1979 Portuguese legislative election

1979 Portuguese legislative election

←  1976 2 December 1979 1980  →
250 seats to the Portuguese Assembly 125 seats needed for a majority
Registered	7,249,346 10.4%
Turnout	6,007,453 (82.9%) 0.6 pp
First party Second party Third party   Leader Francisco Sá Carneiro Mário Soares Álvaro Cunhal Party PSD PS PCP Alliance AD APU Leader since 2 July 1978 [lower-alpha 1] 19 April 1973 14 April 1978 Leader's seat Lisbon [1] Lisbon [2] Lisbon Last election 115 seats, 40.9% [lower-alpha 2] 107 seats, 34.9% 40 seats, 14.4% Seats before 110† 105† 34† Seats won 128 74 47 Seat change 18* 31* 13* Popular vote 2,719,208 1,642,136 1,129,322 Percentage 45.3% 27.3% 18.8% Swing 4.4 pp 7.6 pp 4.4 pp
Vote winner strength by district Results by constituency. * Indicates seat change, so this is a nominal figure. † Notional 1976 results with the new seat distribution.
Prime Minister before election Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo PS Prime Minister after election Francisco Sá Carneiro PSD

The 1979 Portuguese legislative election took place on 2 December. The election renewed all 250 members of the Assembly of the Republic, 13 seats less than those elected in 1976.

The 3 years prior to the election were very unstable with Prime Minister Mário Soares' government collapsing in August 1978 and being succeeded by three Presidential appointed governments, in which the first two also collapsed due to lack of Parliamentary support. In the summer of 1979, President of Portugal António Ramalho Eanes dissolved Parliament and called an election for 2 December 1979 and, until the elections, the President nominated Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, the first and still only woman to lead a government in Portugal, as Prime Minister.

In the elections, the right-wing parties, the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic and Social Center and the People's Monarchist Party united in the Democratic Alliance (Portuguese: Aliança Democrática or AD) under the leadership of Sá Carneiro won the election, receiving 45% of the votes and an absolute majority in seats. The Socialists lost more than 30 MPs and the Communists, now allied with the Portuguese Democratic Movement in the United People Alliance achieved their highest total ever, with almost 20% of the voting.

Turnout dropped slightly to 82.6%, but the number of ballots cast surpassed 6 million.

Background

Fall of the government

See also: 1976 Portuguese legislative election § Fall of the government

In the last election, three and a half years before, in April 1976, the Socialist Party, under the lead of Mário Soares, won the elections and became the Prime-Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government after the revolution.

However, the Government suffered several attacks and in December 1977, Soares lost a voting of confidence in Parliament, 159 to 100, as all Opposition parties, the Democratic and Social Center, the Social Democrats and the Communists united in order to vote against it, and so, the Soares' government fell. Soares would become Prime Minister again in January 1978, in coalition with the Democratic Social Center, but in July this party would force the end of the government due to disagreements about agrarian reforms. In August, Nobre da Costa became Prime Minister by personal decision of the President of President Ramalho Eanes, after a failed attempt to unite the parties on the Parliament. However, the program of Nobre da Costa's government was never approved and two months later, Nobre da Costa was replaced by Mota Pinto who would govern with extreme difficulties for less than one year.

In July 1979, the President finally decided to dissolve the Parliament and call for a new election for December. Mota Pinto was replaced in the period between the dissolution and the election by Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo (the only women to lead a government in Portugal).

Leadership changes and challenges

PSD 1978 leadership election

The PSD suffered a lot of internal division after the 1976 election. The party was essential divided between those who want the party to pursue a more social democratic path, and those who want a more centrist to center-right approach, these aligned with Francisco Sá Carneiro. ^[3] Because of these disputes, Sá Carneiro leaves the leadership in November 1977, and is succeeded by António Sousa Franco, who leads the party more to the left. ^[4] But, internal divisions continue, and in June 1978, a group of 42 PSD MPs release the "Unpostponable Options" manifesto where they attack Sá Carneiro and reaffirm the Social Democratic path with the candidacy to the Socialist International. ^[5] Sá Carneiro returns to the leadership in the 1978 July party congress and 37 PSD MPs leave definitely the party and form the Independent Social Democratic Action (ASDI), which will merge with the PS a few years later. ^[6]

Ballot: 2 July 1978

Candidate		Votes	%
	Francisco Sá Carneiro		100.0
Turnout
Source:

A few months after the congress that reinstated Sá Carneiro in the party's leadership, the PSD, CDS and PPM reach an agreement to form the Democratic Alliance, in order to contest the following elections. ^[7]

Electoral system

The Assembly of the Republic has 250 members elected to four-year terms. The total number of MPs was reduced to 250 from the previous 263, elected in 1976. Governments do not require absolute majority support of the Assembly to hold office, as even if the number of opposers of government is larger than that of the supporters, the number of opposers still needs to be equal or greater than 126 (absolute majority) for both the Government's Programme to be rejected or for a motion of no confidence to be approved. ^[8]

