed in 2019 after Thalassonerita was found to be a senior synonym of Bathynerita. [4]

Contents

Distribution

Chemosynthetic communities in the northern part of Gulf Of Mexico around cold seeps known in 2006 include more than 50 communities. Chemosynthetic communities in the Gulf of Mexico 2006.png
Chemosynthetic communities in the northern part of Gulf Of Mexico around cold seeps known in 2006 include more than 50 communities.

T. naticoidea lives in cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the accretionary wedge of Barbados in the Caribbean [5] in the upper continental slope, in depths from 400 to 2100 m. [5] Minimum recorded depth is 541 m. [6] Maximum recorded depth is 1135 m. [6]

Examples of localities include:

Description

T. naticoidea has a shell that can be closed with a calcareous operculum. The round shell is low-spired and smoothly sculptured. Its aperture has roughly a semicircular shape. The maximum recorded shell length is 16 mm. [8]

Ecology

The mussel species Bathymodiolus childressi, with which T. naticoidea is often associated Bathymodiolus childressi.jpg
The mussel species Bathymodiolus childressi , with which T. naticoidea is often associated

Habitat

T. naticoidea lives at deep-sea cold seeps where hydrocarbons (oil and methane) are leaking out of the seafloor. T. naticoidea is the most numerous gastropod species in its area. [9] [10] [11] They have also been found near a brine pool seep in the Gulf of Mexico. [9] [12] T. naticoidea cannot move over mud or on soft sediments, [13] and usually lives on beds of Bathymodiolus childressi mussels. [14] T. naticoidea can detect beds of B. childressi, because it is attracted by a water altered by this species of mussel, although the nature of the attractant is unknown. [14]

As a euryhaline species, these snails normally live in saline water. Their preferred salinity is 30-50 ‰, and although they can survive salinity as high as 85 ‰, they actively avoid brine with salinity over 60 ‰. [9] [12] They usually move upward in natural conditions, where the concentration of salt is lower. [9] T. naticoidea has no osmoregulatory ability when the salinity is too high, [9] but it can survive high salinities, because it closes its operculum. [9]

Feeding habits

T. naticoidea feeds on periphyton of methanotrophic bacteria that grow on shells of mussels of B. childressi; the decomposing periostracum of these mussels; their byssal fibers; and their detritus. [9] [14]

Life cycle

Oogenesis and formation of yolk (vitellogenesis) of T. naticoidea was described by Eckelbarger & Young (1997). [15] This was the first ultrastructural description of formation of yolk in today's clade Neritimorpha. [15] This process is similar to other gastropods. [15]

Spermatogenesis of T. naticoidea was described by Hodgson et al. (1998). [11] T. naticoidea has sperm (eusperm) of introsperm type (about 90 µm long and filiform), [11] so it can be presumed, that the fertilisation of T. naticoidea is internal. [11]

Eggs are laid in round and white-rimmed egg capsules on various hard substrata: [12] the dorsal part of the shells of the mussel Bathymodiolus childressi. [16] They were found also on shells of mussel Tamu fisheri . [16] There are then scars from these egg capsules on these mussels. [16] Highest number of eggs are laid from December to February. [12] Eggs are 135-145 μm in diameter. [12] There are 25-180 eggs in one eggs capsule. [12] The length of the egg capsule ranges from 1.2 to 2.9 mm. [12]

During the development of the embryo, the egg capsule is changing color from creamy ivory color to dark purple color. [12] The cleavage is holoblastic spiral cleavage as in other gastropods. [12]

Veliger larvae are hatched from eggs after four months of development from May to early July. [12] Veliger is about 170 μm long (120-278 μm). [12] Veligers feed on plankton (planktotrophic) [12] and they are probably obligate planktotrophs. They can swim with ciliated foot and they are swimming probably for at least eight months. [12] Veliger have pigmented eyespots. [12] Maybe the same chemosensory mechanisms for detecting mussel beds can be used by its larvae. [14] Veliger in size 600-700 μm can undergo metamorphosis into a snail. [14] Only two protoconchs are known to be found in situ and they measured 630 μm and 615 μm in length. [12]

Interspecific relationships

There lives a fungal filamentous ascomycete (phylum Ascomycota) species as a commensal on the gills of T. naticoidea. [10] These fungi are externally attached to cells of gills. [10] When this discovery was published in 1999, it was the first such association between fungus and gastropod from underwater seep community. [10] The origin and function of this association is unknown. [10]

There are no known bacterial symbionts with T. naticoidea (1999). [10]

