Tiki Formation

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Tiki Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian-Norian
Type Geological formation
Unit of Gondwana Group
Sub-unitsLower & Upper members
UnderliesUnconformity with the Parsora Formation
Overlies Karki Formation
Lithology
Primary Mudstone
Other Claystone, sandstone
Location
Coordinates 23°54′N81°24′E / 23.9°N 81.4°E / 23.9; 81.4
Approximate paleocoordinates 42°36′S51°06′E / 42.6°S 51.1°E / -42.6; 51.1
Region Madhya Pradesh
Country India
Type section
Named forTiki village
India relief location map.jpg
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Tiki Formation (India)
India Madhya Pradesh relief map.svg
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Tiki Formation (Madhya Pradesh)

The Tiki Formation is a Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) geologic formation in Madhya Pradesh, northern India. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation, although none have yet been referred to a specific genus. [1] Phytosaur remains attributable to the genus Volcanosuchus have also been found in the Tiki Formation. [2]

Contents

The genera Tikiodon , Tikitherium and Tikisuchus and species Rewaconodon tikiensis , Hyperodapedon tikiensis and Parvodus tikiensis have been named after the Tiki Formation.

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxonTaxon falsely reported as presentDubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon

Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Reptiles

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Herrerasauridae [3] [4] indeterminateNumerous small partial and complete vertebrae and partial limb bones.An indeterminate herrerasaurid, closely related to Gnathovorax .
Sauropodomorpha [3] indeterminateTwo semi articulated sarcal Vertebrae and a astragalus.An indeterminate sauropodomorph, closely related to Buriolestes and Eoraptor .
Theropoda [3] indeterminateFive teeth and phalanax.An indeterminate theropod.
Ornithischia [5] [6] indeterminateTeeth.An indeterminate putative ornithischia.

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs

Non-dinosaur Archosaurs of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Tikisuchus [7] T. romeriPartial skull and skeleton of a young individual.A putative rauisuchid.
Desmatosuchinae [8] indeterminateOsteodermsAn indeterminate aetosaur.
Pseudosuchia [9] indeterminateAn indeterminate pseudosuchian.
Rewasaurus [10] R. minoriA sulcimentisaurian silesaurid

Non-archosaur Reptiles

Non-archosaur Reptiles of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Colossosuchus [11] C. techniensisNumerous skulls and post cranial material from several individuals.A large sized phytosaur.
Volcanosuchus [12] V. statisticaeA skull.A Phytosaur.
Parasuchus [7] [6] P. hislopiSkull.A Phytosaur.
Phytosauria [5] [13] [14] indeterminateAt least 52 specimens.Indeterminate phytosaurs.
Clevosaurus [15] C. nicholsiJaw fragments.A clevosaurid rhynchocephalian.
Sphenodontia [16] [5] [6] indeterminateIndeterminate rhynchocephalian.
Hyperodapedon [17] [6] H. huxleyiRare maxillary tooth plate.A large sized hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
H. tikiensisVarious cranial and postcranial elements.A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur.
Azendohsaurus [16] A. sp.TeethAn azendohsaurid allokotosaur.
Protecovasaurus [18] P. sp.TeethAn indeterminate diapsid.
Galtonia [18] G. sp.TeethAn indeterminate diapsid.

Synapsids

Cynodont

Cynodonts of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Gondwanadon [19] [20] G. tapaniA single molarA morganucodont
Inditherium [19] I. floris [19] Three postcanine teethA dromatheriid
Rewaconodon [19] R. indicus [19] A partial jaw and three postcanine teethA dromatheriid
R. tikiensis [6]
Ruberodon [19] [21] R. roychowdhuriiFive partial jawsA traversodontid
Tikiodon [19] T. cromptoniA single postcanine toothA mammaliamorph
Tikitherium [19] [22] T. copeiA single postcanine toothA mammaliaform. Initially described as a basal mammaliaform related to Docodonta, but later redescribed as a Neogene shrew fossil that was reworked into the older deposit. [23]
Cynodontia indet.

Amphibians

Temnospondyls

Temnospondyls of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Compsocerops [24] C. tikiensisA chigutisaurid temnospondyl
Metoposaurus [7] M. sp.A metoposaurid temnospondyl
Panthasaurus P. maleriensisA metoposaurid temnospondyl
Metoposauridae [14] indeterminateAt least 655 specimensAn indeterminate metoposaurid.

