Thelephora palmata

Last updated

Thelephora palmata
Stinkende Lederkoralle Thelephora palmata.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Thelephorales
Family: Thelephoraceae
Genus: Thelephora
Species:
T. palmata
Binomial name
Thelephora palmata
(Scop.) Fr. (1821)
Synonyms [1]
  • Clavaria palmataScop. (1772)
  • Ramaria palmata(Scop.) Holmsk. (1790)
  • Merisma foetidum Pers. (1797)
  • Merisma palmatum(Scop.) Pers. (1822)
  • Phylacteria palmata(Scop.) Pat. (1887)
  • Clavaria schaefferi Sacc. (1888)

Thelephora palmata commonly known as the fetid false coral or stinking earthfan, is a species of clavarioid fungus in the family Thelephoraceae. The fruit bodies are leathery and coral-like, with branches that are narrow at the base before widening out like a fan and splitting into numerous flattened prongs. The wedge-like tips are whitish when young, but darken as the fungus matures. The common names of the fungus refers to its pungent odor, likened to fetid garlic. A widely distributed but uncommon species, it is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, where it fruits on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest.

Contents

Taxonomy

The species was first described in 1772 by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, as Clavaria palmata. [2] Elias Fries transferred it to the genus Thelephora in 1821. [3] The species has several synonyms, resulting from several generic transfers in its taxonomic history, including Ramaria by Johan Theodor Holmskjold in 1790, [4] Merisma by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1822, [5] and Phylacteria by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1887. [6] Other historical synonyms are Merisma foetidum, published by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797, [7] and Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1888 Clavaria schaefferi. [8] Persoon also published a species with the name Thelephora palmata in 1822, but because the name was already in use, it is an illegitimate homonym; this species is now known as Thelephora anthocephala . [9]

Despite its coral-like appearance, Thelephora palmata is closely related to some fungi with a distinctly bracket-like appearance, such as T. terrestris and T. caryophyllea . [10] The specific epithet palmata is derived from Latin, and means "having the shape of a hand". [11] It is known by the common names "stinking earthfan" [12] and "fetid false coral". [10] Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "stinking branch-ear" in his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. [13]

Description

Perhaps one of the most fetid of fungi is Thelephora palmata. Some specimens were on one occasion taken by Mr. Berkeley into his bedroom at Aboyne, when, after an hour or two, he was horrified at finding the scent far worse than that of any dissecting room. He was anxious to save the specimens, but the scent was so powerful that it was quite intolerable till he had wrapped them in twelve thick folds of the strongest brown paper. Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, 1888 [14]

The fruit body of T. palmata is a coral-like tuft that is repeatedly branched from a central stalk, reaching dimensions of 3.5–6.5 cm (1+3⁄8–2+1⁄2 in) tall. The branches of the fruit body end in spoon- to fan-shaped tips that are frequently fringed or grooved. The branches of the fruit body are initially whitish in color, but gradually turn gray to lilac-brown in maturity; the tips, however, remain whitish, [15] or paler than the lower parts. [16] The flesh is tough and leathery. [17] The hymenium (fertile, spore-bearing tissue) is amphigenous, that is, it occurs on all surfaces of the fruit body. [11]

The odor of the fruit body is quite unpleasant, resembling fetid garlic, [17] "old cabbage water", or "overripe cheese". [10] It has been called "a candidate for stinkiest fungus in the forest". [16] The unpleasant odor intensifies after drying. [18] Fruit bodies are not edible. [10]

Spores are elliptical, and have fine spines situated on warts. Thelephora palmata 78336.jpg
Spores are elliptical, and have fine spines situated on warts.

In deposit, the spores are purple-brown to brown. [10] [18] Viewed with a microscopic, the spores appear purple, angular with lobes, and warted, with fine spines measuring 0.5–1.5  μm long; the overall dimensions of the elliptic spores are 8–12 by 7–9 μm. They contain one or two oil drops. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 70–100 by 9–12 μm, and have sterigmata that are 2–4 μm thick by 7–12 μm long. [19] The flesh stains deep blue when a drop of potassium hydroxide solution is applied. [15] The fungus contains the pigment thelephoric acid. [20]

Thelephora anthocephala is somewhat similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by branches that taper upward, branch tips that are flattened (instead of spoon-like), and the lack of a fetid odor. [18] The North American species T. vialis has smaller spores and a more variable color. [17] Darker Ramaria species are distinguished by their non-leathery flesh texture and pointy branch tips. [10]

