 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
163 seats to the Chamber of Deputies 82 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
|---|
| Constitution |
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 29 January 1922. [1] The Democratic Party emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 74 of the 163 seats in the House of Representatives and 37 of the 70 seats in the Senate. [2]
The elections were held less than a year after the July 1921 legislative elections, in which the Republican Liberal Party (PLR) had won a majority of votes. However, on 19 October 1921 ("the night of blood"), a military coup resulted in several republican figures being killed, including PLR prime minister António Granjo. [3] On the night of blood, President António José de Almeida invested Manuel Maria Coelho as Prime Minister, but his government resigned on 3 November. [4] On the same day, Carlos Maia Pinto became Prime Minister, but also resigned on 16 December. [5] Francisco Cunha Leal then served as Prime Minister until the elections. [6] The elections took place amidst instability and violence and were postponed four times before finally taking place on 29 January. [6]
| Party |  |  | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Seats | +/– | Votes | % | Seats | +/– | |
| Democratic Party | 74 | +20 | 37 | +15 | ||||
| Republican Liberal Party | 34 | –45 | 11 | –21 | ||||
| Reconstitution Party | 17 | +5 | 10 | +3 | ||||
| Monarchist Cause | 13 | +9 | 4 | +4 | ||||
| Catholic Centre Party | 5 | +2 | 1 | –2 | ||||
| Regionalist Party | 2 | 0 | – | |||||
| Portuguese Socialist Party | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||
| Other parties and independents | 18 | +9 | 7 | 0 | ||||
| Invalid/blank votes | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Total | 380,000 | 100 | 163 | 0 | 70 | –1 | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 550,000 | 69.1 | – | – | 550,000 | – | – | |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver | ||||||||
The Democratic Party failed to win an absolute majority of seats and Afonso Costa chose not to form government. [6] [7] Instead, António Maria da Silva of the Democratic Party became Prime Minister on 6 February, [7] leading a minority government with the support of the Reconstitution Party, the Catholic Centre Party, the Regionalist Party and some independents. [6] However, the government failed to serve a full term after being forced to resign following a motion of no confidence in November 1923. [8] Further instability resulted in seven different governments holding office in the subsequent period until the 1925 elections. [9]
Politics in Portugal operates as a unitary multi-party semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime Minister of Portugal is the head of government, and the President of Portugal is the non-executive head of state which, although it is a somewhat ceremonial figure, has some significant political powers they exercise often. Executive power is exercised by the Government, whose leader is the prime minister. Legislative power is primarily vested in the Assembly of the Republic, although the government is also able to legislate on certain matters. The Judiciary of Portugal is independent of the executive and the legislature. The President exerts a sort of "moderating power", not easily classified into any of the traditional three branches of government.
The prime minister of Portugal is the head of government of Portugal. As head of government, the prime minister coordinates the actions of ministers, represents the Government of Portugal to the other bodies of state, is accountable to parliament and keeps the president informed. The prime minister can hold the role of head of government with the portfolio of one or more ministries. As Portugal is a semi-presidential parliamentary republic, the prime minister is the country's leading political figure and de facto chief executive.
The Social Democratic Party is a liberal-conservative political party in Portugal that is currently the country's ruling party. Commonly known by its colloquial initials PSD, on ballot papers its initials appear as its official form PPD/PSD, with the first three letters coming from the party's original name, the Democratic People's Party. A party of the centre-right, the PSD is one of the two major parties in Portuguese politics, its rival being the Socialist Party (PS) on the centre-left.
Since the beginning of liberalism in Portugal in the 19th century, several parties have, by gaining representation in parliament, continued the liberal ideology in contemporary Portuguese politics. But after the initial fervor of the Liberal Revolution of 1820 and the outcome of the Liberal Wars (1828–1834) during the 19th century, liberalism was relegated to a secondary role in Portuguese politics and government and even outlawed for periods of time. The first fully-fledged liberal party founded as such to have a seat in the Portuguese Parliament since the end of the First Portuguese Republic (1910–1926), was the Liberal Initiative, in 2019.
Bernardo de Sá Nogueira de Figueiredo, 1st Marquess de Sá da Bandeira was a Portuguese nobleman and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Portugal for five times. He was the most prominent Portuguese defender of the abolition of slavery in Portugal and its domains.
