2009 swine flu pandemic in Ukraine

Last updated

The 2009 swine flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) [1] and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, [2] [3] and quickly spread globally. On the 11th of June 2009, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. [4] [5] The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms, [4] but some persons are at higher risk of suffering more serious effects; such as those with asthma, diabetes, [6] [7] obesity, heart disease, or those who are pregnant or have a weakened immune system. [8] In the rare severe cases, around 3–5 days after symptoms manifest, the sufferer's condition declines quickly, often to the point respiratory failure. [9] Although Ukraine was not (very) affected at first there was on outbreak of the virus in Western Ukraine in early November 2009 that led to the closing of public buildings and cancellation of meetings for three weeks. [10]

Contents

As of December 2009 more than two million people had fallen ill since Ukraine's flu epidemic began [11] and about 500 of those people died of flu or flu-like illnesses and its complications (pneumonia) of the 46 million people then living in Ukraine. [12] Ukraine was one of the countries most affected (8th) by swine flu in Europe. [13]

According to Ukrainian Justice Minister Mykola Onischuk the epidemiological situation during October–December 2009 didn't change the overall death rate in Ukraine. [14]

Ukraine has two laboratories capable of identifying influenza strains. [15]

Timeline

First cases

An ambulance in Kyiv An ambulance in Kiev.jpg
An ambulance in Kyiv

The virus reached Ukraine on 5 June 2009 when the first case of the virus was officially confirmed in Ukraine. The patient concerned, a 24-year-old Ukrainian citizen, had arrived from New York City via Paris at Kyiv's Boryspil Airport on May 29, 2009. [16] Before that imports of pork and live pigs from all affected countries had been banned. The ban applied to all shipments after April 21, 2009. [17]

A second swine flu case (in Ukraine) was confirmed on September 29, 2009. [18]

Flu epidemic

October 2009

On October 27, 2009, an outbreak of influenza-like illness and the deaths of seven people from its complications were reported in Ternopil region. [19] [20] Schools and universities in Ternopil were closed. [19]

Radio Netherlands Worldwide mentioned (on November 4) that rumors had spread about a plane said to have been flown over the capital of Ukraine, Kyiv, releasing powder containing a mutated variety of the A (H1N1) virus. [21]

On 30 October 2009, Ukrainian Ministry of Health confirmed 11 new cases of swine flu and the first death from it. An epidemic was declared and nine out of 25 regions of Ukraine were put under quarantine, [10] [22] on November 5, 2009 Kirovohrad became the 10th. [23] Due to the outbreak public meetings, including cinema, [24] were forbidden nationwide and all educational institutions were closed for three weeks (subject to extension if necessary). [25] [26] Conscription into the Ukrainian army was also suspended, [27] 

and the Professional Football League of Ukraine postponed football matches in the Ukrainian First League and Second League. [28]

November 2009

A large shipment of Tamiflu was delivered from Switzerland to Ukraine on November 1, 2009 for distribution among hospitals for free. [29]

On November 2, 2009, at Ukraine's request, the WHO sent a team of nine experts to determine if the same strain of swine flu was responsible for the 70 recent deaths from acute respiratory illness in the country. [30] [31]

According to the Ukrainian Health Ministry, by November 2, 2009, the number of people who had died of influenza and respiratory diseases had reached 60, the number of people suffering from the flu was 200,000 [29] and about 22 patients had tested positive for swine flu. [32] On November 5, 2009 the Ministry said the death toll of patients with flu-related and acute respiratory illnesses had jumped to 95. 15 of 31 patient samples sent to London for laboratory analysis tested positive for the H1N1 virus. [33]

By November 6, 2009 twenty-eight cases of swine flu had been confirmed in Ukraine. Thirteen of these cases were in people who had died by that point. [34] The Ukrainian health ministry estimated that Ukraine required 12.5 million doses of a vaccine against swine flu. [35] Four days later, on November 10, 2009 the number of confirmed cases had risen to 67. However, only one more person had died. 1,031,587 people in Ukraine had contracted flu or a flu-like illness by then and of them 52,742 where hospitalized at the time of the report. [36] Since there had been 174 additional deaths from acute respiratory viral infections [37] and other patients had recovered, though this number is less than the total hospitalizations related to flu and flu-like illnesses.

