Negeri Sembilan Malay

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Negeri Sembilan Malay
Bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan
بهاس ملايو نݢري سمبيلن
Baso Nogoghi
Pronunciation [basɔnɔgɔɣi]
Native to Malaysia
Region Negeri Sembilan, northern Malacca (Alor Gajah)
Native speakers
508,000 (ethnic population) (2004) [1]
Austronesian
Language codes
ISO 639-3 zmi
Glottolog nege1240

Negeri Sembilan Malay (Malay : bahasa Melayu Negeri Sembilan; also known as Baso Nogoghi or Baso Nismilan) is an Austronesian language spoken mainly in the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan and in northern Malacca in Alor Gajah. The language is spoken by the descendants of Minangkabau settlers from Sumatra, who have migrated to Negeri Sembilan since as early as the 14th century. [2] It is often considered a variant or dialect of the Minangkabau language; lexical and phonological studies, however, indicate that it is more closely related to Standard Malay than it is to Minangkabau. [3] [4]

Contents

History

The Minangkabau people began migrating from the Sumatra highlands to the Malay Peninsula in the 14th century. [3] Migration skyrocketed from the 15th century to the 16th century. [5] At that time, trade activity through the Strait of Malacca increased and many migrants were granted protection by the Malacca Sultanate. From the ports of Malacca, groups and groups of Minangkabau settlers started venturing inland. This was the first migration wave of Minangkabau people to Malacca. Most of the Minangkabau migrants were from Luhak Tanah Datar and Luhak Limapuluh Kota. [6] This first wave of migration resulted in the opening of a new mukim .

The number of inhabitants inland started increasing due to the rise of migrants and those migrants developed into their own groups of communities. These groups resulted in the creation of 12 clans as a whole. Different from in Sumatra, the naming of the clans were done based on the origin of the migrants. Migrants from Limapuluh Kota formed the clans:

Meanwhile, the migrants from Tanah Datar formed the Tanah Datar clan. These migrants also formed three other clans which resulted from intermarriages with communities already settled where the aforementioned Tanah Datar migrants migrated to. [6] These clans were:

The Biduanda clan were seen as the leader of the clans that were present because they formed as a result of the intermingling between the Minangkabau people and the Orang Asli, the native people of the Malay Peninsula.

The opening of new mukims inland resulted in the formation of nine nagaris that composed of luaks that were governed by Undangs. The nagaris were:

These nine nagaris later formed a federation that was called the Board of Negeri Sembilan (Malay : Lembaga Negeri Sembilan). This federation was under the protection of the Johor Sultanate.

In the 18th century, the Johor Sultanate received several attacks and was in an unpeaceful state. During this period, Negeri Sembilan was under the Bugis, insofar as the Datuks of Negeri Sembilan cooperated to make a request to the Sultan of Johor (Abdul Jalil Shah IV) to invite a king from Pagaruyung to make him the leader, a request which was accepted. [5] The invitation of the king (Raja Melewar) brought along the second migration wave of Minangkabau people [7] and resulted in the formation of the state of Negeri Sembilan with the Yamtuan Besar as its leader and Adat Perpatih as its law. [8]

The two migration waves of Minangkabau people and the assimilation of the Minangkabau language to those of the natives resulted in the formation of Negeri Sembilan Malay. This Malay variety later diverged by the influence of English as an administrative language of the Federated Malay States which Negeri Sembilan became a part of whereas the Minangkabau homeland became a part of the Dutch's Sumatra's Westkust itself instating Dutch into the those people's vernacular. Further incorporation of modern Malaysian and Indonesian variants by the two modern nation-states continues the trend. [9] The Minangkabau people of Negeri Sembilan have been separated from the Minangkabau people of Sumatra for 500–600 years. [10] This resulted in Negeri Sembilan Malay developing its own unique features. [3]

Phonology

Comparison with Standard Malay [4]

Vowels

Correspondence Rule

(SM ≙ NSM)

Standard Malay

(SM)

Negeri Sembilan Malay

(NSM)

