Thermoproteati

For other uses, see tack (disambiguation).

Thermoproteati
Sulfolobus
Scientific classification
Domain:	Archaea
Clade:	Proteoarchaeota
Kingdom:	Thermoproteati Guy & Ettema 2024
Phyla [1]
"Ca. Augarchaeota" "Ca. Nezhaarchaeota" Thermoproteota
Synonyms
"Crenarchaeota" Garrity & Holt 2002 "Eocyta" Lake et al. 1984 [2] [3] "Filarchaeota" Cavalier-Smith 2014 "TACK" Guy & Ettema 2011

Thermoproteati is a kingdom of archaea. Its synonym, "TACK", is an acronym for Thaumarchaeota (now Nitrososphaerota), Aigarchaeota, Crenarchaeota (now Thermoproteota), and Korarchaeota, the first groups discovered. They are found in different environments ranging from acidophilic thermophiles to mesophiles and psychrophiles and with different types of metabolism, predominantly anaerobic and chemosynthetic. ^[4] Thermoproteati is a kingdom that is sister to the Asgard branch that gave rise to the eukaryotes. It has been proposed that the Thermoproteati kingdom be classified as "Crenarchaeota" and that the traditional "Crenarchaeota" (Thermoproteota) be classified as a class called "Sulfolobia", along with the other phyla with class rank or order. ^[5] After including the kingdom category into ICNP, the only validly published name of this group is kingdom Thermoproteati (Guy and Ettema 2024). ^[6]

Classification

• Thermoproteota (formerly "Crenarchaeota"). It is the best-known edge and the most abundant archaea in the marine ecosystem. They were previously called sulfobacteria because of their dependence on sulfur and are important as carbon fixers. There are hyperthermophiles in hydrothermal vents and other groups are the most abundant at depths of less than 100 m.
• "Candidatus Augarchaeota". It is a phylum proposed from the genome of the candidate species "CandidiatusCaldiarchaeumsubterraneum" (now belongs to Thermoproteota as "Candidiatus Caldarchaeum subterraneum") ^{[7] [8]} found deep within a gold mine in Japan. Genomic sequences of this group have also been found in geothermal environments, both terrestrial and marine.

Phylogeny

The relationships are roughly as follows:

McKay et al. 2019 [9]	16S rRNA based LTP_06_2022 [10] [11] [12]	53 marker proteins based GTDB 09-RS220 (24 April 2024) [13] [14] [15]
Thermoproteati "Korarchaeota" "Bathyarchaeota" "Aigarchaeota" Nitrososphaerota "Verstraetearchaeota" Thermoproteota "Geoarchaeota" "Marsarchaeota"	Thermoproteati Nitrososphaerota Conexivisphaeria Conexivisphaerales Nitrososphaeria Nitrososphaerales Nitrosopumilales Thermoproteota Thermoproteia Thermoproteales Fervidicoccales Desulfurococcales 2 Desulfurococcales Sulfolobales	Thermoproteati: "JANJXX01" "Panguiarchaeales" "Korarchaeia" "Korarchaeales" "BAT" "Bathyarchaeia" "Bifangarchaeales" [B24] "Hecatellales" [B25] "Xuanwuarculales" [RBG-16-48-13] "Houtuarculales" [40CM-2-53-6] "Wuzhiqiibiales" [TCS64] "Zhuquarculales" [EX4484-135] "Bathyarchaeales" [B26-1] (MCG) Nitrososphaeria_A "Caldarchaeales" Nitrososphaeria "Geothermarchaeales" Conexivisphaerales Nitrososphaerales "Sulfobacteria" "Methanomethylicia" "Nezhaarchaeales" "Culexarchaeles" "Methanomethylicales" ("Verstraetearchaeota") "Thermoproteia" "Gearchaeales" Thermofilales Thermoproteales "Sulfolobia" "Marsarchaeales" Sulfolobales Thermoproteota

Eocyte hypothesis

Eocyte hypothesis

The eocyte hypothesis proposed in the 1980s by James Lake suggests that eukaryotes emerged within the prokaryotic eocytes. ^[17]

One piece of evidence supporting a close relationship between Thermoproteati and eukaryotes is the presence of a homolog of the RNA polymerase subunit Rbp-8 in Thermoproteota but not in Euryarchaea. ^[18]

See also

• List of Archaea genera

References

1. "Kingdom: Thermoproteati". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
2. Lake, J.A.; Henderson, E.; Oakes, M. (Clark, M.W.) (1984). "Eocytes: A new ribosome structure indicates a kingdom with a close relationship to eukaryotes". PNAS. 81 (12): 3786–3790. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.3786L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.81.12.3786 . PMC   345305 . PMID   6587394.
3. Lake, J.A. (2015). "Eukaryotic origins". Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 370 (1678): 20140321. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0321. PMC   4571561 . PMID   26323753.
4. Guy, Lionel; Ettema, Thijs J.G. (2011). "The archaeal 'TACK' superphylum and the origin of eukaryotes". Trends in Microbiology. 19 (12): 580–587. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2011.09.002. PMID   22018741.
5. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Chao, Ema E-Yung (2020). "Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria)". Protoplasma. 257 (3): 621–753. doi:10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7. PMC   7203096 . PMID   31900730.
6. Göker, Markus; Oren, Aharon (22 January 2024). "Valid publication of names of two domains and seven kingdoms of prokaryotes". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 74 (1). doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.006242. ISSN   1466-5026. PMID   38252124.
7. "Species: Caldiarchaeum subterraneum". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
8. "Species: Caldarchaeum subterraneum". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2025-04-02.
9. McKay, L.J., Dlakić, M., Fields, M.W. et al. Co-occurring genomic capacity for anaerobic methane and dissimilatory sulfur metabolisms discovered in the Korarchaeota. Nat Microbiol 4, 614–622 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41564-019-0362-4
10. "The LTP". The All-Species Living Tree Project . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
11. "LTP_all tree in newick format". The All-Species Living Tree Project . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
12. "LTP_06_2022 Release Notes" (PDF). The All-Species Living Tree Project . Retrieved 10 May 2023.
13. "GTDB release 09-RS220". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
14. "ar53_r220.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
15. "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database . Retrieved 10 May 2024.
16. Cox, C. J.; Foster, P. G.; Hirt, R. P.; Harris, S. R.; Embley, T. M. (2008). "The archaebacterial origin of eukaryotes". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105 (51): 20356–61. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520356C. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0810647105 . PMC   2629343 . PMID   19073919.
17. (UCLA) The origin of the nucleus and the tree of life Archived 2003-02-07 at archive.today
18. Kwapisz, M.; Beckouët, F.; Thuriaux, P. (2008). "Early evolution of eukaryotic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases". Trends Genet. 24 (5): 211–5. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.002. PMID   18384908.