At this point, a policy was implemented that stated that if at least one person had been diagnosed with swine flu in any region of Ukraine, then everyone in that region diagnosed with the flu would receive swine flu treatment. [36]

On November 17, 2009, the WHO issued a statement that there were no significant differences between the pandemic H1N1 strain and the Ukrainian strains tested. [38]

Starting on November 18, 2009, the Ukrainian ministry of health stopped publishing separate statistics on cases of A/H1N1 influenza. [39] Regional commissions were given the power to cancel quarantines of higher educational establishments on November 20. [40]

On November 23 educational institutions opened again in regions below the epidemic threshold for flu and respiratory infections; [41] for instance on November 25, 2009, all educational institutions and kindergartens in Kyiv resumed work. [42]

December 2009

As of December 2, 2009, 445 people had died of flu and flu-like illnesses with a total of 116,982 people hospitalized since the start of the epidemic (October 29, 2009). Of those hospitalized, 93,213 people had at the time been discharged from hospitals. On December 2 the epidemic threshold was still exceeded in the Zakarpattia and Khmelnytsky regions. [43]

By December 7, 2009, more than two million people had fallen ill since Ukraine's flu epidemic began, with 88 patients in intensive care at the time. [11] At the time about 46 million people lived in Ukraine. [12]

By December 8, 2009, 468 people had died of flu and flu-like illnesses and its complications (pneumonia) in Ukraine with a total of 128,851 people that had been hospitalized since the start of the epidemic (October 29) and 102,510 people discharged from hospitals. On December 8 the epidemic threshold was still exceeded in Vinnytsia, Dnipropetrovsk, Kirovohrad, Luhansk and Sumy regions. [44]

In December 2009, Ukrainian and World Health Organization officials warned of a second and third wave of the flu epidemic starting in late December 2009 and early 2010. [45] On December 23, the WHO said that H1N1 was resurgent in Ukraine, as well as in Serbia and Turkey, with increasing influenza-like illness and acute respiratory illness. [46]

As of December 28, 652 people had died since the epidemic started in late October. At the time 258 people were in intensive care with dozens on ventilators. More than 200,000 people have been hospitalized. [47] Late December 2009 saw high influenza activity in the Eastern Ukrainian provinces Donetsk Oblast and Luhansk Oblast. [48]

The spread of acute respiratory infections in Ukraine passed over a second peak in late December 2009, with case counts almost three times those from the same time in the prior year. [49]

January 2010

On January 8 the WHO said that intense A/H1N1 virus activity continued in Ukraine, as well as in several other eastern Europe countries. [50] On January 23, Ukrainian health officials reported that they expected a second surge of flu and respiratory infections to strike early in February 2010. [51]

The number of those who had died of flu and flu-like illnesses in Ukraine increased to 940 people on January 12, 2010, with the epidemic threshold exceeded in Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Poltava, Sumy regions and Crimea; according to the Ukrainian Health Ministry. [52] This number increased to 1,019 people on January 21, 2010 with the epidemic threshold exceeded in the Dnipropetrovsk, Luhansk, Poltava and Sumy regions. [53]

Epidemiology

According to Chief State Sanitary Doctor Oleksandr Bilovol, the mass refusal by Ukrainians to be vaccinated (after several persons allegedly died after vaccinations in 2008 [54] and 2009 [55] ) was partly the cause for the epidemic. [26]

According to Ukrainian doctors the Government of Ukraine had provided no public information and taken no precautionary measures to prevent the pandemic. [21] [56] [57] In November, the WHO praised the Ukrainian government for the measures it took to prevent the spread of the flu epidemic in Ukraine. [58] According to a poll carried out by the Institute of Social and Political Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of Ukraine in November 2009 Ukrainian citizens had mainly negative feelings about measures being taken by the government to fight the flu epidemic. According to the poll, 49.8% of respondents made a negative assessment of the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers (37.4% a positive one), 44.8% the Health Ministry (28.1% positive), 57.4% the president and his secretariat (18.8% positive), and 50.4% the Verkhovna Rada (parliament of Ukraine) (18.6% positive). [59]