Other Amphibians

Other Amphibians of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Eodiscoglossus [6] E. spAn incomplete jawA discoglossid frog

Actinopterygiis

Actinopterygiis of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Gnathorhiza G. sp. [25] Teeth.A gnathorhizid lungfish.
Ptychoceratodus P. oldhami [25] Teeth.A ptychoceratodontid lungfish.
Actinopterygii [6] indeterminateAn indeterminate actinopterygii.
Coelacanthidae [6] indeterminateAn indeterminate coelacanthid.

Chondrichthyes

Chondrichthyes of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Cladodus [6] C. sp.Teeth.A ctenacanth.
Lonchidion L. estesiA hybodont.
L. encumbensA hybodont.
Mooreodontus [16] M. indicus [26] Teeth.A xenacanthid.
M. jaini [26] Teeth.
Pristrisodus [27] P. tikiensis [27] Teeth.A hybodont, formerly known as Parvodus tikiensis and Lissodus duffini. [6]
Tikiodontus [26] T. asymmetricus [26] Teeth.A xenacanthid.

Flora

Flora of the Tiki Formation
GenusSpeciesMaterialNotes
Pagiophyllum [28] P. boseiA Pinid.
Yabeiella [28] Y. indicaA Cycadeoid.
Lepidopteris [28] L. stormbergensisA Peltaspermaceae.
Desmiophyllum [28] D. singhiiA Coniferales.
Elatocladus [28] E. raoiA Coniferales.
E. sp.
E. denticulatus
Dicroidium [28] D. coriaceumA Corystospermales.
D. giarensis
D. zuberi
D. cf. odontopteroides
D. sp.
Xylopteris [28] X. sp.A Corystospermales.
Sphenobaiera [28] S. janarensisA Ginkgoales.
Baiera [28] B. sp.A Ginkgoales.
Thinnfeldia [28] T. hughesiA Pteridosperm.
Baieroxylon [29] B. cicatricumA Ginkgoales.

