Grey grasswren

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Grey grasswren
GreyGrasswrenAmytornisbarbatus.jpg
Grey grasswren - Narriearra (north-western New South Wales)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Maluridae
Genus: Amytornis
Species:
A. barbatus
Binomial name
Amytornis barbatus
Favaloro & McEvey, 1968
Subspecies

See text

The grey grasswren (Amytornis barbatus) is a passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is found on arid inland floodplains of Australia where it is endemic. The grey grasswren is a rarely seen elusive bird that was first sighted in 1921 [2] but not taxonomically described until 1968. [3] Its greyish coloration and very long tail distinguish it from all other grasswrens. [4] While some recent research has been conducted, there still remain many gaps in the knowledge about the ecology of this cryptic bird. [5]

Contents

Taxonomy and systematics

The grey grasswren is classified in the family Maluridae which comprises five genera of birds that are found only in Australia and New Guinea. [6]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized: [7]

Description

The grey grasswren is a small bird with a length ranging between 18 and 20 cm, a wing span of approximately 21 cm and a weight between 15 and 23 g. [8] Its general colour is ginger-brown suffused with grey and off-white striations. [3] Schrodde and Christidis recorded that "the face is patterned black and white with broad white superciliary stripe and black stripe from lores through eyes linked to thin black malar line around sides of throat; tail greatly attenuated with tapered rectrices , the center pair of which extend > 5mm beyond the adjacent pair; no sexual dimorphism in colour of flanks or belly". [9] Juvenile color is duller although similar to the adults and with no distinct facial pattern. [10] Moult is poorly understood but thought to occur annually after breeding and between October and December. [11]

Vocalisations

Favaloro and McEvey described the call of the grey grasswren as a soft double-syllable note which the bird tweeted persistently. [3] Joseph also noted that calls were given constantly over several minutes with a series of three or four high pitched metallic notes, sounding like pit-choo. [12] Carpenter described the call as a high pitched sit-sit-sit. [13]

Distribution and habitat

The grey grasswren occupies a restrictive area [6] of arid inland floodplains of central Australia. Sightings have occurred at the Bulloo Overflow in the New South Wales/Queensland border area, lower Cooper Creek, along the Kallakoopah anabranch of the Diamantina River and the overflow areas of lakes Machattie, Koolivoo and Mipea on Eyre Creek in South Australia. [2] [12] These birds frequent mainly floodplains of the above systems which contain areas dominated by lignum and cane grass on major drainage lines between resident sand dunes. In some swampy areas, a dense understory of spike-rush, channel millet, and sedges are present. [14] The grey grasswren has also been known to occupy open vegetative areas well beyond the lignum swamps which are less subject to inundation during flood events. [2] It appears that in drought years the grey grasswren occupies tall dense lignum as a refuge while in normal years it prefers other habitats. Hardy recorded significantly more captures in declared drought years than in normal years. [11]

Grey grasswren habitat Grey Grasswren habitat at Frome Swamp, New South Wales Australia.jpg
Grey grasswren habitat

During 2011, an extensive grey grasswren survey was conducted at Frome Swamp in New South Wales which had recently experienced substantial rainfall and resultant lignum and cane grass growth. Despite the use of exhaustive surveys using mist netting, playback, vocal and visual methods, no grey grasswrens were located. [15] This result could suggest that the species may be nomadic, an observation previously made by Hardy arising from his surveys in 2002 and 2003 at another location. [16]

Behavior and ecology

Breeding

The breeding behaviour of this species has not been extensively documented but it is thought that the species breeds in July/August usually after flooding or heavy rain. [17] However, Hardy recorded breeding during heavy drought conditions with no local surface water in the study area for at least seven years. [11] The semi-domed nest is built in lignum or cane grass, [10] between 30 and 75 cm above ground level. Favaloro and McEvey noted that the nest was a large well camouflaged nest, very loosely constructed from grass with a large opening on the side. Clutch size is thought to be two eggs [4] with an average weight of 2.4 g. Egg color is dull, white speckled all over with nutmeg brown, nutmeg to reddish-brown or cinnamon brown markings. There is considerable colour variation between eggs within the nest and also between nests. [3] The female is solely responsible for the incubation of the eggs which is estimated at 13 to 15 days. Both parents attend to the feeding of the hatchlings and no details are known of its breeding success. [18]

Feeding

The shape of the beak suggests that the grey grasswren's diet consists mainly of seed and an analysis of the gut content of a specimen confirmed the presence of mainly small seeds of different plants, two small ants and the remains of small Coleoptera. [3] However, other researchers have noted that insect larvae are the dominant food source supplemented by mature insects and water snails. [19]

Age and population size

Little is known about its life expectancy but research conducted at one of its prime lignum habitats found from capture/re-capture surveys that this bird reached at least three years of age in that study area. [16] The population of the grey grasswren is highly variable and subject to 'boom and bust' conditions, depending on prevailing climate within its range in the arid interior. [16] Based upon the capture/re-capture method undertaken by Hardy in drought conditions, the New South Wales population was estimated at 1600 birds or 0.2 per hectare. Extrapolation of this to reach an estimate of its Australian population should be viewed with caution due to its geographic range, seasonal and habitat variability.