English Translation
Final /a/Half-low back /ɔ/apa/apa/[apɔ]'what'
Initial /o/orang/oraŋ/[ɔɣaŋ]'person'
Initial open syllable /ə/beras/bəras/[bɔɣɛh]'raw rice'
/u/ in final /uh/bunuh/bunuh/[bunɔh]'kill'
Close ended final /a/Half-low front /ɛ/cepat/t͡ʃəpat/[cɔpɛʔ]'quick'
/i/ in final /ih/benih/bənih/[bɔnɛh]'seed'
/u/ in final /ut/Half-high back /o/rambut/rambut/[ɣambot]'hair'
/u/ in final /uŋ/kampung/kampuŋ/[kampoŋ]'village'
/i/ in final /ir/Half-high front /e/bibir/bibir/[bibe]'lips'
/i/ in final /it/bukit/bukit/[buket]'hill'
/i/ in final /iŋ/anjing/aɲd͡ʒiŋ/[aɲd͡ʒeŋ]'dog'

Consonants

Correspondence Rule

(SM ≙ NSM)

Standard Malay

(SM)

Negeri Sembilan Malay

(NSM)

English Translation
Initial /r/Voiced palatal fricative /ɣ/ramai/ramai/[ɣamaj]'many'
/r/ at the end of wordsOmittedair/air/[ae]'water'
Initial /h/hidung/hiduŋ/[idoŋ]'nose'
/t/ in final /at/Glottal plosive /ʔ/bulat/bulat/[bulɛʔ]'circle'
/s/ in final /as/Sibilant fricative /h/lekas/ləkas/[lɔkɛh]'quick'
/s/ in final /is/nipis/nipis/[nipih]'thin'
/s/ in final /us/Consonant cluster /ʲh/rebus/rəbus/[ɣɔbuʲh]~[ɣɔbʉh]'boil'

Vocabulary

According to Reniwati (2012), Negeri Sembilan Malay has a lexical similarity of 94.74% with Standard Malay and a lexical similarity of 83.16% with Minangkabau. [3]

Vocabulary Comparison
Standard MalayMinangkabau (Standard)Negeri Sembilan Malay (with English meaning)
1SemuaSadoSomuwo/Sumo (all)
2AbuAbuAbu (ash)
3Kulit KayuKulik KayuKulet Pokok (tree bark)
4PerutParuikPoghut (stomach)
5BesarGadang/BasaGodang/Bosa (big)
6BurungBuruangBughong (bird)
7GigitGigikGiget (bite)
8HitamItamItam (black)
9DarahDarahDaghah (blood)
10TulangTulangTulang (bone)
11Tetek/SusuSusuSusu (milk)
12BakarBakaBaka/Bako (burn)
13KukuKukuKuku
14AwanAwanAwan (cloud)
15Sejuk/DinginSajuak/DinginSojuk (cold)
16DatangDatang/TiboDatang/Tibo (arrive)
17MatiMatiMati/Mampuih (die)
18AnjingAnjiangAnjeng (dog)
19MinumMinumMinom/Minam (drink)
20KeringKariangKoghing (dry)
21TelingaTalingoTolingo (ear)
22TanahTanahTanah (ground)
23MakanMakanMakan (eat)
24TelurTaluaTolo (egg)
25MataMatoMato (eye)
26Lemak/GemukGomokGomuk (fat)
27BuluBuluBulu (feather)
28ApiApiApi (fire)
29IkanLauak/IkanIkan (fish)
30TerbangTabangToghobang (to fly)
31PenuhPanuahPonuh (full)
32KakiKakiKaki (foot)
33BeriAgiah/BariBoghi/momboghi (give smth)
34BaikElok/BaiakElok/Baek/baguih (good)
35HijauIjauIjau (green)
36RambutRambuikGhambut (hair)
37TanganTanganTangan (hand)
38KepalaKapaloKopalo/Palo (head)
39DengarDangaDonga (listen, hear)
40JantungJantuangJantong (heart)
41TandukTanduakTandok
42Aku/SayaAden/Ambo/AwakEse/Ayo/Eden/Sey (I)
43BunuhBunuahBunoh (kill)
44LututLutuikLutut
45TahuTauTau (know)
46DaunDaunDaun/Daon (leaf)
47BaringGolekBagheng
48HatiAtiAti (heart)
49PanjangPanjangPanjang (long)
50KutuKutuKutu (flea)
51LelakiLaki-lakiLolaki (boy)
52BanyakBanyakBanyak (many)
53DagingDagiangDageng (meat)
54BulanBulanBulan (moon)
55GunungGunuangGunong (mountain)
56MulutMuncuangMulot (mouth)
57NamaNamoNamo (name)
58LeherLihiaLehe (neck)
59Baru/BaharuBaruBaghu (new)
60MalamMalamMalam (night)
61HidungIduangIdung (nose)
62TidakIndak/ndakTidak/tak (no)
63SatuCiekSatu (one)
64OrangUrangUghang (person)
65HujanUjanUjan (rain)
66MerahSirahMeghah (red)
67JalanJalanJalan (road)
68UratUrekUghek
69BulatBulekBulek (round, circle)
70PasirPasia/KasiakPase (sand)
71Sebut/CakapSabuikSobut (Speak)
72LihatLiekNengok (look)
73BijiIncekBiji (seed)
74DudukDuduakDudok (sit)
75KulitKulik/JangekKulet (skin)
76TidurLalokTido/Lolap (sleep)
77AsapAsokAsap (smoke)
78DiriTagakTogak (stand)
79BintangBintangBintang (star)
80KecilKetek/KaciakKocik (small)
81BatuBatuBatu (stone)
82MatahariMatoariMatohaghi (sun)
83EkorIkuaEko (tail)
84{be-}renang{ba-}ranang{bo-}ghonang (to swim)
85ItuItuItu (it)
86IniIkoIni (this)
87Kamu/Awak/Engkau/KauAwak/Sanak/Kau(perempuan)/Ang(laki-laki)Awak/Ekau (you)
88LidahLidahLidah (tongue)
89GigiGigiGigi (tooth)
90Pohon/PokokBatang PohonPokok (tree)
91DuaDuoDuo (two)
92{ber-}jalan{ba-}jalan{bo-}jalan (to go)
93hangat/panasAngekPaneh (hot)
94AirAiaAe (water)
95KamiAwak/KamiKami/Kito/Kitoghang (we)
96ApaA/ApoApo/Mondo (what)
97PutihPutiahPuteh (white)
98SiapaSia/SiapoSiapo/Sapo (who)
99PerempuanPadusiPoghompuan (girl)
100KuningKuniangKuning (yellow)
101SaudaraDunsanakWaghih (brother, fellow)
102HariAriAghi (day)
103JatuhBalambinBodobin/Tosombam (fall)
104BagaimanaBak Apo/Ba'a/Bak ManoCamno (how)
105PemalasPanyaganPenyogan/Pomaleh (lazy person)
106MariMariMaghi (come)