Correlations

The Tiki Formation is considered a temporal equivalent of the Lower Maleri Formation. The majority of the Tiki Formation correlates with the Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina, the upper part of the Santa Maria Formation, and the overlying lower Caturrita Formation of Brazil, the Isalo II Beds of Madagascar, Lossiemouth Sandstone of Scotland, and the lower Tecovas Formation of the Chinle Group of North America.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Weishampel et al., 2004, "Dinosaur distribution", pp. 517-607
  2. ↑ Chatterjee, 1978
  3. 1 2 3 Sen, S.; Bagchi, S.; Ray, S. (2025). "Biogeographical network analysis of the Late Triassic dinosaurs and new insights on their geodispersal routes". Gondwana Research. 144: 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2025.04.007.
  4. ↑ Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Safi; Mukherjee, Debarati; Datta, P. M. (2016-12-31). "Vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation of India: new finds and their biostratigraphic implications". Journal of Palaeosciences. 65 ((1-2)): 47–59. doi: 10.54991/jop.2016.298 . ISSN   2583-4266.
  5. 1 2 3 Datta et al., 2005
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Kumar & Sharma, 2019
  7. 1 2 3 Chatterjee & Majumdar, 1987
  8. ↑ Haldar, A.; Ray, S. (2025). "First report of desmatosuchine aetosaur (Pseudosuchia, Aetosauriformes) osteoderms from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India: Their complex internal vascular system, functional significance and biostratigraphy". Journal of Anatomy. doi:10.1111/joa.14255. PMID   40205778.
  9. ↑ Huene, 1940
  10. ↑ Sen, S.; Basu, P.; Ray, S. (2026). "First definitive record of a silesaurid (Avemetatarsalia: Dinosauriformes) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on its origin and dispersal". The Anatomical Record. doi:10.1002/ar.70366.
  11. ↑ Datta, D.; Ray, S. (2023). "A giant phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India with new insights on phytosaur migration, endemism and extinction". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (1). e1476. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1476D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1476. S2CID   257103850.
  12. ↑ Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati (2021). "Cranial morphology of a new phytosaur (Diapsida, Archosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for phytosaur phylogeny and biostratigraphy". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 675–708. Bibcode:2021PPal....7..675D. doi:10.1002/spp2.1292. ISSN   2056-2802. S2CID   213698017.
  13. ↑ Mukherjee & Ray, 2012
  14. 1 2 Rakshit, N. & Ray, S. (2020). "Mortality dynamics and fossilisation pathways of a new metoposaurid-dominated multitaxic bonebed from India: a window into the Late Triassic vertebrate palaeoecosystem". Historical Biology
  15. ↑ Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, Debajit; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2023-01-02). "A new clevosaurid (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia) from the Upper Triassic of India" . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 43 (1). doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2232833. ISSN   0272-4634.
  16. 1 2 3 Singh, Y. Priyananda; Sharma, K. Milankumar; Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Patnaik, Rajeev; Singh, Nongmaithem Amardas; Singh, Ningthoujam Premjit (27 March 2023). "Lepidosauromorphs and associated vertebrate fauna from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation, South Rewa, Gondwana basin, India: implication for paleoenvironment and paleobiogeography" . Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy . 89 (2): 325–346. Bibcode:2023INSAP..89..325S. doi:10.1007/s43538-023-00162-0. ISSN   0370-0046 . Retrieved 27 December 2024– via Springer Nature Link.
  17. ↑ Mukherjee, Debarati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2014). Benson, Roger (ed.). "A new Hyperodapedon (Archosauromorpha, Rhynchosauria) from the Upper Triassic of India: implications for rhynchosaur phylogeny". Palaeontology. 57 (6): 1241–1276. Bibcode:2014Palgy..57.1241M. doi:10.1111/pala.12113. ISSN   0031-0239.
  18. 1 2 Ray, Sanghamitra; Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Datta, P. M. (2021-02-01). "First record of varied archosauriforms from the Upper Triassic of India based on isolated teeth, and their biostratigraphic implications" . Historical Biology. 33 (2): 237–253. Bibcode:2021HBio...33..237R. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1609957. ISSN   0891-2963.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bhat, M. S.; Ray, S.; Datta, P. M. (2020). "New cynodonts (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from the Late Triassic of India and their significances". Journal of Paleontology. 95 (2): 376–393. doi:10.1017/jpa.2020.95.
  20. ↑ Datta & Das, 1996
  21. ↑ Ray, S. (2015). "A new Late Triassic traversodontid cynodont (Therapsida, Eucynodontia) from India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 35 (3) e930472. Bibcode:2015JVPal..35E0472R. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.930472. S2CID   86368800.
  22. ↑ Datta, P. M. (2005). "Earliest mammal with transversely expanded upper molar from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology . 25 (1): 200–207. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0200:EMWTEU]2.0.CO;2.
  23. ↑ Averianov, Alexander O.; Voyta, Leonid L. (March 2024). "Putative Triassic stem mammal Tikitherium copei is a Neogene shrew" . Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 31 (1). doi:10.1007/s10914-024-09703-w. ISSN   1064-7554.
  24. ↑ Chakravorti, Sanjukta; Sengupta, Dhurjati Prasad (2023-03-06). "The first record of chigutisaurid amphibian from the Late Triassic Tiki Formation and the probable Carnian pluvial episode in central India". PeerJ. 11 e14865. doi: 10.7717/peerj.14865 . ISSN   2167-8359. PMC   9997194 .
  25. 1 2 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra (2020-03-15). "A record of new lungfishes (Osteichthyes: Dipnoi) from the Carnian (Upper Triassic) of India" . Historical Biology. 32 (3): 428–437. Bibcode:2020HBio...32..428B. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1499020. ISSN   0891-2963.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P.M. (2018). "A new assemblage of freshwater sharks (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic of India" . Geobios. 51 (4): 269–283. Bibcode:2018Geobi..51..269B. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.004.
  27. 1 2 Bhat, Mohd Shafi; Ray, Sanghamitra; Datta, P. M. (2018). "A new hybodont shark (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the Upper Triassic Tiki Formation of India with remarks on its dental histology and biostratigraphy" . Journal of Paleontology. 92 (2): 221–239. Bibcode:2018JPal...92..221B. doi:10.1017/jpa.2017.63. ISSN   0022-3360.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pal, P.K. (1984). "Triassic plant megafossils from the Tiki Formation, South Rewa Gondwana Basin, India". The Palaeobotanist32(3):253-309.
  29. ↑ Chandra, S. & Tewari, R. (1991). "A Catalogue of Fossil Plants from India Part 2: Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Megafossils". 1-81
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