Habitat and distribution

Thelephora palmata
Information icon.svg
Smooth icon.pngSmooth hymenium
No cap icon.svgNo distinct cap
NA cap icon.svg Hymenium attachment is not applicable
Bare stipe icon.svg Stipe is bare
Transparent spore print icon.svg
 Spore print is reddish-brown
Mycorrhizal fungus.svgEcology is mycorrhizal
Mycomorphbox Question.pngEdibility is unknown

Thelephora palmata is an ectomycorrhizal species, forming mutualistic associations with conifers. [10] Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest [18] and grassy fields. [21] A preference has been noted for moist ground, and locations along woodland paths. [17] An uncommon species, [11] fruit bodies can be difficult to see because they blend well into their surroundings. [17]

The species is found in Asia (including China, [22] Iran, [23] Japan, [24] Siberia [25] Turkey, [26] and Vietnam [27] ), Europe, North America, [16] and South America (Brazil [28] and Colombia [29] ). It has also been recorded from Australia [30] and Fiji. [31] Fruit bodies are consumed by the springtail species Ceratophysella denisana . [32]

Uses

Fruit bodies of Thelephora palmata can be used for mushroom dyeing. [33] Depending on the mordant used, colors ranging from blackish brown to dark grayish green to greenish brown can be obtained from the dyeing process; without a mordant, a light-brown color is produced. [18]

Related Research Articles

<i>Daedaleopsis confragosa</i> Species of fungus

Daedaleopsis confragosa, commonly known as the thin walled maze polypore or the blushing bracket, is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. A plant pathogen, it causes a white rot of injured hardwoods, especially willows. The fruit bodies are semicircular and tough, have a concentrically zoned brownish upper surface, and measure up to 20 cm (8 in) in diameter. The whitish underside turns gray-brown as the fruit body ages, but bruises pink or red. It is found all year and is common in northern temperate woodlands of eastern North America, Europe, and Asia. The species was first described from Europe in 1791 as a form of Boletus, and has undergone several changes of genus in its taxonomic history. It acquired its current name when Joseph Schröter transferred it to Daedaleopsis in 1888.

<i>Spathularia flavida</i> Species of fungus

Spathularia flavida, commonly known as the yellow earth tongue, the yellow fan, or the fairy fan, is an ascomycete fungus found in coniferous forests of Asia, Europe and North America. It produces a small, fan- or spoon-shaped fruit body with a flat, wavy or lobed cream to yellow colored "head" raised on a white to cream stalk. The height is usually approximately 2–5 cm, and up to 8 cm. The fungus fruits on the ground in mosses, forest duff or humus, and fruit bodies may occur singly, in large groups, or in fairy rings. The spores produced by the fungus are needle-like, and up to 95 μm long. Several varieties have been described that differ largely in their microscopic characteristics. S. flavida has been described by authorities variously as inedible, of unknown edibility, or edible but tough.

<i>Phallus hadriani</i> Dune stinkhorn or sand stinkhorn fungus

Phallus hadriani, commonly known as the dune stinkhorn or the sand stinkhorn, is a species of fungus in the Phallaceae (stinkhorn) family. The stalk of the fruit body reaches up to 20 cm (8 in) tall by 4 cm thick, and is spongy, fragile, and hollow. At the top of the stem is a ridged and pitted, thimble-like cap over which is spread olive-colored spore slime (gleba). Shortly after emerging, the gleba liquefies and releases a fetid odor that attracts insects, which help disperse the spores. P. hadriani may be distinguished from the similar P. impudicus by the presence of a pink or violet-colored volva at the base of the stem, and by differences in odor.

<i>Bisporella citrina</i> Species of fungus

Bisporella citrina, commonly known as yellow fairy cups or lemon discos, is a species of fungus in the family Helotiaceae. The fungus produces tiny yellow cups up to 3 mm in diameter, often without stalks, that fruit in groups or dense clusters on decaying deciduous wood that has lost its bark. The widely distributed species is found in North Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central and South America. Found in late summer and autumn, the fungus is fairly common, but is easily overlooked owing to its small size. There are several similar species that can in most cases be distinguished by differences in color, morphology, or substrate. Microscopically, B. citrina can be distinguished from these lookalikes by its elliptical spores, which have a central partition, and an oil drop at each end.

<i>Gomphus clavatus</i> Edible species of fungus native to Eurasia and North America

Gomphus clavatus, commonly known as pig's ears or the violet chanterelle, is an edible species of fungus in the genus Gomphus native to Eurasia and North America. Described by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774, G. clavatus has had several name changes and many alternative scientific names, having been classified in the genus Cantharellus, though it is not closely related to them. The fruit body is vase- or fan-shaped with wavy edges to its rim, and grows up to 15–16 cm wide and 17 cm tall. The upper surface or cap is orangish-brown to lilac, while the lower spore-bearing surface, the hymenium, is covered in wrinkles and ridges rather than gills or pores, and is a distinctive purple color.