Ukrainian analysts have suggested that politicians, mainly Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko and Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko, have tried to use the pandemic to score political points with the January 2010 presidential election in mind. [60] This was denied by Prime Minister Tymoshenko. [61] [62] According to a poll by Research & Branding Group the majority of Ukrainians thought that the epidemic of flu would not affect the presidential elections. [63] According to a November 2009 poll by FOM-Ukraine 33.3% of Ukrainians think that the public panic about the flu epidemic helped Prime Minister Tymoshenko the most, while 28.7% said it was a boost for all politicians (other individual politicians where polled at <10%). Asked what caused the panic, 45.6% pointed to the media and 20.3% to government representatives. [64]

According to the Ukrainian Health Ministry the average daily number of fatalities caused by flu in 2009 was lower than in 2008, when it was 18. [65]

During the pandemic Ukrainians started to eat onions and garlic (in Lviv, the price of garlic had skyrocketed in November 2009 [21] ), took vitamins, spent more time at home or drank alcoholic beverages in order to protect themselves from flu and flu-like illnesses. [66]

By mid-December 2009 the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) had allocated over 600 million hryvnya to fight the flu epidemic in Ukraine. [67]

Comparisons within Europe

On 13 November 2009, the WHO announced that, based on data collected from 43 European countries, Ukraine had the 8th highest infection rate of A/H1N1 in Europe (following Norway, Sweden, Bulgaria, Moldova, Iceland, Ireland and Russia). Furthermore, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Poland, various regions of Russia, Northern Ireland, Turkey, Finland, and Ukraine had a high sickness rate of А/Н1N1 flu. [13] [68]

According to Jukka Pukkila, head of a WHO international mission to Ukraine, "there is no difference concerning the rate of A/H1N1 flu infection in Ukraine compared to other countries". [69] WHO tests of the H1N1 pandemic virus samples taken from Ukrainian patients haven't exposed any signs of mutation. [70]

A total of 22 countries had given assistance to Ukraine in fighting its flu epidemic by November 2009. [71]

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Influenza A virus</i> Species of virus

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a pathogen with strains that infect birds and some mammals, as well as causing seasonal flu in humans. Mammals in which different strains of IAV circulate with sustained transmission are bats, pigs, horses and dogs; other mammals can occasionally become infected.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swine influenza</span> Infection caused by influenza viruses endemic to pigs

Swine influenza is an infection caused by any of several types of swine influenza viruses. Swine influenza virus (SIV) or swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) refers to any strain of the influenza family of viruses that is endemic in pigs. As of 2009, identified SIV strains include influenza C and the subtypes of influenza A known as H1N1, H1N2, H2N1, H3N1, H3N2, and H2N3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flu season</span> Recurring periods of influenza

Flu season is an annually recurring time period characterized by the prevalence of an outbreak of influenza (flu). The season occurs during the cold half of the year in each hemisphere. It takes approximately two days to show symptoms. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. While the beginning of major flu activity in each season varies by location, in any specific location these minor epidemics usually take about three weeks to reach its pinnacle, and another three weeks to significantly diminish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H1N1</span> Subtype of Influenza A virus

In virology, influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1) is a subtype of influenza A virus. Major outbreaks of H1N1 strains in humans include the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, the 1977 Russian flu pandemic and the 2009 swine flu pandemic. It is an orthomyxovirus that contains the glycoproteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), antigens whose subtypes are used to classify the strains of the virus as H1N1, H1N2 etc. Hemagglutinin causes red blood cells to clump together and binds the virus to the infected cell. Neuraminidase is a type of glycoside hydrolase enzyme which helps to move the virus particles through the infected cell and assist in budding from the host cells.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza pandemic</span> Pandemic involving influenza

An influenza pandemic is an epidemic of an influenza virus that spreads across a large region and infects a large proportion of the population. There have been six major influenza epidemics in the last 140 years, with the 1918 flu pandemic being the most severe; this is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of 50–100 million people. The 2009 swine flu pandemic resulted in under 300,000 deaths and is considered relatively mild. These pandemics occur irregularly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza A virus subtype H3N2</span> Virus subtype