Status and conservation

The grey grasswren is listed as threatened under the national Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act); it is listed as endangered under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 in New South Wales and in Queensland under the Nature Conservation Act 1992 , while the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 lists the species as rare. [20] The IUCN Red List rates it as a species of least concern. [1]

Future management

Research on the grey grasswren is limited and there have been few recent studies into the ecology of this elusive bird. As it occupies specific habitats, the major threat is habitat degradation through overgrazing and trampling by cattle, rabbits, and feral pigs, predation by cats and invasive weeds. A dependence on lignum and associated plant groups also makes the species vulnerable to catastrophic events such as drought and fire. The consequences of climate change also need further consideration to ensure that the grey grasswren continues to exist in arid regions of central Australia through the preservation of suitable areas.

New conservation area

In June 2020 the Government of New South Wales acquired 153,415 ha (379,100 acres), [21] or 1,534 km2 (592 sq mi) [22] of private land for a new national park, when it purchased Narriearra station in the state's far north-west. The area includes "ephemeral wetlands and landscapes" that had not previously been included in the state's conservation areas. Together with the nearby Sturt National Park, there would be a nearly contiguous conservation area of about 500,000 ha (1,200,000 acres), which is twice the size of the Australian Capital Territory. The new property lies next to the Pindera Downs Aboriginal area, which is rich in cultural artefacts of Aboriginal Australians. [21] It is the largest ever purchase of private land for conservation in the state. [22] The Dingo Fence on the border with Queensland forms the northern boundary of the property. [23]

Nearly 90 percent of the grey grasswren's habitat lies within Narriearra Station, so this is a significant move towards protecting the bird. The Tibooburra Local Aboriginal Land Council has been invited to suggest a name for the new park. [21]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Australasian wren</span> Family of birds

The Australasian wrens are a family, Maluridae, of small, insectivorous passerine birds endemic to Australia and New Guinea. While commonly known as wrens, they are unrelated to the true wrens. The family comprises 32 species in six genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grasswren</span> Genus of birds

Grasswrens (Amytornis) are a genus of birds in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carpentarian grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Carpentarian grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eyrean grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Eyrean grasswren is a small grasswren from the Passerine family Maluridae. This is a cryptically plumaged and uncommon bird endemic to arid regions of Central Australia. The species was discovered by F.W. Andrews in 1874 around the Macumba River at Lake Eyre, and named after the South Australian Surveyor General George Woodroffe Goyder.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black grasswren</span> Species of bird

The black grasswren, known as dalal to the Wunambal people, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Western Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Short-tailed grasswren</span> Species of bird

The short-tailed grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitats are temperate shrubland and rocky areas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dusky grasswren</span> Species of bird

The dusky grasswren is a species of small passerine bird in the family Maluridae. The species is endemic to Australia but is limited to inland areas of the Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Striated grasswren</span> Species of bird

The striated grasswren is a small, cryptically coloured ground-dwelling species of wren-like bird in the family Maluridae, endemic to Australia. It occupies a large discontinuous range across arid and semi-arid areas of western, central and southern Australia where it is associated with spinifex (Triodia) grass.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thick-billed grasswren</span> Species of bird

The thick-billed grasswren is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. Its natural habitat is Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White-throated grasswren</span> Species of bird

The white-throated grasswren, also known as Yirlinkirrkirr in the local language, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to northern Australia, found only in West Arnhem Land, in the Northern Territory (NT).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pied honeyeater</span> Species of bird

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yellow chat</span> Species of bird

The yellow chat is a small passerine bird endemic to Australia. They are known for their remarkable adaptions that aid their survival in their arid habitat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-backed fairywren</span> Passerine bird in the Australasian wren family

The red-backed fairywren is a species of passerine bird in the Australasian wren family, Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia and can be found near rivers and coastal areas along the northern and eastern coastlines from the Kimberley in the northwest to the Hunter Region in New South Wales. The male adopts a striking breeding plumage, with a black head, upperparts and tail, and a brightly coloured red back and brown wings. The female has brownish upperparts and paler underparts. The male in eclipse plumage and the juvenile resemble the female. Some males remain in non-breeding plumage while breeding. Two subspecies are recognised; the nominate M. m.melanocephalus of eastern Australia has a longer tail and orange back, and the short-tailed M. m. cruentatus from northern Australia has a redder back.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalkadoon grasswren</span> Species of bird

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Leslie Christidis, also simply known as Les Christidis, is an Australian ornithologist. His main research field is the evolution and systematics of birds. He has been director of Southern Cross University National Marine Science Centre since 2009. He was assistant director at Sydney's Australian Museum from 2004 to 2009.

