The Town class was a group of twenty-one light cruisers built for the Royal Navy (RN) and Royal Australian Navy (RAN) of the first half of the 20th century. These vessels were long-range cruisers, suitable for patrolling the vast expanse covered by the British Empire. These ships, initially rated as second class cruisers, were built to a series of designs, known as the Bristol (five ships), Weymouth (four ships), Chatham (three RN ships, plus three RAN ships), Birmingham (three ships, plus one similar RAN ship) and Birkenhead (two ships) classes – all having the names of British towns except for the RAN ships, which were named after Australian cities.
Left elevation and deck plan of Bristol sub-class as depicted in Jane's Fighting Ships 1914
The Bristol class[lower-alpha 1] were all ordered under the 1908–09 Programme and commissioned in late 1910.[2] They were second class cruisers suitable for a variety of roles including both trade protection and fleet duties.[3] They were 453 feet (138.1m)long overall, with a beam of 47 feet (14.3m) and a draught of 15feet 6inches (4.7m). Displacement was 4,800 long tons (4,900t) normal and 5,300 long tons (5,400t) full load. Twelve Yarrow three-drum boilers fed steam turbines rated at 22,000 shaft horsepower (16,000kW), giving a speed of 25 knots (46km/h; 29mph). One ship, Bristol, had Brown-Curtis turbines driving two propeller shafts, while the remaining three ships used Parsons turbines driving four shafts.[3] Speed during sea trials varied between 25.856 knots (47.885km/h; 29.755mph) (Glasgow) and 27.012 knots (50.026km/h; 31.085mph) (Bristol).[4] The experimental two-shaft layout of Bristol was successful, giving greater efficiency, especially at lower speeds.[5] The ships used both coal and oil for fuel, with 1353 tons of coal and 260 tons of oil carried,[6] giving an endurance of about 5,070 nautical miles (9,390km; 5,830mi) at 16 knots (30km/h; 18mph).[3]
The Bristols were protected cruisers, with an armoured deck providing protection for the ships' vitals. The armoured deck was 2 inches (51mm) thick over the magazines and machinery, 1 inch (25mm) over the steering gear and 3⁄4 inch (19mm) elsewhere. The conning tower was protected by 6 inches (150mm) of armour, with the gun shields having 3 inches (76mm) armour, as did the ammunition hoists.[5] As the protective deck was at waterline, the ships were given a large metacentric height so that they would remain stable in the event of flooding above the armoured deck. This, however, resulted in the ships rolling badly, making them poor gun platforms.[7] One problem with the armour of the Bristols which was shared with the other Town-class ships was the sizable gap between the bottom of the gun shields and the deck, which allowed shell splinters to pass through the gap, leading to large numbers of leg injuries in the ships' gun crews.[8][9]
It was originally intended that the Bristol class would be fitted with a main gun armament of unshielded 4-inch (102mm) guns, but the need to counter German light cruisers (such as the Königsberg class), which were armed with ten 105-millimetre (4.1in) guns that outranged British 4-inch guns, resulted in the new class's armament being revised.[3][7] They had two BL 6-inch (152 mm) Mk XI naval guns mounted on the ships' centreline fore and aft, with ten BL 4-inch Mk VII guns in waist mountings. All these guns were fitted with shields.[3] Four Vickers 3-pounder (47 mm)saluting guns were fitted, while two submerged 18 inch (450 mm) torpedotubes were fitted, with seven torpedoes carried.[10] This armament was considered rather too light for ships of this size,[11] while the waist guns were subject to immersion in a high sea, making them difficult to work.[7]
They had a crew of 480 officers and men,[3] with the officers accommodated in the forward part of the ship, rather than aft as per tradition, following the instructions of Admiral Fisher to improve fighting efficiency. This arrangement was unpopular, however, as it was preferred to keep officer's and other ranks accommodation separate for disciplinary reasons, while the Bristol class were very cramped, with only 12.5 square feet (1.16m2) for each seaman to live, eat, and sleep.[7][12][13] In the First World War, the class's anti-aircraft armament was increased with the fitting of a single QF 3 inch (76 mm) 20 cwt gun.[3]
