The results of the 2022 general election, visualised with the borders of state constituencies. Gray areas represent constituencies with election petitions filed.
State elections in Malaysia were traditionally held alongside general elections. However, states can independently dissolve their own assemblies. Therefore, during the previous general election in 2022, only three states, Perlis, Perak and Pahang dissolved their state assemblies and held their state elections concurrently, while another four states, Sabah, Malacca, Sarawak and Johor held their state elections earlier before the 2022 general election, due to the ongoing political crisis at that time, leaving only the remaining six states which have chosen not to dissolve their assemblies at the time of the general election.[4][5][6][7]
Participating parties
The elections are the first to be held under the unity government led by Pakatan Harapan (PH) chairman and prime minister Anwar Ibrahim. All main component parties of PH, PKR, DAP and AMANAH, as well as the opposition coalition, Perikatan Nasional (PN), are participating in the elections. Barisan Nasional (BN), the second largest coalition in the unity government, saw only UMNO members taking part, with the other two main component parties, MCA and MIC sat out the elections.[8] Among the parties in the unity government not participating in the state elections include the Sabah-based WARISAN[9] and PBM.[10]
Similar decisions were taken by several smaller parties such as Pejuang[11] and Putra,[12] which decided not to participate. Their leaders, together with some Perikatan Nasional leaders, previously agreed informally not to contest against each other.[13]
Despite being part of the unity government, MUDA announced its decision to contest against unity government coalitions in the elections, after its president Syed Saddiq Syed Abdul Rahman claimed that the party was sidelined by PH.[14] Following this, MUDA and the Socialist Party of Malaysia (PSM) signed an electoral pact after the latter announced candidates to contest in the state elections too.[15] Another party without any elected representatives in Parliament taking part in the state elections is PRM contesting 15 seats in Penang and Selangor.[16]
Pakatan Harapan won the Selangor state election after they reached 34 of 56 seats to form state government while Perikatan Nasional won 22 seats. On 21 August 2023, incumbent Amirudin Shari sworn in as Selangor Menteri Besar for the second term.
Earlier, Pakatan Harapan (previously Barisan Alternatif, Pakatan Rakyat) maintained their stronghold in Selangor after they took over control of the state government from Barisan Nasional in the 2008 election and continued to do so for three consecutive terms in 2008, 2013, and 2018. The unity government, now represented by Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional, faced Perikatan Nasional which consists of Bersatu, PAS and Gerakan in the election.
Perikatan Nasional (PN) won the Kelantan state election for the eighth time after they reached 43 of 45 seats to form state government. Meanwhile, BN and PH won one seat each. On 15 August 2023, Mohd Nassuruddin Daud, Meranti Assemblyman, appointed as a new Kelantan Menteri Besar, replaced Ahmad Yakob.
Earlier, PAS, which is now part of the Perikatan Nasional coalition, ruled Kelantan from Barisan Nasional since the 1990 election and held seven consecutive terms in 1990, 1995, 1999, 2004, 2008, 2013, 2018.
Perikatan Nasional (PN) won the Terengganu state election for the second time after they won all 32 seats to form the state government. On 15 August 2023, incumbent Ahmad Samsuri Mokhtar retained as Terengganu Menteri Besar for a second term.
Earlier, PAS, which is under Perikatan Nasional, ruled the Terengganu state government from Barisan Nasional since the 2018 election.
The unity government (PH + BN) won the Negeri Sembilan state election after they won 31 of 36 seats to form state government, while PN won 5 seats. On 14 August 2023, incumbent Aminuddin Harun retained his position as Negeri Sembilan Menteri Besar for the second term.
Earlier, Pakatan Harapan ruled the Negeri Sembilan state government since the 2018 election. Now, the unity government, which represents Pakatan Harapan and Barisan Nasional, will face Perikatan Nasional which consists of Bersatu and PAS in next state election.
Perikatan Nasional (PN) has won Kedah state election after won 33 of 36 seats to form state government while unity government (PH + BN) has won 3 seats. On 14 August 2023, incumbent Sanusi Mohd Nor sworn in as Kedah Menteri Besar for second term.
Earlier, PAS which is under Perikatan Nasional has ruled the Kedah state government after took over from Pakatan Harapan due to political crisis in 2020.
Pakatan Harapan (PH) won the Penang state election for the fourth time with cooperation from BN after they reached 29 of 40 seats to form the state government, while PN won 11 seats. On 13 August, incumbent Chow Kon Yeow sworn in as Penang Chief Minister for a second term.