The number of seats assigned to each district depends on the district magnitude. ^[9] The use of the d'Hondt method makes for a higher effective threshold than certain other allocation methods such as the Hare quota or Sainte-Laguë method, which are more generous to small parties. ^[10]

For these elections, and compared with the 1976 elections, the MPs distributed by districts were the following: ^[11]

District	Number of MPs	Map
Lisbon (–2)	56	15 6 38 6 4 15 10 5 12 6 11 12 56 4 5 17 5 9 5 5 2 2
Porto	38
Setúbal	17
Aveiro and Braga	15
Santarém (–1) and Coimbra	12
Leiria	11
Viseu (–1)	10
Faro	9
Castelo Branco (–1), Viana do Castelo (–1) and Vila Real (–1)	6
Azores (–1), Beja (–1), Évora (–1), Guarda (–1) and Madeira (–1)	5
Bragança (–1) and Portalegre	4
Europe and Outside Europe	2

Parties

The table below lists the parties represented in the Assembly of the Republic during the first half of the 1st legislature (1976–1980), as this election was a national by-election, and that also contested the elections:

With the 1976 seat distribution

Name			Ideology	Political position	Leader	1976 result		Seats at dissolution [12]
						%	Seats
	PS	Socialist Party Partido Socialista	Social democracy	Centre-left	Mário Soares	34.9%	107 / 263	98 / 263
	PPD/PSD	Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata	Liberalism	Centre	Francisco Sá Carneiro	24.4% [lower-alpha 3]	73 / 263	36 / 263
	CDS	Democratic and Social Center Centro Democrático e Social	Christian democracy	Centre-right to right-wing	Diogo Freitas do Amaral	16.0% [lower-alpha 3]	42 / 263	40 / 263
	PCP	Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português	Communism	Far-left	Álvaro Cunhal	14.4% [lower-alpha 4]	40 / 263	40 / 263
	UDP	Popular Democratic Union União Democrática Popular	Marxism Socialism	Left-wing	Mário Tomé	1.7%	1 / 263	1 / 263
	ASDI	Independent Social Democratic Action Acção Social Democrata Independente	Democratic Socialism Social democracy	Centre-left	António de Sousa Franco	N/A		42 / 263

1976 results with the new seat distribution

Name			Ideology	Political position	Leader	1976 notional result
						%	Seats
	PS	Socialist Party Partido Socialista	Social democracy	Centre-left	Mário Soares	34.9%	105 / 250
	PPD/PSD	Social Democratic Party Partido Social Democrata	Liberalism	Centre	Francisco Sá Carneiro	24.4%	70 / 250
	CDS	Democratic and Social Center Centro Democrático e Social	Christian democracy	Centre-right to right-wing	Diogo Freitas do Amaral	16.0%	40 / 250
	PCP	Portuguese Communist Party Partido Comunista Português	Communism	Far-left	Álvaro Cunhal	14.4%	34 / 250
	UDP	Popular Democratic Union União Democrática Popular	Marxism Socialism	Left-wing	Mário Tomé	1.7%	1 / 250

Campaign period

Party slogans

Party or alliance		Original slogan	English translation	Refs
	AD	« A maioria certa »	"The right majority"	[13]
	PS	« O direito à liberdade »	"The right to freedom"	[14]
	APU	« Para a vitória democrática »	"For the democratic victory"	[15]
	UDP	« O voto certo da mudança »	"The right vote for change"	[16]

National summary of votes and seats

Summary of the 2 December 1979 Assembly of the Republic elections results

Parties			Votes	%	±	Seats					MPs %/ votes %
						1976	1979	±	%	±
		Democratic Alliance [lower-alpha 5]	2,554,458	42.52	—	—	121	—	48.40	—	1.14
		Social Democratic [lower-alpha 6]	141,227	2.35	—	73	7	—	2.80	—	1.19
		Democratic and Social Centre [lower-alpha 6]	23,523	0.39	—	42	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
Total Democratic Alliance [lower-alpha 2]			2,719,208	45.26	4.4	115	128	13	51.20	7.5	1.13
		Socialist	1,642,136	27.33	7.6	107	74	33	29.60	11.1	1.08
		United People Alliance [lower-alpha 7]	1,129,322	18.80	4.4	40	47	7	18.80	3.6	1.00
		People's Democratic Union	130,842	2.18	0.5	1	1	0	0.40	0.0	0.18
		Christian Democratic	72,514	1.21	0.7	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
		Portuguese Workers' Communist	53,268	0.89	0.2	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
		UEDS	43,325	0.72	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
		Revolutionary Socialist	36,978	0.62	0.5	0	0	0	0.00	0.0	0.0
		Workers Party of Socialist Unity	12,713	0.21	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
		OCMLP	3,433	0.06	—	—	0	—	0.00	—	0.0
Total valid			5,843,739	97.28	2.0	263	250	13	100.00	0.0	—
Blank ballots			42,863	0.71	—
Invalid ballots			120,851	2.01	2.7
Total			6,007,453	100.00
Registered voters/turnout			7,249,346	82.86	0.6
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Vote share AD   42.52% PS   27.33% APU   18.80% PSD   2.35% UDP   2.18% PDC   1.21% PCTP/MRPP   0.89% UEDS   0.72% PSR   0.62% Others   0.66% Blank/Invalid   2.72%