Weymouth class
The Weymouth class[lower-alpha 2] were ordered under the 1909–1910 Programme and commissioned between 1911 and 1912.[2] Major changes from the Bristol class included a heavier main armament of eight 6 in guns, and changes to improve seaworthiness and reduce overcrowding.[11] They were 453 feet (138.1m) long overall, with a beam of 48feet 6inches (14.78m) and a draught of 15feet 6inches (4.7m). Displacement was 5,250 long tons (5,330t) normal and 5,800 long tons (5,900t) full load. Machinery was similar to the Bristol class, with again a single example (Yarmouth) having the Brown-Curtis turbines and two-shaft arrangement used in Bristol, while the remaining three ships had the four-shaft, Yarrow turbine machinery. Speed remained 25 knots.[14]
HMS Weymouth
Armour remained unchanged from the Bristols,[5] while the main gun armament was changed to eight BL 6 inch Mk XI guns. The arrangement of the armament was revised, with three guns (one on the centreline and two on the beam) on an enlarged forecastle that also provided accommodation for the ships' officers. The remaining waist guns were protected by a bulwark to make them more weather resistant. Torpedo armament was increased, with two 21-inch (533mm) submerged tubes (with seven torpedoes carried), while the ships' armament was completed by four 3-pounder saluting guns.[14][10]
The class saw a number of alterations during the war, including the addition of a single 3in (76mm) AA gun in 1915, while the surviving ships were fitted with director control equipment for the ships' guns on a new tripod foremast.[14] In 1917, Yarmouth was the first light cruiser to be able to operate aircraft, being fitted with a ramp above the conning tower and forecastle gun to allow a Sopwith Pup to be launched from the ship, although the aircraft could not land back on it so the pilot would have to ditch into the sea if it was not possible to reach land.[15][12] In 1918, Weymouth also received a similar installation.[14]
Chatham class
HMS Dublin
The Chatham class[lower-alpha 3] of six ships, three for the Royal Navy and three for Australia (of which one was to be built in Australia) were ordered under the 1910–1911 Programme. The five British-built ships commissioned between 1912 and 1913, while Brisbane, the Australian-built ship was laid down in 1913 and completed in 1916.[2] The major difference between the Chathams and the earlier Towns was a revised armour scheme. While the earlier ships were protected cruisers, depending on an armoured deck deep within the ship to protect machinery and magazines, the Chathams relied on a vertical belt of armour.[16]
The Chatham class were 458 feet (139.6m) long overall, with a beam of 49 feet (14.9m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9m). Displacement was 5,400 long tons (5,500t) normal and 6,000 long tons (6,100t) full load.[16] The belt consisted of 2-inch (51mm) of nickel-steel on top of 1-inch (25mm) of high-tensile steel, tapering from 3–2+1⁄2-inch (76–64mm) forward and to 2-inch (51mm) aft. It covered from 8.25–10.5 feet (2.51–3.20m) above the waterline to 2.5 feet (0.76m) below it. This belt was part of the load bearing structure of the ship, reducing the overall weight of structure required. A thin armoured deck, 3⁄8 inch (9.5mm) over most of its length and 1+1⁄2 inches (38mm) over the steering gear, was retained, mainly as a watertight deck.[5] The ships' forecastle was again extended aft, reaching two-thirds of the length of the ship, and allowing two more guns to be raised up onto the forecastle, while the ships' metacentric height was reduced, making the ships better gun platforms.[17] Officer's accommodation was moved back to the rear of the ships in this class.[12] Machinery layout was again similar to the earlier Towns, with one ship, Southampton, having a two-shaft layout. It was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2km/h; 29.3mph).[16]
While main armament again consisted of eight 6in guns in single mountings, a new gun, the BL 6 inch Mk XII was used. This was shorter and lighter than the Mk XI guns used in earlier ships, and while range was slightly less (14,000 yards (13,000m) compared to 14,600 yards (13,400m)[4]), they were much easier to handle in rough weather and were more accurate.[16][17] They had larger magazines, giving up to 200 rounds per gun rather than 150 in earlier ships.[8] The remaining armament was unchanged.[16]
