1990 Malaysian general election

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1990 Malaysian general election
Flag of Malaysia.svg
  1986 20–21 October 1990 1995  

All 180 seats in the Dewan Rakyat
91 seats needed for a majority
Registered7,958,641
 First partySecond partyThird party
  Mahathir bin Mohamad in Brussels - 1998 (P001802014H) (cropped 3to4 closeup).jpg
Lim Kit Siang cropped (cropped, 1.5 to 4, left panel).jpg
Penampang Sabah Joseph-Pairin-Kitingan-02 (cropped, 1.5 to 4, right panel).jpg
Tengku-razaleigh (closeup2 3to4).jpg
Leader Mahathir Mohamad Lim Kit Siang & Joseph Pairin Kitingan Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah
Party UMNO DAP & USP S46
Alliance BN GR APU
Last election57.28%, 148 seats22.69%, 34 seats15.50, 1 seat [a]
Seats won1273415
Seat changeDecrease2.svg 21Decrease2.svg 4Increase2.svg 14
Popular vote2,985,3921,113,4881,218,211
Percentage53.38%19.91%21.78%
SwingDecrease2.svg 3.90ppDecrease2.svg 2.78ppIncrease2.svg 6.28pp

Prime Minister before election

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

Prime Minister-designate

Mahathir Mohamad
BN

General elections were held in Malaysia on 20 and 21 October 1990. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. [1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

Contents

The result was a victory for the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level and state except state of Kelantan with opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) winning all 39 state assembly seats with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46. [2]

Background

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible, multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional. This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system. [3] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

Results

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 2,985,39253.3871–12
Malaysian Chinese Association 18+1
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu 10+2
Malaysian Indian Congress 60
United Sabah National Organisation 6+1
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia 50
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak 4–1
Sarawak United Peoples' Party 40
Sarawak National Party 3–1
People's Progressive Party 00
Total127–21
Angkatan
Perpaduan Ummah
Semangat 46 842,34215.068New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 375,8696.727+6
Total1,218,21121.7815+14
Gagasan Rakyat Democratic Action Party 985,22817.6120–4
United Sabah Party 128,2602.2914+4
Total1,113,48819.91340
Parti Rakyat Malaysia 56,4621.0100
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association 35,3100.630New
People's Justice Front 12,6550.230New
Sarawak United Labour Party1620.0000
Independents171,5473.0740
Total5,593,227100.00180+3
Valid votes5,593,22797.24
Invalid/blank votes158,4982.76
Total votes5,751,725100.00
Registered voters/turnout7,958,64172.27
Source: Nohlen et al., CLEAIPU

By state

Johor

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 426,85461.49120
Malaysian Chinese Association 50
Malaysian Indian Congress 10
Total180
Semangat 46 142,22720.490New
Democratic Action Party 104,84015.1000
Parti Rakyat Malaysia 17,5832.5300
Independents2,7070.3900
Total694,211100.00180
Valid votes694,21196.30
Invalid/blank votes26,6703.70
Total votes720,881100.00
Registered voters/turnout972,17174.15

Kedah

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 258,83453.64120
Malaysian Chinese Association 41,8718.6820
Total300,70562.32140
Semangat 46 99,00720.520New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 76,93615.9400
Democratic Action Party 5,3601.1100
Independents5370.1100
Total482,545100.00140
Valid votes482,54597.02
Invalid/blank votes14,8382.98
Total votes497,383100.00
Registered voters/turnout657,32275.67

Kelantan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Semangat 46 140,28134.197New
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 134,27932.730-12
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 133,25132.486+5
Independents2,4650.6000
Total410,276100.00130
Valid votes410,27697.58
Invalid/blank votes10,1732.42
Total votes420,449100.00
Registered voters/turnout536,02078.44

Kuala Lumpur

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 153,72343.1130
Democratic Action Party 141,72439.7540
Semangat 46 33,4179.370New
Parti Rakyat Malaysia 25,2597.0800
Independents2,4320.6800
Total356,555100.0070
Valid votes356,55598.83
Invalid/blank votes4,2151.17
Total votes360,770100.00
Registered voters/turnout527,83468.35

