ZFPM2

ZFPM2
Identifiers
Aliases	ZFPM2 , DIH3, FOG2, ZC2HC11B, ZNF89B, hFOG-2, SRXY9, zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2
External IDs	OMIM: 603693; MGI: 1334444; HomoloGene: 8008; GeneCards: ZFPM2; OMA:ZFPM2 - orthologs
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 8 (human) [1] Band 8q23.1 Start 104,590,733 bp [1] End 105,804,539 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 15 (mouse) [2] Band 15 B3.1|15 15.74 cM Start 40,518,431 bp [2] End 40,967,988 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in Skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii germinal epithelium cartilage tissue vastus lateralis muscle glutes cardiac muscle tissue of right atrium triceps brachii muscle pons parietal pleura myocardium of left ventricle Top expressed in atrioventricular valve efferent ductule endocardial cushion lobe of cerebellum cerebellar vermis vas deferens Gonadal ridge lumbar subsegment of spinal cord umbilical cord pontine nuclei More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function DNA binding transcription coactivator activity transcription corepressor activity zinc ion binding transcription factor binding metal ion binding DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific protein binding nucleic acid binding DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific Cellular component cytoplasm nucleoplasm nucleus Biological process negative regulation of fat cell differentiation regulation of transcription, DNA-templated embryonic organ development lung development cardiac muscle tissue development ventricular septum morphogenesis right ventricular cardiac muscle tissue morphogenesis blood coagulation in utero embryonic development negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II negative regulation of cell death transcription, DNA-templated outflow tract septum morphogenesis vasculogenesis positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated heart development negative regulation of female gonad development gonadal mesoderm development negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated positive regulation of male gonad development positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell proliferation cell differentiation transcription by RNA polymerase II regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 23414 22762 Ensembl ENSG00000169946 ENSMUSG00000022306 UniProt Q8WW38 Q8CCH7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_012082 NM_001362836 NM_001362837 NM_011766 NM_001356998 RefSeq (protein) NP_036214 NP_001349765 NP_001349766 NP_035896 NP_001343927 Location (UCSC) Chr 8: 104.59 – 105.8 Mb Chr 15: 40.52 – 40.97 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Zinc finger protein ZFPM2, i.e. zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2, but also termed Friend of GATA2, Friend of GATA-2, FOG2, or FOG-2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ZFPM2 and in mice by the Zfpm2 gene. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

The zinc finger-containing protein encoded by this gene is a widely expressed member of the FOG family of regulators of transcription factors. The family consists of the ZFPM1 and ZFPM2 genes in humans and Zfpm1 and Zfpm2 genes in mice. Its members may act as coactivators and/or corepressors to modulate the activity of GATA transcription factors. That is, the ZFPM2 protein appears able to interact directly with and thereby either enhance or repress the ability of GATA transcription factors to stimulate the expression of their target genes; the direction of ZFPM2's actions depends on the contexts of the promoter sections of the various GATA target genes. ^[7]

The ZFPM2 protein interacts primarily with the GATA4 but also with GATA2, GATA5, and GATA6 transcription factors. ZFPM2 protein's interaction with GATA4 is notable for controlling the embryonic development of various tissues, particularly the heart, diaphragm, and gonads. Correspondingly, ZFPM2 mutations are responsible for certain forms of congenital heart defects, congenital diaphragmatic hernias, ^[8] and ambiguous genitalia ^[9] in mice as well as humans.

Gene

The ZFPM2 gene is found in a wide range of animal species from flies to humans. The human gene is located on the long or "q" arm of chromosome 8 at position 23.1 (i.e. 8q23.1) and consists of 9 exons. ^[10] The equivalent mouse gene, Zfpm2, is located on chromosome 15 and consists of 8 exons. ^[11] Knockout of ZFPM2 is embryonic lethal in mice, with mice dying at embryonic day 12.5-15.5 due to congenital cardiac defects (thin heart ventricular muscle, common atrioventricular canal, and the tetralogy of Fallot malformation. ^[12] ZFPM2 expression in mice is also required for normal development of the gonads, lung and diaphragm. ^[13]