Earlier, Pakatan Harapan (previously Barisan Alternatif, Pakatan Rakyat) remained a stronghold in Penang after it took over state government from Barisan Nasional in the 2008 election, holding three consecutive terms in 2008, 2013, 2018. It would be challenged by former governing party of Penang, Gerakan, which now joins Perikatan Nasional together with Bersatu and PAS.
The National Front, officially Barisan Nasional (BN), is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1974 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties to succeed the Alliance Party. It is the third largest political coalition with 30 seats in the Dewan Rakyat after Pakatan Harapan (PH) with 82 seats and Perikatan Nasional (PN) with 74 seats.
General elections were held in Malaysia on Wednesday, 9 May 2018. At stake were all 222 seats in the Dewan Rakyat, the lower house of parliament. The 13th Parliament was dissolved by Prime Minister Najib Razak on 7 April 2018. It would have been automatically dissolved on 24 June 2018, five years after the first meeting of the first session of the 13th Parliament of Malaysia on 24 June 2013.
The 14th Selangor state election was held on 9 May 2018 to elect the State Assemblymen of the 14th Selangor State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Selangor.
The Gagasan Sejahtera was a coalition of opposition Islamist political parties which promote the "ideas of peace" in Malaysia. The informal electoral pact was formed initially on 16 March 2016 by Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and Parti Ikatan Bangsa Malaysia (IKATAN) as a Third Force to face both ruling Barisan Nasional (BN) and the opposition Pakatan Harapan (PH) coalitions in the upcoming 2018 Malaysian general election (GE14). It had announced on 13 August 2016 the pact to be formally called Gagasan Sejahtera. Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA) had later joined the coalition on 23 September 2016. The formation of the alliance brought criticism from both the main coalitions of BN and PH.
The 14th Kelantan State election was held on 9 May 2018, concurrently with the 2018 Malaysian general election. The previous state election was held on 5 May 2013. The state assemblymen is elected to 5 years term each.
The 14th Perak State election was held on 9 May 2018. The previous state election was held on 5 May 2013. Each of the state assemblymen are elected to a five-year term each.
General elections were held in Malaysia on Saturday, 19 November 2022. The prospect of snap elections had been considered high due to the political crisis that had been ongoing since 2020; political instability caused by coalition or party switching among members of Parliament, combined with the fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributed to the resignation of two prime ministers and the collapse of each of their respective coalition governments since the 2018 general elections.
The 2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis was triggered after several Members of Parliament (MPs) of the 14th Malaysian Parliament changed party support, leading to the loss of a parliamentary majority, the collapse of two successive coalition governments, and the resignation of two Prime Ministers. The political crisis culminated in a 2022 snap general election and eventual formation of a coalition government. This crisis ended in 2022 and Malaysian political crisis continued in the State of Sabah known as 2023 Kinabalu Move.
The National Alliance, officially Perikatan Nasional (PN), is a Malaysian political coalition consisting of right-wing political parties. Previously known as the Persatuan Perikatan Parti Malaysia. It is the second largest political coalition in Dewan Rakyat with 74 seats after Pakatan Harapan (PH) with 81 seats.
The 2021 Malacca state election, formally the 15th Malacca state election, took place on 20 November 2021. This election was to elect 28 members of the 15th Malacca State Legislative Assembly. The previous assembly was dissolved on 4 October 2021.
The 2022 Perlis state election, formally the 15th Perlis state election, took place on 19 November 2022. This election was to elect 15 members of the 15th Perlis State Legislative Assembly. The previous assembly was dissolved on 14 October 2022.
The 2022 Perak state election, formally the 15th Perak state election, took place on 19 November 2022. This election was to elect 59 members of the 15th Perak State Legislative Assembly. The previous assembly was dissolved on 17 October 2022.
The 15th Selangor state election were held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Selangor State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Selangor.
The 15th Penang state election was held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Penang State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Penang.
The 15th Negeri Sembilan state election was held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan.
The 15th Terengganu state election were held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Terengganu State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Terengganu.
The 15th Kedah state election was held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Kedah State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Kedah.
The 15th Kelantan state election were held on 12 August 2023 to elect the State Assembly members of the 15th Kelantan State Legislative Assembly, the legislature of the Malaysian state of Kelantan.
Green Wave, also known as Green Tsunami, is a political phenomenon that has taken place in Malaysia since the 2022 Malaysian general election. This political phenomenon involves Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and its ultraconservative voters, who mainly originate from the northeastern and northwestern parts of Peninsular Malaysia. Ideologically, the phenomenon mostly concerns a far-right, authoritarian and ultranationalist movement that espouses increased Malay-Muslim hegemony in Malaysian politics as well as further intimidation and marginalisation of Malaysia's minority groups and religions.
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