Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug or poison. These pathways are a form of biotransformation present in all major groups of organisms and are considered to be of ancient origin. These reactions often act to detoxify poisonous compounds. The study of drug metabolism is called pharmacokinetics.
Cytochrome P450 2A6 is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP2A6 is the primary enzyme responsible for the oxidation of nicotine and cotinine. It is also involved in the metabolism of several pharmaceuticals, carcinogens, and a number of coumarin-type alkaloids. CYP2A6 is the only enzyme in the human body that appreciably catalyzes the 7-hydroxylation of coumarin, such that the formation of the product of this reaction, 7-hydroxycoumarin, is used as a probe for CYP2A6 activity.
In enzymology, sarcosine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.8.3) is a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction N-demethylation of sarcosine to give glycine. This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-NH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sarcosine:acceptor oxidoreductase (demethylating). Other names in common use include sarcosine N-demethylase, monomethylglycine dehydrogenase, and sarcosine:(acceptor) oxidoreductase (demethylating). Sarcosine dehydrogenase is closely related to dimethylglycine dehydrogenase, which catalyzes the demethylation reaction of dimethylglycine to sarcosine. Both sarcosine dehydrogenase and dimethylglycine dehydrogenase use FAD as a cofactor. Sarcosine dehydrogenase is linked by electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) to the respiratory redox chain. The general chemical reaction catalyzed by sarcosine dehydrogenase is:
In enzymology, a 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde oxime monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.68) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a cholestanetriol 26-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.15) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of alkylglycerols, a specific subclass of ether lipids. This enzyme was first described in 1964 as a pteridine-dependent ether lipid cleaving enzyme. In 2010 finally, the gene coding for alkylglycerol monooxygenase was discovered as transmembrane protein 195 (TMEM195) on chromosome 7. In analogy to the enzymes phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase and nitric oxide synthase, alkylglycerol monooxygenase critically depends on the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin and iron.
In enzymology, a kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.13.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.14.91) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a nicotinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a cysteamine dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.19) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a NADPH—hemoprotein reductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Cytochrome b5, form A, is a human microsomal cytochrome b5.
In enzymology, a thiosulfate-thiol sulfurtransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, an uridine phosphorylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
In enzymology, a guanylate kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
Adrenal ferredoxin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FDX1 gene. In addition to the expressed gene at this chromosomal locus (11q22), there are pseudogenes located on chromosomes 20 and 21.
Epoxide hydrolase 1 is an enzyme encoded by the EPHX1 gene in humans.
Daniel Edward Atkinson was an American biochemist who worked at UCLA for 40 years from 1952 until his retirement in 1992, though he continued his scientific work as Emeritus Professor. He is best known for the concept of energy charge.
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Leo MA, Lasker JM, Raucy JL, Kim CI, Black M, Lieber CS (1989). "Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acid by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 269 (1): 305–12. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(89)90112-4. PMID2916844.
Thomas PE, Lu AY, Ryan D, West SB, Kawalek J, Levin W (1976). "Immunochemical evidence for six forms of rat liver cytochrome P450 obtained using antibodies against purified rat liver cytochromes P450 and P448". Mol. Pharmacol. 12 (5): 746–58. PMID825720.
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