White-throated grasswren

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White-throated grasswren
Amytornis woodwardi 1906 (cropped).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Maluridae
Genus: Amytornis
Species:
A. woodwardi
Binomial name
Amytornis woodwardi
Hartert, 1905
White-throated Grasswren.png
Distribution of the white-throated grasswren

The white-throated grasswren (Amytornis woodwardi), also known as Yirlinkirrkirr in the local language, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to northern Australia, found only in West Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory (NT).

Contents

Description

The white-throated grasswren is the largest member of the Australian grasswrens (Amytornis spp.), with a wing length of 70-80 mm. [2] It has a similar pattern of coloration to the smaller Carpentarian grasswren (A. dorytheae), which occurs on sandstones hundreds of kilometers to the east of the Arnhem Plateau. White-throated grasswrens have a typically dark plumage with a striking white 'bib' from below the chin to the middle of the belly. Females tend to have dark reddish brown flanks and lower belly, whereas males have lighter rufous brown belly and flanks. White-throated grasswrens have soft, high-pitched contact calls that sound very similar to the co-occurring purple-backed (lavender-flanked) fairywren (Malurus assimilis dulcis), but also produce a complex song of trills and warbles.

Habitat

The white-throated grasswren is only found on and around the Arnhem Land sandstone massif, between Katherine and Maningrida; [1] representing an area of 6,200 km2 (2,400 sq mi). [3] Like most grasswren species, the white-throated grasswren nests in large clumps of sharply pointed spinifex grass, which provides protection from predators.

Its natural habitats are sandstone and conglomerate escarpment of the Arnhem Plateau. [1] [2] Ecological niche modelling has shown that white-throated grasswrens typically occupy habitat patches that are close to unburnt habitat, have a low proportion-of-area-burnt, have low vegetation cover, and high time-since-fire, particularly when compared to the average background values across the landscape. [4]

Using rough high and low thresholds of ecological niche modelling suitability scores, researchers predict that there is currently somewhere between 536 km2 and 2631 km2 of suitable habitat for the species. [4] This is substantially less than previous estimates for the species. [5]

Local knowledge by Bininj Nawarddeken people has identified sightings of the white-throated grasswren near outstations in the Warddeken Indigenous Protected Area, including Manmoyi, Kamarrkawarn, and Kabulwarnmyo in place where ‘karri kore kanjdjikandji, ankebkakebkali’, translating to ‘the river by the edge of the rocks where they meet the savanna’. [4]

Conservation status

Its status is endangered on the IUCN Red List, last assessed in 2022, and in Australia under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , effective November 2014, and in the NT under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000 . [6]

It is threatened by habitat loss, as it depends on Triodia microstachya (spinifex grass) untouched by fire for at least five years. [6] It is therefore threatened by more frequent bushfires (over 50 in 2021, with climate change playing a role in the increase [7] ), leading to inadequate habitat quality and lack of reproductive success. [1] As the bird hops around rather than flies, it is vulnerable to predation by feral cats. [6]

Its total population was estimated at between 5,000 and 10,000 individuals in 1992; no more than 10,000 mature birds in 2011, with numbers continuing to decline through loss of habitat. [1] As of 2022 it has disappeared from many of the locations where it used to be spotted frequently, such as near Gunlom Falls in Kakadu National Park, Plum Tree Creek, the large population near the East Alligator River. [7]

As the species is likely to be a poor disperser, populations are not likely to naturally recolonise areas where habitat has previously been unsuitable and has been made suitable in recent years. [4] Without active management of fire regimes, habitat quality, and deliberate translocations, it may take long periods of time for areas of high habitat quality to be naturally colonised from remnant populations elsewhere in the landscape.

Conservation strategies

The white-throated grasswren is one of 20 species targeted in the Australian Government's 20 birds by 2020 document, produced as part of its Threatened Species Strategy in 2015. [8]

As of 2022 Wardekken Indigenous rangers have been working on a project to help conserve the species with non-profit organisation Territory Natural Resource Management, funded by the federal government. One of the strategies used is Indigenous "patchwork" burning methods, which reduces the fuel load that helps to drive bushfires. They managed to spot some in June 2022, by using pre-recorded bird calls to attract the birds. [7]

Taxonomy

The species was identified by Ernst Hartert in 1905. It is in the family Maluridae. [6]

Cultural importance

The bird, known as Yirlinkirrkirr in the local Bininj Kunwok language, is of cultural significance to the Nawarddeken people. [7]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australasian wren</span> Family of birds

The Australasian wrens are a family, Maluridae, of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. While commonly known as wrens, they are unrelated to the true wrens. The family comprises 32 species in six genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spinifex pigeon</span> Species of bird

The spinifex pigeon, also known as the plumed-pigeon or gannaway pigeon, is one of three endemic Australian bird species within the genus Geophaps. It occurs within a broader group known as bronzewing pigeons. This species is listed under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List category of "least concern". It most frequently occurs in arid and semi-arid habitats containing hummock-forming grasses of the genera Triodia and Plectrachne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black wallaroo</span> Species of marsupial