Other animals living in communities with T. naticoidea include:

Genetics

Partial genetic sequences of mitochondrion of T. naticoidea were published in 1996 [17] and in 2008: [18]

Further reading

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cold seep</span> Ocean floor area where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs

A cold seep is an area of the ocean floor where hydrogen sulfide, methane and other hydrocarbon-rich fluid seepage occurs, often in the form of a brine pool. Cold does not mean that the temperature of the seepage is lower than that of the surrounding sea water. On the contrary, its temperature is often slightly higher. The "cold" is relative to the very warm conditions of a hydrothermal vent. Cold seeps constitute a biome supporting several endemic species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Veliger</span> Larval stage of some snails

A veliger is the planktonic larva of many kinds of sea snails and freshwater snails, as well as most bivalve molluscs (clams) and tusk shells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvinocarididae</span> Family of crustaceans

Alvinocarididae is a family of shrimp, originally described by M. L. Christoffersen in 1986 from samples collected by DSV Alvin, from which they derive their name. Shrimp of the family Alvinocarididae generally inhabit deep sea hydrothermal vent regions, and hydrocarbon cold seep environments. Carotenoid pigment has been found in their bodies. The family Alvinocarididae comprises 7 extant genera.

<i>Eptatretus springeri</i> Species of jawless fish

Eptatretus springeri, the Gulf hagfish, is a bathydemersal vertebrate which lives primarily in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico. It has been observed feeding at and around brine pools: areas of high salinity which resemble lakes on the ocean floor that do not mix with the surrounding water due to difference in density. The high salt content, approximately 200 ppt compared to 35 ppt for standard seawater, creates a buoyant surface which renders oceanic submersibles unable to descend into the pool. It is believed that the inside of the pools only supports microbial life, while the majority of macroscopic life, such as methane-utilizing mussels, exists on the edges. The Gulf hagfish feeds on the primary producers of these environments, as well as other predators.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brine pool</span> Large area of brine on the ocean basin

A brine pool, sometimes called an underwater lake, deepwater or brine lake, is a volume of brine collected in a seafloor depression. The pools are dense bodies of water that have a salinity that is three to eight times greater than the surrounding ocean. Brine pools are commonly found below polar sea ice and in the deep ocean. Those below sea ice form through a process called brine rejection. For deep-sea brine pools, salt is necessary to increase the salinity gradient. The salt can come from one of two processes: the dissolution of large salt deposits through salt tectonics or geothermally heated brine issued from tectonic spreading centers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neritidae</span> Family of gastropods

Neritidae, common name the nerites, is a taxonomic family of small to medium-sized saltwater and freshwater snails which have a gill and a distinctive operculum.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abyssochrysidae</span> Family of gastropods

Abyssochrysidae is a family of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Caenogastropoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Provannidae</span> Family of gastropods

Provannidae is a family of deep water sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfmaily Abyssochrysoidea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phenacolepadidae</span> Family of molluscs

Phenacolepadidae is a family of small sea snails or false limpets, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Cycloneritimorpha.

The sensory organs of gastropods include olfactory organs, eyes, statocysts and mechanoreceptors. Gastropods have no sense of hearing.

Strubellia paradoxa is a species of freshwater slug, a shell-less freshwater gastropod, an aquatic gastropod mollusk within the clade Acochlidiacea.

Divia briandi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Phenacolepadidae.

Cordesia provannoides is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

<i>Ifremeria</i> Species of gastropod

Ifremeria nautilei is a species of large, deepwater hydrothermal vent sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae, and the only species in the genus Ifremeria. This species lives in the South Pacific Ocean

<i>Provanna laevis</i> Species of gastropod

Provanna laevis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

<i>Provanna sculpta</i> Species of gastropod

Provanna sculpta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Provannidae.

<i>Bathymodiolus childressi</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus childressi is a species of deepwater mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk species in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

Crepidula ustulatulina is a species of small sea snail, a slipper snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gigantidas tangaroa</span> Species of bivalve

Gigantidas tangaroa is a species of deep-sea mussel, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae, the mussels.

<i>Bathymodiolus platifrons</i> Species of bivalve

Bathymodiolus platifrons, described by Hashimoto and Okutani in 1994, is a deep-sea mussel that is common in hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the Western Pacific Ocean.