Wartime changes were similar to those made to the Weymouths, with a 3-inch anti-aircraft gun fitted during 1915 and director control with its associated tripod mast fitted later in the war. Four of the ships (Dublin, Southampton, Melbourne and Sydney) were fitted for platforms for operating aircraft.[18]
The 1911–1912 Programme brought the Birmingham class. Three ships were ordered for the Royal Navy, commissioning in 1914.[2] A fourth, similar, ship, Adelaide, was built in Sydney for Australia. The First World War caused the construction of Adelaide, which was reliant on materials and parts from the United Kingdom, to be heavily delayed, with Adelaide not completing until 1922.[19] They were closely based on the Chatham class but with a revised armament. While in theory, three guns could fire forwards in the previous arrangement (the forward centreline gun and the forward two waist guns), in practice the effects of blast from the waist guns on the bridge and conning tower prevented this. The solution was to mount two guns side-by side on the forecastle, forward of the bridge, giving a total armament of nine BL 6 inch Mk XII guns. The remainder of the armament was unchanged (i.e. four 3-pounder saluting guns and two submerged 21-inch torpedo tubes).[8][18]
The ships were 457 feet (139.3m) long overall (Adelaide was 462feet 9inches (141.05m) long), with a beam of 50 feet (15.2m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9m). They displaced 5,440 long tons (5,530t) normal and 6,040 long tons (6,140t) deep load (Adelaide displaced 5,550 long tons (5,640t) normal and 6,160 long tons (6,260t) deep load). The ships' forecastle had increased flare to reduce spray.[18] The ships' machinery[lower-alpha 4] was rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000kW) giving a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2km/h; 29.3mph).[18]
A 3-inch anti-aircraft gun was fitted in 1915, while Lowestoft and Birmingham were fitted with director control. (Nottingham was lost before it could be fitted).[18]Adelaide was completed with these modifications, and received a major refit in the 1930s, with coal-fired boilers being removed along with a funnel, reducing the ship's speed, while one 6-inch was removed, with 4-inch anti-aircraft guns added. She was subject to further armament revisions during the Second World War, with more 6- and 4-inch guns removed to accommodate depth charge throwers, and radar being fitted.[19]
Further developments: Atlantic cruisers and Hawkins class
In 1912, work began on a new cruiser for trade protection duties in response to rumours of large German cruisers that were thought to being built for commerce raiding. A series of designs were drawn up for what became known as the "Atlantic cruiser", featuring various combinations of 7.5-inch (190mm) and 6-inch guns, mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers and speeds of between 26 knots (48km/h; 30mph) and 28 knots (52km/h; 32mph). When the rumoured German ships proved to be false, the Atlantic cruiser was abandoned.[22]
In 1915, as a response to German commerce raiding in the early months of the war, the British Admiralty decided to build a new class of large, fast and heavily armed cruisers for trade protection work. Again, a mixed armament of 7.5 in and 6 in guns were chosen, with mixed oil- and coal-fired boilers in order to aid operations in distant waters where oil supplies would be limited. The new design became known as the "Improved Birmingham" class or Hawkins class, with five being built, completing between 1918 and 1925.[23][24]
Birkenhead class
In early 1914, the Greek Navy, in response to Turkish naval expansion, placed an order with the Coventry Syndicate, a consortium of the shipbuilders Cammell Laird, Fairfields, John Brown and the armament company Coventry Ordnance Works, for two light cruisers and four destroyers.[lower-alpha 5] The light cruisers, which were both to be built by Cammell Laird, and to be named Antinavarchos Kountouriotis and Lambros Katsonis, were based on the design of the Chatham and Birmingham classes, but with a revised armament to be supplied by the Coventry Ordnance Works.[26][27]