Parliamentary seats AD   48.40% PS   29.60% APU   18.80% PSD   2.80% UDP   0.40%

Distribution by constituency

Results of the 1979 election of the Portuguese Assembly of the Republic
by constituency

Constituency	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	%	S	Total S
	AD		PS		APU		PSD		UDP
Azores			30.0	2	3.1	-	52.0	3	1.7	-	5
Aveiro	56.7	9	28.4	5	7.9	1			1.2	-	15
Beja	19.0	1	22.0	1	50.7	3			1.8	-	5
Braga	51.9	9	30.2	5	10.0	1			1.4	-	15
Bragança	60.7	3	22.2	1	5.8	-			1.9	-	4
Castelo Branco	49.9	4	27.8	2	12.4	-			1.9	-	6
Coimbra	44.8	6	35.1	5	11.2	1			1.3	-	12
Évora	26.9	1	16.9	1	48.9	3			1.7	-	5
Faro	34.6	4	34.0	3	20.3	2			3.2	-	9
Guarda	60.6	4	26.3	1	5.4	-			0.9	-	5
Leiria	56.2	7	23.2	3	10.9	1			1.5	-	11
Lisbon	40.0	24	25.8	15	26.0	16			2.8	1	56
Madeira			17.2	1	3.1	-	57.8	4	6.6	-	5
Portalegre	32.1	2	29.8	1	29.4	1			1.7	-	4
Porto	44.5	18	34.8	14	14.5	6			1.9	-	38
Santarém	41.3	6	27.3	3	21.7	3			2.2	-	12
Setúbal	22.3	4	21.4	4	47.0	9			4.0	-	17
Viana do Castelo	54.8	4	24.9	2	9.8	-			0.9	-	6
Vila Real	57.7	4	21.4	2	6.1	-			1.5	-	6
Viseu	64.1	8	21.4	2	5.5	-			1.4	-	10
Europe	38.3	1	33.2	1	13.4	-			5.7	-	2
Rest of the World	77.3	2	5.7	-	3.1	-			0.7	-	2
Total	42.5	121	27.3	74	18.8	47	2.4	7	2.2	1	250
Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições

Maps

• 
  Most voted political force by municipality.

Notes

1. As leader of the Social Democratic Party (PSD).
2. Democratic Alliance results are compared to the combined totals of the Social Democratic Party, the Democratic and Social Centre and the People's Monarchist Party in the 1976 election.
3. The Social Democratic Party (PSD), the Democratic Social Center (CDS) and the People's Monarchist Party (PPM) would contest the 1979 election in a coalition called Democratic Alliance (AD).
4. The Portuguese Communist Party (PCP) and the Portuguese Democratic Movement (MDP/CDE) would contest the 1979 election in a coalition called United People Alliance (APU).
5. Alliance formed by the Social Democratic Party (73 seats), the Democratic and Social Centre (43 seats) and the People's Monarchist Party (5 seats).
6. Social Democratic Party and Democratic and Social Centre electoral list only in Azores and Madeira.
7. Portuguese Communist Party (44 MPs) and Portuguese Democratic Movement (3 MPs) ran in coalition.

References

1. Diário da Républica, 24 de Dezembro de 1979 - Lista de candidatos eleitos ^{[ permanent dead link ]}
2. Fundação Mário Soares
3. "A guerra interna a Rui Rio e os "inadiáveis" contra Sá Carneiro", Diário de Notícias, 29 November 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
4. " Partido Popular Democrático/ Partido Social-Democrata", José Adelino Maltez, 3 May 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
5. " Opções Inadiáveis (1978)", José Adelino Maltez, 3 May 2007. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
6. " De condicionais a ASDI ", Público, 9 September 2018. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
7. "O que prometia a AD há 36 anos ", Observador, 27 April 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2022.
8. "Constitution of the Portuguese Republic" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2019-12-29.
9. "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
10. Gallaher, Michael (1992). "Comparing Proportional Representation Electoral Systems: Quotas, Thresholds, Paradoxes and Majorities"
11. "Eleição da Assembleia da República de 2 de Dezembro de 1979". CNE - Comissão Nacional de Eleições - Eleição da Assembleia da República de 2 de Dezembro de 1979. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
12. Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos
13. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS INTERCALARES DE 1979 – ALIANÇA DEMOCRÁTICA". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
14. "ELEIÇÕES LEGISLATIVAS DE 1979 – PS". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
15. "ALIANÇA POVO UNIDO (APU) – 1979 / ELEIÇÕES INTERCALARES DE 1979 – APU". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.
16. "UDP – 1979". EPHEMERA (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 May 2020.

External links

• Comissão Nacional de Eleições Archived 2005-04-08 at the Wayback Machine
• Centro de Estudos do Pensamento Político

See also

• Politics of Portugal
• List of political parties in Portugal
• Elections in Portugal