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References

  1. Negeri Sembilan Malay at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. Rahilah Omar; Nelmawarni (2008). "Negeri Sembilan: Rantau Minangkabau di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu". Historia: Journal of Historical Studies (in Malay). 9 (2): 2–30.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Reniwati (2012). "Bahasa Minangkabau dan Dialek Negeri Sembilan: Satu Tinjauan Perbandingan Linguistik Historis Komparatif". Wacana Etnik: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora (in Indonesian). 3 (1): 71–86.
  4. 1 2 Idris Aman; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar; Norsimah Mat Awal (2019). "Language and Identity: A Reappraisal of Negeri Sembilan Malay Language" (PDF). Kajian Malaysia. 37 (1): 27–49. doi:10.21315/km2019.37.1.2.
  5. 1 2 "Sejarah Awal Pemerintahan Negeri Sembilan". Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan (in Malay). 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  6. 1 2 Mestika Zed (2010). Hubungan Minangkabau Dengan Negeri Sembilan (PDF) (Working Paper) (in Indonesian). FIS Universitas Negeri Padang, Padang.
  7. Aslinda; Noviatri; Reniwati (2015). "The Trace of Minangkabau-Wise in Malaysian Language". Scientific Journal of PPI – UKM. 2 (7): 291–295.
  8. Aidafidah (4 January 2009). "Let Us Read: Kesinambungan Raja-raja Melayu". Let Us Read. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  9. Reniwati; Midawati; Noviatri (2017). "Lexical Variations of Minangkabau Language within West Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia: A Dialectological Study". Geografia – Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 13 (3): 1–10. doi: 10.17576/geo-2017-1303-01 .
  10. Idris Aman; Norsimah Mat Awal; Mohammad Fadzeli Jaafar (2016). "Imperialisme Linguistik, Bahasa Negeri Sembilan dan Jati Diri: Apa, Mengapa, Bagaimana" [Linguistic Imperialism, Negeri Sembilan Malay Language and Identity: To Know of What, Why and How]. International Journal of the Malay World and Civilisation (Iman) (in Malay). 4 (3): 3–11.

Further reading