<i>Terana caerulea</i> Species of fungus

Terana caerulea, commonly known as the cobalt crust fungus or velvet blue spread, is a saprobic crust fungus in the family Phanerochaetaceae. Usually found in warm, damp hardwood forests on the undersides of fallen logs and branches of deciduous trees, this unique fungus has been described as "blue velvet on a stick". This species was chosen as fungus of the year for 2009 by the German Mycological Society.

<i>Helvella acetabulum</i> Species of fungus

Helvella acetabulum is a species of fungus in the family Helvellaceae, order Pezizales. This relatively large cup-shaped fungus is characterized by a tan fruit body with prominent branching ribs resembling a cabbage leaf; for this reason it is commonly known as the cabbage leaf Helvella. Other colloquial names include the vinegar cup and the brown ribbed elfin cup. The fruit bodies reaches dimensions of 8 centimetres (3 in) by 4 cm tall. It is found in Eurasia and North America, where it grows in sandy soils, under both coniferous and deciduous trees.

<i>Ramariopsis kunzei</i> Species of fungus

Ramariopsis kunzei is an edible species of coral fungi in the family Clavariaceae, and the type species of the genus Ramariopsis. It is commonly known as white coral because of the branched structure of the fruit bodies that resemble marine coral. The fruit bodies are up to 5 cm (2.0 in) tall by 4 cm (1.6 in) wide, with numerous branches originating from a short rudimentary stem. The branches are one to two millimeters thick, smooth, and white, sometimes with yellowish tips in age. Ramariopsis kunzei has a widespread distribution, and is found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.

<i>Pseudoplectania nigrella</i> Species of fungus

Pseudoplectania nigrella, commonly known as the ebony cup, the black false plectania, or the hairy black cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcosomataceae. The fruit bodies of this saprobic fungus are small blackish cups, typically up to 2 cm broad.

<i>Disciotis venosa</i> Species of fungus

Disciotis venosa, commonly known as the bleach cup, veiny cup fungus, or the cup morel is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae. Fruiting from April, they are often difficult to locate because of their nondescript brown color.

<i>Ramaria botrytis</i> Species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae

Ramaria botrytis, commonly known as the clustered coral, the pink-tipped coral mushroom, or the cauliflower coral, is an edible species of coral fungus in the family Gomphaceae. Its robust fruit body can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter and 20 cm (8 in) tall, and resembles some marine coral. Its dense branches, which originate from a stout, massive base, are swollen at the tips and divided into several small branchlets. The branches are initially whitish but age to buff or tan, with tips that are pink to reddish. The flesh is thick and white. The spores, yellowish in deposit, are ellipsoid, feature longitudinal striations, and measure about 13.8 by 4.7 micrometers.

<i>Thelephora</i> Genus of fungi

Thelephora is a genus of fungi in the family Thelephoraceae. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 50 species. Fruit bodies of species are leathery, usually brownish at maturity, and range in shape from coral-like tufts to having distinct caps. Almost all species in the genus are thought to be inedible, but Thelephora ganbajun is a gourmet fungus in Yunnan province of southwest China.

<i>Clavaria fragilis</i> Species of fungus

Clavaria fragilis, commonly known as fairy fingers, white worm coral, or white spindles, is a species of fungus in the family Clavariaceae. It is synonymous with Clavaria vermicularis. The fungus is the type species of the genus Clavaria and is a typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi. It produces tubular, unbranched, white basidiocarps that typically grow in clusters. The fruit bodies can reach dimensions of 15 cm (5.9 in) tall by 0.5 cm (0.2 in) thick. Clavaria fragilis is a saprobic species, growing in woodland litter or in old, unimproved grassland. It is widespread throughout temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere, but has also been reported from Australia and South Africa. The fungus is edible, but insubstantial and flavorless. There are several other small white coral-like fungi with which C. fragilis may be confused.

<i>Clavaria zollingeri</i> Species of fungus

Clavaria zollingeri, commonly known as the violet coral or the magenta coral, is a widely distributed species of fungus. It produces striking tubular, purple to pinkish-violet fruit bodies that grow up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall and 7 cm (2.8 in) wide. The extreme tips of the fragile, slender branches are usually rounded and brownish. A typical member of the clavarioid or club fungi, Clavaria zollingeri is saprobic, and so derives nutrients by breaking down organic matter. The fruit bodies are typically found growing on the ground in woodland litter, or in grasslands. Variations in branching and color can often be used to distinguish C. zollingeri from similarly colored coral fungi such as Alloclavaria purpurea and Clavulina amethystina, although microscopy is required to reliably identify the latter species.