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The western grasswren, formerly known as the textile wren, is a species of bird in the family Maluridae. It is endemic to Australia. It was formerly lumped as the nominate subspecies of the thick-billed grasswren.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opalton grasswren</span> Species of bird

The Opalton grasswren is an insectivorous bird in the family Maluridae. It is found in the Forsyth Range, Queensland, Australia. Formerly considered a sub-species of the striated grasswren, then known as the rusty grasswren. It is found around the opal mining area of Opalton and Lark Quarry south of Winton, Western Queensland. It was named as a full species by the I.O.C. in July 2020.

<i>Maireana astrotricha</i> Species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae

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References

  1. 1 2 BirdLife International (2016). "Amytornis barbatus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22703780A93936578. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22703780A93936578.en . Retrieved 11 November 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Black,, A., Carpenter, G., Pedler, L., Langdon, P. and Pedler, R. (2009). 'Distribution and habitats of the Grey Grasswren Amytornis barbatus in South Australia'. South Australian Arid Lands Natural Resources Management Board.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Favaloro, N. and McEvey, A. (1968) 'A new Species of Australian Grasswren'. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 28:1-9.
  4. 1 2 The Wrens and Warblers of Australia. (1982). The National Photographic Index of Australian Wildlife. Angus and Robertson Publishers. London.
  5. ↑ Tzaros, C. (2013). 'A Glimpse of Grey: Tracking Down the Elusive Grey Grasswren.' Australian birdlife. 1(4):24-27.
  6. 1 2 Christidis, L. (1999). 'Evolution and Biogeography of the Australian grasswrens, Amytornis (Aves:Maluridae): biochemical perspectives'. Australian Journal of Zoology. 47,113-114.
  7. ↑ IOC v.6.3
  8. ↑ Slater, P., Slater, P. and Slater, R. (2013) The Slater Field Guide to Australian Birds. New Holland Publishers.
  9. ↑ Schodde, R. and Christidis, L. (1987). 'Genetic Differentiation and Subspeciation in the Grey Grasswren Amytornis barbatus (Maluridae)'. Emu 47:187-192
  10. 1 2 Reader's Digest. (2010). Reader's Digest Complete Book of Australian Birds. Reader's Digest. Australia
  11. 1 2 3 Hardy, J., W. (2002). 'A Banding Study of the Grey Grasswren Amytornis barbatus barbatus in the Caryapundy Swamp of South-Western Queensland'. Corella 26(4): 106–109.
  12. 1 2 Joseph, L. (1982).' A further population of the Grey Grasswren'. "Sunbird",51-53.
  13. ↑ Carpenter, G. (2002) 'The Grey Grasswren on Cooper Creek South West Queensland'. Sunbird 32(2&3):52-55
  14. ↑ Jaensch, R. and McFarland, D. (2002).'A population of Grey Grasswren Amytornis barbatus in the Diamantina Channel Country, Queensland'. Sunbird 32(2&3):56-61.
  15. ↑ D Watson, in Litt. 19 November 2013
  16. 1 2 3 Hardy, J., W. (2010). 'Distribution, Status and Options for the Future Management of the Grey Grasswren "Amytornis barbatus barbatus" in New South Wales'. "Corella",34(2):25-35.
  17. ↑ Beruldsen, G. (2003). Australian Birds their Nests and Eggs. G. Beruldsen Publisher. Queensland.
  18. ↑ Australian Government. (2012). Amytornis barbatus barbatus-Grey Grasswren (Bullo). http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/public/publicspecies.pl? id=67065.
  19. ↑ New South Wales Department of Environment and Heritage. (2012). 'Grey Grasswren-profile'. http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10047.
  20. ↑ "Amytornis barbatus barbatus - Bulloo Grey Grasswren, Grey Grasswren (Bulloo)". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment, Australian Government. 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  21. 1 2 3 Redfearn, Graham (27 June 2020). "NSW makes record land purchase for new national park". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  22. 1 2 "New Australia national park for rare species". BBC News. 27 June 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
  23. ↑ Mabin, Saskia (27 June 2020). "NSW buys outback station in state's largest single property purchase for a national park". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
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