The new cruisers were 446 feet (135.9m) long overall, with a beam of 50 feet (15.2m) and a draught of 16 feet (4.9m). Displacement was between 5,185 long tons (5,268t) and 5,235 long tons (5,319t) normal, and between 5,795 long tons (5,888t) and 5,845 long tons (5,939t) deep load. Armour was as fitted to the Chathams.[27] Machinery was also as in the Chathams. The first ship, later to become Birkenhead, had the same mixed oil-and coal-fired boilers, with the machinery rated at 25,000 shaft horsepower (19,000kW) with a speed of 25.5 knots (47.2km/h; 29.3mph), but the second ship (later Chester) had all oil-fired boilers, which boosted power to 31,000 shaft horsepower (23,000kW) and speed to 26.5 knots (49.1km/h; 30.5mph).[27] The ships' main armament was ten QF 5.5 in (140 mm) Mark I guns (50 calibres long) to a new design by Coventry Ordnance Works. The guns fired an 82-pound (37kg) shell to a range of 13,100 yards (12,000m). The lighter shell was easier to handle, and gave a greater rate of fire.[28][29] It was planned to fit the ships with two 12-pounder 76mm (3.0in) (76mm) anti-aircraft guns, while two 21-inch torpedo tubes were fitted.[8]
Work continued on the two ships for the Greeks after the outbreak of the First World War, but early in 1915,[lower-alpha 6] with no sign of an end to the war, the British Admiralty took over the contract for the two ships, which became the Birkenhead class, together with the 5.5-inch guns and ammunition.[30] The ships' main armament was kept by the Royal Navy, and proved to be successful in service, with the 5.5 in gun being selected as secondary armament for the battlecruisers HMSHood and HMSFurious and the aircraft carrier HMSHermes. The 12-pounder 76mm (3.0in) anti-aircraft guns were unavailable, however, and Vickers 3-pounder guns were fitted in their place.[8]
After the war, they were offered for sale back to the Greeks, but this offer was not taken up.[31]
Torpedoed by German submarine U-66 in the North Sea and damaged 19 August 1916, then torpedoed by German submarine U-63 the next day and sunk off Flamborough Head.[14][35]
Transferred to the New Zealand Navy 11 September 1920, but returned to Royal Navy 1924.[18] Sold for breaking up to Thos. W. Ward, Pembroke Dock, 13 July 1926.[34]
The class saw much service in the First World War and many of the ships left their mark on history. Ships of the class saw action at the Battles of Coronel, the Battle of the Falkland Islands and the Battle of Heligoland Bight in 1914.[41] That same year, Sydney attacked SMSEmden in an action that lasted over an hour and resulted in the German warship being beached by her captain to avoid his ship sinking.[42] Also that year, Birmingham became the first ship to sink a submarine when she rammed the German submarine U-15 on 9 August.[43]
In 1915, HMS Glasgow found SMSDresden, which had escaped from the engagement at the Falkland Islands the previous year, in which Glasgow had helped in sinking SMSLeipzig. Dresden was eventually scuttled by her own crew after a short engagement. Ships of the class also took part in the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915.
HMS Chester, showing damage sustained at the Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916
In 1916, ships of the class also saw action at the Battle of Jutland, the largest surface engagement of the First World War . In 1917, a Sopwith Pup from HMS Yarmouth became the first aircraft from a cruiser to shoot down an aircraft, specifically the Zeppelin L23. The ships of the class saw more service than mentioned above, including action against German merchant ships. During the course of the war, two ships of the class were sunk: these were HMS Falmouth and HMS Nottingham, both torpedoed by German submarines.
After the end of the First World War, the surviving ships performed a variety of duties, including service on foreign stations. All ships, except Adelaide, were scrapped by the 1930s. Adelaide saw an extensive refit between 1938 and 1939. However, Adelaide was obsolete when the Second World War began, and she saw limited service, performing patrol and escort duties in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. She was decommissioned in 1945, but recommissioned to become a tender at Sydney. She was broken up in 1949.