<i>Peniophora quercina</i> Species of fungus

Peniophora quercina is a species of wood-decay fungus in the family Peniophoraceae. It produces fruit bodies that vary in appearance depending on whether they are wet or dry. The wet fruit bodies are waxy and lilac, and attached strongly to the wood on which they grow. When dry, the edges curl up and reveal the dark underside, while the surface becomes crusty and pink. P. quercina is the type species of the genus Peniophora, with the species being reclassified as a member of the genus upon the latter's creation by Mordecai Cubitt Cooke. P. quercina is found primarily in Europe, where it can be encountered all year. Though primarily growing upon dead wood, especially oak, it is also capable of growing upon still-living wood.

<i>Calocera viscosa</i> Species of fungus

Calocera viscosa is a species of fungus in the family Dacrymycetaceae. In the UK, it has the recommended English name of yellow stagshorn. In North America it is variously called coral jelly fungus, jelly staghorn, yellow false coral, yellow tuning fork, and jelly antler. Basidiocarps are gelatinous, bright golden yellow, and branched. It grows exclusively on logs and dead wood of conifers. Calocera viscosa is a common species throughout Europe and has also been recorded from North America, Asia, and Australia.

<i>Cortinarius camphoratus</i> Species of fungus

Cortinarius camphoratus, commonly known as the goatcheese webcap, is an agaric fungus in the family Cortinariaceae. The fungus is found in Europe and North America, where its fruit bodies (mushrooms) grow on the ground in a mycorrhizal association with spruce and firs in coniferous forests. Mushrooms are characterized by pale blue lilac colors when young, and a strong distinctive odor. Sources disagree as to the edibility of the mushroom, but they are generally not recommended for eating.

<i>Xylobolus frustulatus</i> Species of fungus

Xylobolus frustulatus, commonly known as the ceramic fungus or ceramic parchment, is an inedible species of crust fungus in the Stereaceae family. The fruit body forms small, hard, flat crust-like aggregations that resemble broken pieces of ceramic tile. These pieces are initially whitish before turning yellow-brown to gray-brown in age. The spore-bearing cells cover the upper surfaces of the fruit body. A saprobic species, it grows on well-decayed oak wood in Asia, northern Europe, and North America.

<i>Hapalopilus rutilans</i> Species of fungus

Hapalopilus rutilans is a species of polypore fungus in the family Polyporaceae. Officially described in 1821, it was transferred to its current genus Hapalopilus six decades later. It is commonly known as the tender nesting polypore, purple dye polypore, or the cinnamon bracket. This widely distributed species is found on five continents. It grows on the fallen or standing dead wood of deciduous trees, in which it fruits singly, in groups, fused, or in overlapping clusters. Fruit bodies are in the form of kidney-shaped to semicircular, cinnamon-orange-brown brackets. The underside of the fruit body features a yellowish to brownish pore surface with tiny angular pores, from which spores are released.

<i>Ramaria stricta</i> Species of fungus

Ramaria stricta, commonly known as the strict-branch coral or strict coral mushroom, is a coral fungus of the genus Ramaria. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, and grows on dead wood, stumps, trunks, and branches of both deciduous and coniferous trees. Its fruit body is up to 10 cm tall, made of multiple slender, compact, and vertical parallel branches. Its color is typically light tan to vinaceous-brown. All parts of the mushroom will bruise when handled. There are several lookalike corals that can usually be distinguished from R. stricta by differences in coloration, bruising reaction, or microscopic features. The fungus is inedible due to its unpleasant odor and bitter taste.

