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The indigenous population of Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous in the world. Papua New Guinea has several thousand separate communities, most with only a few hundred people. Divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities have engaged in endemic warfare with their neighbors for centuries. It is the second most populous nation in Oceania.
Orokolo is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Ihu Rural LLG, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea by about 50,000 people (2010). Alternate names are Bailala, Haira, Kaipi, Kairu-Kaura, Muro, Muru, Vailala, and West Elema. It is spoken in various villages, including Vailala.
Sulka is a language isolate of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. In 1991, there were 2,500 speakers in eastern Pomio District, East New Britain Province. Villages include Guma in East Pomio Rural LLG. With such a low population of speakers, this language is considered to be endangered. Sulka speakers had originally migrated to East New Britain from New Ireland.
Amaimon is a Papuan language spoken by 1,781 people in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Amaimon, Transgogol Rural LLG.
Watiwa is a Rai Coast language of Papua New Guinea.
Kaki Ae, or Tate, is a language with about 500 speakers, half the ethnic population, near Kerema, in Papua New Guinea. It was previously known by the foreign designation Raeta Tati.
Waskia is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken on half of Karkar Island, and a small part of the shore on the mainland, by 20,000 people; language use is vigorous. The Waskia share their island with speakers of Takia, an Oceanic language which has been restructured under the influence of Waskia, which is the inter-community language. Waskia has been documented extensively by Malcolm Ross and is being further researched by Andrew Pick.
Deraa.k.a.Mangguar and Kamberataro (Komberatoro) is a Senagi language of Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. In Papua New Guinea, it is primarily spoken in Kamberataro village, Amanab Rural LLG, Sandaun Province.
Siroi (Suroi) is a Rai Coast language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, and a local trade language. It is spoken in Kumisanger village, Astrolabe Bay Rural LLG, Madang Province.
Lilau is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea, closely related to Monumbo. It is spoken in Lilau ward, Almami Rural LLG, Bogia District, Madang Province.
Tairuma, also known as Uaripi after its location, is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Uaripi in Central Kerema Rural LLG, Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea.
Aisi, or Musak, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Amako, or Korak, is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Korak, Almami Rural LLG, Madang Province.
Mari is an endangered Sepik language spoken in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea.
Tainae is an Angan language of Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea. Famba (7.506365°S 145.811363°E, Paiguna, and Pio of Kotidanga Rural LLG are the main villages.
Danaru is a Rai Coast language of Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in the single village of Danaru in Usino Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Sam, or Songum, is a Madang language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Gawi Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Sepik Hill languages are spoken in this LLG.
Usino Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
Yamben (Yaben) is a Trans–New Guinea language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea. It was first documented by Andrew Pick in the 2010s and classified by Pick (2019) as a probable primary branch of Madang, though its precise classification is still pending further research. Although surrounded by Croisilles languages, Yamben is not one of them.
References
- ↑ Mari at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Holzknecht, Susanne (1989). The Markham Languages of Papua New Guinea. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 0-85883-394-8.