Protein

Both the human and mouse ZFPM2 proteins consists of 1151 amino acids and are expressed in various tissues. The human protein is expressed at relatively high levels in the adult ovary and uterine endometrium while the mouse protein is expressed at relatively high levels in the central nervous system cerebellum and, during the early stages of its development, the heart. Human ZFPM2 contains 8 zinc finger structural motifs and interacts directly with various members of the GATA transcription factor family to modify their ability to stimulate the expression of their target genes. For example, it has been shown to bind directly with the N-terminal zinc finger of the GATA4 transcription factor to inhibit its ability to stimulate the expression of a target gene in an in vitro model system. ^{[13] [14] [11] [10]}

The extreme N terminal end of the ZFPM2 protein contains two domains, one of which interacts directly with the Mi-2/NuRD complex (i.e. nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylase complex or NuRD complex) and other of which binds CTBP1 or CTBP2 proteins. The NuRD complex and the CtBPs are classified as corepressors. that act to promote the ability of ZFPM2 to inhibit the ability of GATA proteins to stimulate the expression of their target genes. ^[13]

Pathophysiology

ZFPM2 regulates the expression of certain GATA target genes by up-regulating or down-regulating the ability of the GATA transcription factors, primarily GATA3, GATA4, GATA5, and GATA6, to stimulate the expression of their target genes. Interactions with the NuRD complex or a CTBP can cause ZFPM2 to inhibit the ability of GATA3-6 proteins to stimulate the expression of their target genes. ^[13]

Clinical relevancy

Congenital heart disease

Mutations in the ZFPM2 gene are responsible for rare and sporadic cases of congenital heart disease. These include cases of Tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, failure to from the pulmonary artery valve combined with ventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, transposition of the great arteries, and interrupted aortic arch. ^[14] Sporadic cases of Tetralogy of Fallot were also found in cases where the levels of Hypermethylation at CpG sites in the ZFPM2 gene promoter were greatly elevated; these cases were associated with decreases cardiac tissue levels of mRNA for ZFPM2. ^[15] These cases likely reflect the role of ZFPM2 in promoting GATA4's function in the embryonic development of the heart. ^{[12] [13]}

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia

ZFPM2 heterozygous gene mutations are responsible for sporadic cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernias. This development disorder may be the underlying cause for the development of congenital lung dysplasia and pulmonary vascular disorder that leads to pulmonary hypertension. These defects are considered due to haploinsufficiency in ZFPM2 protein and consequential failure of GATA4 to promote normal lung development. ^{[8] [16]}

Sex development

Heterozygous mutations in the ZFPM2 gene are responsible for sporadic, very rare cases of a familial form of disorders of sex development, ambiguous genitalia. The disorder likely reflects haploinsufficiency of the ZFPM2 protein and consequential reduced regulation of GATA4 in promoting normal development of the gonads. ^[9]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000169946 – Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022306 – Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Svensson EC, Tufts RL, Polk CE, Leiden JM (March 1999). "Molecular cloning of FOG-2: a modulator of transcription factor GATA-4 in cardiomyocytes". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96 (3): 956–61. Bibcode:1999PNAS...96..956S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.3.956 . PMC   15332 . PMID   9927675.
6. Holmes M, Turner J, Fox A, Chisholm O, Crossley M, Chong B (September 1999). "hFOG-2, a novel zinc finger protein, binds the co-repressor mCtBP2 and modulates GATA-mediated activation". J Biol Chem. 274 (33): 23491–8. doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.33.23491 . PMID   10438528.
7. "Entrez Gene: ZFPM2 zinc finger protein, multitype 2".
8. Brady PD, Van Houdt J, Callewaert B, Deprest J, Devriendt K, Vermeesch JR (2014). "Exome sequencing identifies ZFPM2 as a cause of familial isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia and possibly cardiovascular malformations". European Journal of Medical Genetics. 57 (6): 247–52. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.04.006. PMID   24769157.
9. Brauner R, Picard-Dieval F, Lottmann H, Rouget S, Bignon-Topalovic J, Bashamboo A, McElreavey K (November 2016). "Familial forms of disorders of sex development may be common if infertility is considered a comorbidity". BMC Pediatrics. 16 (1): 195. doi: 10.1186/s12887-016-0737-0 . PMC   5129225 . PMID   27899089.
10. "ZFPM2 zinc finger protein, FOG family member 2 [Homo sapiens (Human)] – Gene – NCBI".
11. "Zfpm2 zinc finger protein, multitype 2 [Mus musculus (House mouse)] – Gene – NCBI".
12. Cantor AB, Orkin SH (February 2005). "Coregulation of GATA factors by the Friend of GATA (FOG) family of multitype zinc finger proteins". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 16 (1): 117–28. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2004.10.006. PMID   15659346.
13. Chlon TM, Crispino JD (November 2012). "Combinatorial regulation of tissue specification by GATA and FOG factors". Development. 139 (21): 3905–16. doi:10.1242/dev.080440. PMC   3472596 . PMID   23048181.
14. Pu T, Liu Y, Xu R, Li F, Chen S, Sun K (February 2018). "Identification of ZFPM2 mutations in sporadic conotruncal heart defect patients". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 293 (1): 217–223. doi:10.1007/s00438-017-1373-6. PMID   29018978. S2CID   23888323.
15. Sheng W, Chen L, Wang H, Ma X, Ma D, Huang G (July 2016). "CpG island shore methylation of ZFPM2 is identified in tetralogy of fallot samples". Pediatric Research. 80 (1): 151–8. doi: 10.1038/pr.2016.42 . PMID   26959486.
16. Kardon G, Ackerman KG, McCulley DJ, Shen Y, Wynn J, Shang L, Bogenschutz E, Sun X, Chung WK (August 2017). "Congenital diaphragmatic hernias: from genes to mechanisms to therapies". Disease Models & Mechanisms. 10 (8): 955–970. doi:10.1242/dmm.028365. PMC   5560060 . PMID   28768736.