References

  1. ↑ "Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr. 1821". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
  2. ↑ Scopoli JA. (1772). Flora carniolica. Vol. 2 (2 ed.). p. 483.
  3. ↑ Fries EM. (1821). Systema Mycologicum. Vol. 1. Lundin, Sweden: Ex Officina Berlingiana. p. 432.
  4. ↑ Holmskjold T. (1790). Beata ruris otia fungis danicis (in Latin). Vol. 1. Copenhagen, Denmark: Havniae. p. 106; t. 28.
  5. ↑ Persoon CH. (1822). Mycologia Europaea (in Latin). Vol. 1. Erlangen, Germany: Palm. p. 157.
  6. ↑ Patouillard NT. (1887). "Champignons de la Nouvelle-Calédonie". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 3: 168–98 (see p. 172).
  7. ↑ Persoon CH. (1797). "Commentatio de Fungis Clavaeformibus" (in Latin). Leipzig, Germany: Wolf: 93.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Saccardo PA. (1888). "Sylloge Hymenomycetum, Vol. II. Polyporeae, Hydneae, Thelephoreae, Clavarieae, Tremellineae". Sylloge Fungorum. 6: 693.
  9. ↑ "Thelephora palmata Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 1: 113 (1822)". Index Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. p. 505. ISBN   978-0-226-72117-0.
  11. 1 2 3 Rea C. (1922). British Basidiomycetae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 652.
  12. ↑ Phillips R, Reid DA (2006). Mushrooms. Pan Macmillan. p. 347. ISBN   978-0-330-44237-4.
  13. ↑ Gray SF. (1821). A Natural Arrangement of British Plants. Vol. 1. London, UK: Baldwin, Craddock, and Joy. p. 654.
  14. ↑ Cooke MC. (1888). Fungi: Their Nature and Uses. New York, New York: D. Appleton. p. 116.
  15. 1 2 Bessette A, Bessette AR, Fischer DW (1997). Mushrooms of Northeastern North America. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 425. ISBN   978-0-8156-0388-7.
  16. 1 2 3 Trudell S, Ammirati J (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 252–3. ISBN   978-0-88192-935-5.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi . Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. p.  609. ISBN   0-89815-169-4.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 Bessette A, Bessette AR (2001). The Rainbow Beneath my Feet: A Mushroom Dyer's Field Guide. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. p. 63. ISBN   0-8156-0680-X.
  19. ↑ Corner EJH. (1968). A Monograph of Thelephora (Basidiomycetes). Nova Hedwigia Beiheft. p. 73. ISBN   978-3-7682-5427-4.
  20. ↑ Glasby JS. (1991). Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites. CRC Press. p. 1182. ISBN   978-0-203-48987-1.
  21. ↑ Burt EA. (1914). "The Thelephoraceae of North America. I". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 1 (2): 185–226 (see p. 202–3). doi:10.2307/2989992. JSTOR   2989992.
  22. ↑ Zhishu B, Zheng G, Taihui L (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press). New York, New York: Columbia University Press. p. 86. ISBN   962-201-556-5.
  23. ↑ Saber M. (1987). "Contribution to the knowledge of Aphyllophorales collected in Iran". Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology. 23 (1–4): 21–36. ISSN   0006-2774.
  24. ↑ Tsjuino R, Sato H, Imamura A, Yumoto T (2011). "Topography-specific emergence of fungal fruiting bodies in warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests on Yakushima Island, Japan". Mycoscience. 50 (5): 388–99. doi:10.1007/s10267-009-0494-0. S2CID   85323875.
  25. ↑ Burt EA. (1931). "Hymenomycetous fungi of Siberia and Eastern Asia–mostly of wood-destroying species". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 18 (3): 469–487. doi:10.2307/2394033. JSTOR   2394033.
  26. ↑ Sesli E, Tüzen M (1999). "Levels of trace elements in the fruiting bodies of macrofungi growing in the East Black Sea region of Turkey". Food Chemistry. 65 (4): 453–60. doi:10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00194-0.
  27. ↑ Kiet TT. (1998). "Preliminary checklist of macrofungi of Vietnam". Feddes Repertorium. 109 (3–4): 257–77 (see p. 262). doi:10.1002/fedr.19981090309.
  28. ↑ Bononi VL. (1984). "Basidiomycetes from the Parque Eestadual da Ilha do Cardoso Brazil 4. Additions to the Hymenochaetaceae, Stereaceae, and Thelephoraceae". Rickia (in Portuguese). 11: 43–52. ISSN   0080-3014.
  29. ↑ Henao LG. (1989). "Notes on the Aphyllophorales of Colombia (Basidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales)". Caldasia (in Spanish). 16 (76): 1–9. ISSN   0366-5232.
  30. ↑ "Thelephora palmata (Scop. : Fr.) Fr., Syst. Mycol. 1: 432 (1821)". Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi. Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2013-03-04.
  31. ↑ Gibbs LS. (1909). "A contribution to the montane flora of Fiji (including Cryptogams), with ecological notes". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Botany. 39 (271): 137–212 (see p. 197). doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1909.tb01193.x.
  32. ↑ Nakamori T, Suzuki A (2010). "Spore resistance and gut-passage time of macrofungi consumed by Ceratophysella denisana (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)". Fungal Ecology. 3: 38–42. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.06.003.
  33. ↑ Moutner J. (1997). "Dyeing with fungi". Mycologist. 11 (4): 175. doi:10.1016/S0269-915X(97)80098-5.

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.