↑ Often known as the Falmouth class, particularly in contemporary accounts.[1]
↑ Also known as the Melbourne class, the Dublin class and the Southampton class.[1]
↑ Sources differ as to the layout of the machinery. Preston[18] says that the Birminghams were four-shaft ships, while Lyon[5] says that they were two-shaft ships, with Parsons turbines. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931 and Whitley say that Adelaide had two shafts,[19][20] while Brook says that Birmingham also had two-shaft machinery.[21]
↑ Greece also ordered battleships from Germany and France.[25]
↑ The British requisition of the order took place sometime after 18 January 1915, when the first ship, Antinavarchos Kountouriotis, was launched.[27]
↑ While Preston[14] and Dittmar and Colledge[33] state that Dartmouth was launched on 14 December, Lyon states 13 February 1911.[2]
↑ While Lyon[2] and Preston[16] have Dublin launched on 9 November 1911, Dittmar and Colledge[36] and Colledge[37] say she was launched on 30 April 1912.
↑ Lyon[2] and Preston[18] state 28 April, while Dittmar and Colledge[36] and Colledge[38] state 23 April.
The Beagle class was a class of sixteen destroyers of the Royal Navy, all ordered under the 1908-1909 programme and launched in 1909 and 1910. The Beagles served during World War I, particularly during the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915.
The Arethusa-class cruisers were a class of eight oil-fired light cruisers of the Royal Navy all ordered in September 1912, primarily for service in the North Sea. They had three funnels with the middle one somewhat larger in diameter than the others. All served in the First World War. They were found to be very cramped internally.
HMS Arethusa was the name ship of her class of eight light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She saw a considerable amount of action during the early years of the First World War, participating in the Battle of Heligoland Bight and the Battle of Dogger Bank.
The Hawkins class consisted of five heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War, although none of them saw service during the war. The first ship to be completed, HMS Vindictive, was renamed from HMS Cavendish and converted into an aircraft carrier while under construction. All ships were named after Elizabethan sea captains. The three ships remaining as cruisers in 1939 served in the Second World War, with Effingham being an early war loss through wreck; Raleigh had been lost in a similar shipwreck on uncharted rocks in 1922. Vindictive, though no longer a cruiser, also served throughout the War. This class formed the basis for the definition of the maximum cruiser type under the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922.
HMS Southampton was a Town-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She was a member of the Chatham sub-class of the Town class. The ship survived the First World War and was sold for scrap in 1926.
HMS Raleigh was one of five Hawkins-class heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War, although the ship was not completed until 1921. She was assigned to the North America and West Indies Station when she commissioned and often served as a flagship. After visiting ports in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico and both coasts of the United States and Canada in 1921–1922, Raleigh ran aground off Labrador in August 1922 with the loss of a dozen crewmen. The ship was partially salvaged in place and was demolished with explosives in 1926, although she remains a diveable wreck in very shallow water.
HMS Chester was a Town-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy, one of two ships forming the Birkenhead subtype. Along with sister ship, Birkenhead, she was originally ordered for the Greek Navy in 1914 and was to be named Lambros Katsonis. The order was placed with Cammell Laird and production continued for the Greek account after the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914. In 1915 the two cruisers were purchased by the British government. She fought at the Battle of Jutland where casualties included John 'Jack' Cornwell who was awarded the highest honour, aged 16.
HMS Cassandra was a C-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy. She was part of the Caledon group of the C class of cruisers. Cassandra had a short career, being commissioned in June 1917 and sunk by a mine during the British intervention in the Russian Civil War on 5 December 1918.
HMS Caledon was a C-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was the name ship of the Caledon sub-class of the C class. She survived both world wars to be scrapped in 1948.
HMS Conquest was a C-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy that saw service during World War I. She was part of the Caroline group of the C class.
HMS Undaunted was one of eight Arethusa-class light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s.
HMS Weymouth was a Town-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. She was the name ship of the Weymouth sub-class of the Town class. The ship survived the First World War and was sold for scrap in 1928.