Further reading

• Fox AH, Liew C, Holmes M, et al. (1999). "Transcriptional cofactors of the FOG family interact with GATA proteins by means of multiple zinc fingers". EMBO J. 18 (10): 2812–22. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.10.2812. PMC   1171362 . PMID   10329627.
• Crispino JD, Lodish MB, Thurberg BL, et al. (2001). "Proper coronary vascular development and heart morphogenesis depend on interaction of GATA-4 with FOG cofactors". Genes Dev. 15 (7): 839–44. doi:10.1101/gad.875201. PMC   312667 . PMID   11297508.
• Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, et al. (2003). "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9916899M. doi: 10.1073/pnas.242603899 . PMC   139241 . PMID   12477932.
• Anttonen M, Ketola I, Parviainen H, et al. (2004). "FOG-2 and GATA-4 Are coexpressed in the mouse ovary and can modulate mullerian-inhibiting substance expression". Biol. Reprod. 68 (4): 1333–40. doi: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.008599 . PMID   12606418.
• Pizzuti A, Sarkozy A, Newton AL, et al. (2004). "Mutations of ZFPM2/FOG2 gene in sporadic cases of tetralogy of Fallot". Hum. Mutat. 22 (5): 372–7. doi:10.1002/humu.10261. PMID   14517948. S2CID   21531781.
• Hirai M, Ono K, Morimoto T, et al. (2004). "FOG-2 competes with GATA-4 for transcriptional coactivator p300 and represses hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 279 (36): 37640–50. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M401737200 . PMID   15220332.
• Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, et al. (2004). "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC)". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMC   528928 . PMID   15489334.
• Chan EM, Comer EM, Brown FC, et al. (2005). "AML1-FOG2 fusion protein in myelodysplasia". Blood. 105 (11): 4523–6. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2762 . PMID   15705784.
• Ackerman KG, Herron BJ, Vargas SO, et al. (2005). "Fog2 is required for normal diaphragm and lung development in mice and humans". PLOS Genet. 1 (1): 58–65. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010010 . PMC   1183529 . PMID   16103912.
• Lim J, Hao T, Shaw C, et al. (2006). "A protein-protein interaction network for human inherited ataxias and disorders of Purkinje cell degeneration". Cell. 125 (4): 801–14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.03.032 . PMID   16713569. S2CID   13709685.
• Finelli P, Pincelli AI, Russo S, et al. (2007). "Disruption of friend of GATA 2 gene (FOG-2) by a de novo t(8;10) chromosomal translocation is associated with heart defects and gonadal dysgenesis". Clin. Genet. 71 (3): 195–204. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00752.x. PMID   17309641. S2CID   20572160.
• Bleyl SB, Moshrefi A, Shaw GM, et al. (2007). "Candidate genes for congenital diaphragmatic hernia from animal models: sequencing of FOG2 and PDGFRalpha reveals rare variants in diaphragmatic hernia patients". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 15 (9): 950–8. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201872 . PMID   17568391.