References

  1. ↑ Kiel S. & Hansen B. T. (2015). "Cenozoic Methane-Seep Faunas of the Caribbean Region". PLoS ONE10(10): e0140788. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140788.
  2. 1 2 "Thalassonerita Moroni, 1966". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species . Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Van Gaest A. L. (2006). "Ecology and early life history of Bathynerita naticoidea: evidence for long-distance larval dispersal of a cold seep gastropod". Thesis. Department of Biology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/3717
  4. ↑ Fukumori, Hiroaki; Yahagi, Takuya; Warén, Anders; Kano, Yasunori (2019-01-24). "Amended generic classification of the marine gastropod family Phenacolepadidae: transitions from snails to limpets and shallow-water to deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 185 (3): 636–655. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zly078. ISSN   0024-4082.
  5. 1 2 3 Van Gaest A. L., Young C. M., Young J. J., Helms A. R. & Arellano S. M. (). "Physiological and behavioral responses of Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) to hypersaline conditions at a brine pool cold seep. Marine Ecology28(1): 199 - 207. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00147.x.
  6. 1 2 Welch, John J. (2010-01-19). Joly, Simon (ed.). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8776. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008776 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2808249 . PMID   20098740.
  7. 1 2 3 Gaest, Van (2006). Ecology and early life history of BATHYNERITA NATICOIDEA: evidence for long-distance larval dispersal of a cold seep gastropod (Thesis thesis).
  8. ↑ Welch, John J. (2010-01-19). Joly, Simon (ed.). "The "Island Rule" and Deep-Sea Gastropods: Re-Examining the Evidence". PLOS ONE. 5 (1): e8776. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008776 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   2808249 . PMID   20098740.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Van Gaest A. L., Young C. M., Young J. J., Helms A. R. & Arellano S. M. (). "Physiological and behavioral responses of Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) and Methanoaricia dendrobranchiata (Polychaeta: Orbiniidae) to hypersaline conditions at a brine pool cold seep. Marine Ecology28(1): 199 - 207. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00147.x.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Zande J. M. (1999). "An Ascomycete Commensal on the Gills of Bathynerita naticoidea, the Dominant Gastropod at Gulf of Mexico Hydrocarbon Seeps". Invertebrate Biology118(1): 57-62. JSTOR
  11. 1 2 3 4 Hodgson, Alan N.; Eckelbarger, Kevin J.; Young, Craig M. (1998). "Sperm Morphology and Spermiogenesis in the Methane-Seep Mollusc Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritacea) from the Louisiana Slope". Invertebrate Biology. 117 (3): 199–207. doi:10.2307/3226986. ISSN   1077-8306. JSTOR   3226986.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Gaest, Van (2006). Ecology and early life history of BATHYNERITA NATICOIDEA: evidence for long-distance larval dispersal of a cold seep gastropod (Thesis thesis).
  13. ↑ Van Gaest A. L. "Larval ecology of deep-sea snails. Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine (slide 3)". accessed 1 May 2010.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Dattagupta S., Martin J., Liao S., Carney R. S. & Fisher C. R. (2007). "Deep-sea hydrocarbon seep gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea responds to cues from the habitat-providing mussel Bathymodiolus childressi". Marine Ecology28(1): 193-198. doi : 10.1111/j.1439-0485.2006.00130.x
  15. 1 2 3 Eckelbarger K. J. & Young C. M. (1997). "Ultrastructure of the ovary and oogenesis in the methane-seep mollusc, Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) from the Louisiana slope". Invertebrate Biology116: 299-312. JSTOR.
  16. 1 2 3 Gustafson R. G., Turner R. D., Lutz R. A. & Vrijenhoek R. C. (1998). "A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico". Malacologia 40(1-2): 63-112. page 90 and page 96.
  17. 1 2 McArthur A. G. (1996). "Molecular investigation of the evolutionary origins of hydrothermal vent gastropods". Thesis, University of Victoria, Canada.
  18. 1 2 3 Frey M. A. & Vermeij G. J. (2008). "Molecular phylogenies and historical biogeography of a circumtropical group of gastropods (Genus: Nerita): implications for regional diversity patterns in the marine tropics". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48(3): 1067-1086. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.009
  19. ↑ "Bathynerita naticoides 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence". 1996-12-21.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  20. ↑ "Bathynerita naticoides 28S ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence". 1996-12-11.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ↑ "Bathynerita naticoidea isolate GM.1 cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, partial cds; mitochondrial". 2016-07-26.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  22. ↑ "Bathynerita naticoidea isolate GM.1 16S large subunit ribosomal RNA gene, partial sequence; mitochondrial". 2008-09-04.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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