HMS Falmouth was a Town-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy during the 1910s. She was one of four ships of the Weymouth sub-class. The ship was initially assigned to the Atlantic Fleet upon completion in 1911, but was reduced to reserve in mid-1913. When the First World War began in 1914, Falmouth was transferred to the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron (LCS) of the Grand Fleet and then the 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron at the end of the year. The ship participated in most of the early fleet actions, including the Battles of Heligoland Bight, Dogger Bank, and Jutland, but was only seriously engaged in the latter. She was torpedoed and sunk off Flamborough Head, Yorkshire by German submarines during the action of 19 August 1916.
HMS Chatham was a Town-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She was the name ship of her sub-class of the Town class. The ship survived the First World War and was sold for scrap in 1926.
HMS Lowestoft was a Town-class light cruiser built for the Royal Navy in the 1910s. She was a member of the Birmingham sub-class of the Town class. She survived World War I and was sold for scrap in 1931.
HMS Birkenhead was one of two Town-class light cruisers originally ordered for the Greek Navy in 1914. She was to be named Antinavarchos Kountouriotis after Vice Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis. The order was placed with Cammell Laird and production continued for the Greek account after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914. In 1915, however, the two cruisers were purchased by the British government, and entered service with the Royal Navy.
HMS Frobisher was one of five Hawkins-class heavy cruisers built for the Royal Navy during the First World War. She was not finished during the war and construction proceeded very slowly after the end of the war in 1918. Completed in 1924, the ship was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet and was transferred to the Atlantic Fleet in 1929, sometimes serving as a flagship. Placed in reserve in 1930, Frobisher was converted into a cadet training ship in 1932 before being returned to reserve in 1937. Two years later she was reactivated to again serve as a training ship.
HMS Thisbe was an R-class destroyer which served in the Royal Navy during World War I. The R class were an improvement on the previous M class with geared steam turbines to improve efficiency. Built by Hawthorn Leslie and launched on 8 March 1917, the destroyer served as part of the Harwich Force. In 1918, the destroyer towed a flying boat on a lighter to take part in operations off the coast of Heligoland, although the aircraft failed to take off. After the war, the destroyer was placed in reserve, and participated in trials with the Compass Department in 1925. The ship was sold to be broken up on 31 August 1936.
HMS Urchin was a Modified Admiralty R-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The Modified R class added attributes of the Yarrow Later M class to improve the capability of the ships to operate in bad weather. The destroyer was the third ship in the Navy to be named after the sea urchin and the first in the class to be built by Palmers in Jarrow. Launched in 1917, Urchin served with the Grand Fleet, seeing action in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight. After the war, the destroyer was remained in service until being retired and sold to be broken up in 1930.
HMS Medway was a Admiralty M-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the First World War. The M class were an improvement on the previous Laforey-class, capable of higher speed. Originally laid down as HMS Redwing by J. Samuel White at East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, the vessel was renamed before being launched on 8 March 1916. The vessel was allocated to the Grand Fleet and served in the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight in support of the First Light Cruiser Squadron in their action against German light cruisers and minesweepers. During the action, the ship did not record any hits. After the War, the destroyer was placed in reserve and subsequently sold to be broken up on 9 May 1921.
References
Brook, Peter (1999). Warships for Escort: Armstrong Warships 1867–1927. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN0-905617-89-4.
Brown, David K. (2010). The Grand Fleet: Warship Design and Development 1906–1922. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-84832-085-7.
Friedman, Norman (2011). Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations; An Illustrated Directory. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN978-1-84832-100-7.
Grant, Robert M. (1964). U-Boats Destroyed: The Effects of Anti-Submarine Warfare 1914–1918. London: Putnam. OCLC621719619.
Parkes, Oscar (1973) [First published 1931 by Sampson Low, Marston & Co.]. Jane's Fighting Ships 1931. Newton Abbot, United Kingdom: David & Charles (Publishers) Limited. ISBN0-7153-5849-9.
Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp.1–104. ISBN0-85177-245-5.
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