The 28 May 1926 coup d'état, sometimes called 28 May Revolution or, during the period of the corporatist Estado Novo, the National Revolution, was a military coup of a nationalist origin, that put an end to the unstable Portuguese First Republic and initiated 48 years of corporatist and nationalist rule within Portugal. The regime that immediately resulted from the coup, the Ditadura Nacional, would be later refashioned into the Estado Novo, which in turn would last until the Carnation Revolution in 1974.
António Maria da Silva, GCTE was a Portuguese politician. An engineer, he was a prominent member of the Portuguese Republican Party. He was Prime Minister for four times, during the Portuguese First Republic. After his party's victory in the legislative elections of 8 November 1925, he was invited to form a government. He led a great campaign against President Manuel Teixeira Gomes, that forced him to resign. He was the last Prime Minister of the 1st Republic, resigning two days after the 28 May 1926 military movement.
José Vicente de Freitas, 2nd Baron of Freitas GCTE ComA GCA was a Portuguese military officer and politician.
Domingos Leite Pereira was a Portuguese politician of the Portuguese First Republic. He had degrees in theology and literature of the University of Coimbra. He helped to improve the relationships between the republic and the Catholic Church during his government.
Antonio Manuel Maria Coelho was a Portuguese military officer of the Portuguese Army and politician during the period of the Portuguese First Republic. In January 1891, he had been one of the leading revolutionaries during the Porto republican revolt. Among other posts, he served as governor of Portuguese Angola and governor of Portuguese Guinea. He became Prime Minister after the Noite Sangrenta terrorist assassinations of prominent state figures on 19 October 1921. A Freemason, he was co-author, along with João Chagas, of the work História da Revolta do Porto.
Aníbal António Cavaco Silva is a Portuguese economist and politician who served as the 19th president of Portugal, from 9 March 2006 to 9 March 2016, and as prime minister of Portugal, from 6 November 1985 to 25 October 1995. His 10-year tenure was the longest of any prime minister since Salazar, and the longest for a freely elected prime minister in Portugal's republican history. He was the first Portuguese prime minister to win an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system. He is best known for leading Portugal into the European Union.
Pedro Manuel Mamede Passos Coelho is a Portuguese politician and university guest lecturer who was the 117th prime minister of Portugal, in office from 2011 to 2015. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) between 2010 and 2018.
Bloody Night is the name by which the radical revolt that took place in Lisbon, on the night of 19 October 1921, became known. During the day, a coup led António Granjo's government to resign, but President António José de Almeida resisted appointing the rebels' government. During the night, a riot led by a "ghost truck" led by Abel Olímpio resulted in five people associated with the Sidonist regime being killed and one being gravely injured.
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 10 July 1921. Prior to the elections, the Republican Union had merged with the Evolutionist Party to form the Republican Liberal Party (PLR). The elections resulted in the PLR becoming the largest in Parliament, winning 79 of the 163 seats in the House of Representatives and 32 of the 71 seats in the Senate.
Parliamentary elections were held in Portugal on 8 November 1925. The result was a victory for the Democratic Party, which won 83 of the 163 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 39 of the 70 seats in the Senate. Following a military coup in 1926 and the subsequent Estado Novo period, the 1925 elections were the last truly multi-party elections in Portugal until the 1975 Constituent Assembly elections.
The 2015 Portuguese legislative election was held on 4 October. All 230 seats of the Assembly of the Republic were in contention.
The Nationalist Republican Party was a right-wing republican party during the First Portuguese Republic. It was founded as a merger of the Republican Liberal Party, the Reconstitution Party and some elements of the old National Republican Party of Sidónio Pais. Initially with moderate conservative orientation, it drifted increasingly to the right, making concessions to Catholic constituencies towards the end of the First Republic.
Presidential elections were held in Portugal on 24 January 2016. The election chose the successor to the President Aníbal Cavaco Silva, who was constitutionally not allowed to run for a third consecutive term.
The following lists events in the year 2015 in Portugal.
Mariana Guimarães Vieira da Silva is a Portuguese sociologist and politician who served as Minister of the Presidency in António Costa's XXIII Constitutional Government, effectively in second in the government.
| Presidential elections | |
|---|---|
| Parliamentary elections |
|
| Constituent Assembly elections | |
| Local elections | |
| European elections | |
| Referendums | |
| |