The black wallaroo, also known as Woodward's wallaroo, is a species of macropod restricted to a small, mountainous area in Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia, between South Alligator River and Nabarlek. It classified as near threatened, mostly due to its limited distribution. A large proportion of the range is protected by Kakadu National Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grey grasswren</span> Species of bird

The grey grasswren is a passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is found on arid inland floodplains of Australia where it is endemic. The grey grasswren is a rarely seen elusive bird that was first sighted in 1921 but not taxonomically described until 1968. Its greyish coloration and very long tail distinguish it from all other grasswrens. While some recent research has been conducted, there still remain many gaps in the knowledge about the ecology of this cryptic bird.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grasswren</span> Genus of birds

Grasswrens (Amytornis) are a genus of birds in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpentarian grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Carpentarian grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eyrean grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Eyrean grasswren is a small grasswren from the Passerine family Maluridae. This is a cryptically plumaged and uncommon bird endemic to arid regions of Central Australia. The species was discovered by F.W. Andrews in 1874 around the Macumba River at Lake Eyre, and named after the South Australian Surveyor General George Woodroffe Goyder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black grasswren</span> Species of bird

The black grasswren, known as dalal to the Wunambal people, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-tailed grasswren</span> Species of bird

The short-tailed grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and rocky areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky grasswren</span> Species of bird

The dusky grasswren is a species of small passerine bird in the family Maluridae. The species is endemic to Australia but is limited to inland areas of the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striated grasswren</span> Species of bird

The striated grasswren is a small, cryptically coloured ground-dwelling species of wren-like bird in the family Maluridae, endemic to Australia. It occupies a large discontinuous range across arid and semi-arid areas of western, central and southern Australia where it is associated with spinifex (Triodia) grass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thick-billed grasswren</span> Species of bird

The thick-billed grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-backed fairywren</span> Passerine bird in the Australasian wren family

The red-backed fairywren is a species of passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia and can be found near rivers and coastal areas along the northern and eastern coastlines from the Kimberley in the northwest to the Hunter Region in New South Wales. The male adopts a striking breeding plumage, with a black head, upperparts and tail, and a brightly coloured red back and brown wings. The female has brownish upperparts and paler underparts. The male in eclipse plumage and the juvenile resemble the female. Some males remain in non-breeding plumage while breeding. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate M. m.melanocephalus of eastern Australia has a longer tail and orange back, and the short-tailed M. m. cruentatus from northern Australia has a redder back.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emu-wren</span> Genus of birds

The emu-wrens (Stipiturus) are a genus of passerine birds in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. They are found only in Australia, where they inhabit scrub, heathland and grassland. They are small birds, 12–19 cm long with the tail accounting for over half of their length. The tail has only six feathers which are loose and coarse in structure, rather like the feathers of the emu. Three species are recognised, of which the mallee emu-wren is endangered.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mallee emu-wren</span> Species of bird

The mallee emu-wren is a species of bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalkadoon grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Kalkadoon grasswren, also called the Ballara grasswren, is a species of passerine bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia.

Leslie Christidis, also simply known as Les Christidis, is an Australian ornithologist. His main research field is the evolution and systematics of birds. He has been director of Southern Cross University National Marine Science Centre since 2009. He was assistant director at Sydney's Australian Museum from 2004 to 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arnhem Plateau</span> Bioregion in the Northern Territory, Australia

The Arnhem Plateau is an Australian bioregion located in the Northern Territory of Australia, comprising an area of 2,306,023 hectares of the raised and heavily dissected sandstone plateau that characterises central Arnhem Land in the Top End of the Northern Territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western grasswren</span> Species of bird

The western grasswren, formerly known as the textile wren, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. It was formerly lumped as the nominate subspecies of the thick-billed grasswren.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 BirdLife International (2022). "Amytornis woodwardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2022: e.T22703783A211092297. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  2. 1 2 Menkhorst, Peter; Rogers, Danny; Clarke, Rohan; Davies, Jeff; Marsack, Peter; Franklin, Kim (2017). The Australian Bird Guide (1st ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN   9781472912350.
  3. "White-throated Grasswren (Amytornis woodwardi)". BirdLife species factsheet. Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Dixon, Kelly M.; Takach, Brenton von; Hayward-Brown, Brittany; Guymala, Terrah; Evans, Jay; Penton, Cara E. (16 September 2024). "Integrating western and Indigenous knowledge to identify habitat suitability and survey for the white-throated grasswren (Amytornis woodwardi) in the Arnhem Plateau, Northern Territory, Australia". Wildlife Research. 51 (9): NULL–NULL. doi:10.1071/WR24034. ISSN   1448-5494.
  5. Noske, Richard A. (1992). "The Status and Ecology of the White-throated Grasswren Amytornis woodwardi". Emu - Austral Ornithology. 92 (1): 39–51. doi:10.1071/MU9920039. ISSN   0158-4197.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Amytornis woodwardi - White-throated Grasswren, Yirlinkirrkirr". SPRAT database . Australian Government. Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment . Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bardon, Jane (21 June 2022). "Indigenous rangers and scientists working to conserve endangered white-throated grasswren in Arnhem Land". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 21 June 2022.
  8. "Threatened Species Strategy Action Plan 2015-16 - 20 birds by 2020". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment . 3 October 2021. Retrieved 21 June 2022. PDF