Labuan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 7,13059.691+1
Independents4,81640.310–1
Total11,946100.0010
Valid votes11,94698.64
Invalid/blank votes1651.36
Total votes12,111100.00
Registered voters/turnout16,38873.90

Malacca

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 120,23360.5530
Malaysian Chinese Association 10
Total40
Semangat 46 40,32620.310New
Democratic Action Party 33,99317.1210
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 4,0192.0200
Total198,571100.0050
Valid votes198,57196.93
Invalid/blank votes6,2843.07
Total votes204,855100.00
Registered voters/turnout265,05977.29

Negeri Sembilan

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 152,11860.2540
Malaysian Chinese Association 2+2
Malaysian Indian Congress 10
Total7+2
Democratic Action Party 58,52123.180-2
Semangat 46 41,85716.580New
Total252,496100.0070
Valid votes252,49696.95
Invalid/blank votes7,9353.05
Total votes260,431100.00
Registered voters/turnout345,46875.38

Pahang

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 203,50463.0470
Malaysian Chinese Association 30
Total100
Semangat 46 66,33720.5500
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 29,9609.2800
Democratic Action Party 23,0307.1300
Total322,831100.00100
Valid votes322,83196.52
Invalid/blank votes11,6273.48
Total votes334,458100.00
Registered voters/turnout452,99773.83

Penang

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 85,31520.3840
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia 64,48515.4010
Malaysian Chinese Association 63,73215.2200
Total213,53251.0050
Democratic Action Party 170,05340.6160
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 14,3223.4200
Parti Rakyat Malaysia 13,6203.2500
Semangat 46 7,1741.710New
Total418,701100.00110
Valid votes418,70197.81
Invalid/blank votes9,3712.19
Total votes428,072100.00
Registered voters/turnout559,22376.55

Perak

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 391,62856.17110
Malaysian Chinese Association 30
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia 30
Malaysian Indian Congress 20
Total190
Democratic Action Party 186,14726.7040
Semangat 46 82,97111.9000
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 33,9554.8700
Independents2,5160.3600
Total697,217100.00230
Valid votes697,21796.87
Invalid/blank votes22,5143.13
Total votes719,731100.00
Registered voters/turnout1,031,38169.78

Perlis

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 47,76765.4520
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 13,15418.0200
Semangat 46 12,05616.520New
Total72,977100.0020
Valid votes72,97796.63
Invalid/blank votes2,5443.37
Total votes75,521100.00
Registered voters/turnout99,09776.21

Sabah

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
United Sabah Party 128,26141.0414+7
Barisan Nasional United Sabah National Organisation 57,36518.366-2
Democratic Action Party 28,5479.130–4
People's Justice Front 12,6554.050New
Independents85,68827.420–1
Total312,516100.00200

Sarawak

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional Sarawak United Peoples' Party 262,09257.0740
Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu 10+2
Sarawak National Party 3-1
Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak 4-1
Total210
Democratic Action Party 87,01718.952+1
Sarawak Malaysian People's Association 35,3107.6900
Sarawak United Labour Party1620.0400
Independents74,63516.254+2
Total459,216100.0027+3
Valid votes459,21698.38
Invalid/blank votes7,5711.62
Total votes466,787100.00
Registered voters/turnout688,21667.83

Selangor

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 380,02158.1970
Malaysian Chinese Association 2-1
Malaysian Indian Congress 20
Total11-1
Democratic Action Party 145,99622.363+1
Semangat 46 114,68317.560New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 12,3581.8900
Total653,058100.00140
Valid votes653,05896.88
Invalid/blank votes21,0013.12
Total votes674,059100.00
Registered voters/turnout922,61573.06

Terengganu

Party or allianceVotes%Seats+/–
Barisan Nasional United Malays National Organisation 141,56154.116-2
Semangat 46 62,00623.701New
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party 57,48821.971+1
Independents5650.2200
Total261,620100.0080
Valid votes261,62097.37
Invalid/blank votes7,0632.63
Total votes268,683100.00
Registered voters/turnout326,39382.32

See also

Notes

References

  1. Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN   0-19-924959-8
  2. Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN   0-7007-1161-9.
  3. Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN   981-3035-77-3