Influenza A virus subtype H3N2 (A/H3N2) is a subtype of viruses that causes influenza (flu). H3N2 viruses can infect birds and mammals. In birds, humans, and pigs, the virus has mutated into many strains. In years in which H3N2 is the predominant strain, there are more hospitalizations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Influenza</span> Infectious disease

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Symptoms range from mild to severe and often include fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pain, headache, coughing, and fatigue. These symptoms begin one to four days after exposure to the virus and last for about two to eight days. Diarrhea and vomiting can occur, particularly in children. Influenza may progress to pneumonia from the virus or a subsequent bacterial infection. Other complications include acute respiratory distress syndrome, meningitis, encephalitis, and worsening of pre-existing health problems such as asthma and cardiovascular disease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic</span> 2009–2010 pandemic of swine influenza caused by H1N1 influenza virus

The 2009 swine flu pandemic, caused by the H1N1/swine flu/influenza virus and declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) from June 2009 to August 2010, was the third recent flu pandemic involving the H1N1 virus. The first identified human case was in La Gloria, Mexico, a rural town in Veracruz. The virus appeared to be a new strain of H1N1 that resulted from a previous triple reassortment of bird, swine, and human flu viruses which further combined with a Eurasian pig flu virus, leading to the term "swine flu".

The 2009 flu pandemic in the United States was caused by a novel strain of the Influenza A/H1N1 virus, commonly referred to as "swine flu", that was first detected on 15 April 2009. While the 2009 H1N1 virus strain was commonly referred to as "swine flu", there is no evidence that it is endemic to pigs or of transmission from pigs to people; instead, the virus spreads from person to person. On April 25, the World Health Organization declared a public health emergency, followed concurringly by the Obama administration on April 26.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in Canada</span>

The 2009 swine flu pandemic in Canada was part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu. In Canada, roughly 10% of the populace has been infected with the virus, with 428 confirmed deaths ; non-fatal individual cases are for the most part no longer being recorded. About 40% of Canadians have been immunized against H1N1 since a national vaccination campaign began in October 2009, with Canada among the countries in the world leading in the percentage of the population that has been vaccinated. The widespread effect of H1N1 in Canada raised concerns during the months leading to the XXI Olympic Winter Games, which took place in Vancouver in February 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic timeline</span>

This article covers the chronology of the 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) pandemic. Flag icons denote the first announcements of confirmed cases by the respective nation-states, their first deaths, and relevant sessions and announcements of the World Health Organization (WHO), the European Union , and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in the United Kingdom</span>

The 2009 swine flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On 11 June 2009, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experienced mild symptoms, but some persons were in higher risk groups, such as those with asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, who were pregnant or had a weakened immune system. In the rare severe cases, around 3–5 days after symptoms manifest, the sufferer's condition declines quickly, often to the point of respiratory failure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic by country</span>

This article deals with the status and efforts regarding the 2009 swine flu pandemic by country and continent/region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pandemic H1N1/09 virus</span> Virus responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic

The pandemic H1N1/09 virus is a swine origin influenza A virus subtype H1N1 strain that was responsible for the 2009 swine flu pandemic. This strain is often called swine flu by the public media due to the prevailing belief that it originated in pigs. The virus is believed to have originated around September 2008 in central Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in Asia</span>

The 2009 flu pandemic in Asia, part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu, afflicted at least 394,133 people in Asia with 2,137 confirmed deaths: there were 1,035 deaths confirmed in India, 737 deaths in China, 415 deaths in Turkey, 192 deaths in Thailand, and 170 deaths in South Korea. Among the Asian countries, South Korea had the most confirmed cases, followed by China, Hong Kong, and Thailand.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in North America</span>

The 2009 swine flu pandemic in North America, part of a pandemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu, began in the United States or Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in Oceania</span> Pandemic in Oceania

The 2009 flu pandemic in Oceania, part of an epidemic in 2009 of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1 causing what has been commonly called swine flu, has afflicted at over 22,000 people in Oceania, with 56 confirmed deaths. Almost all of the cases in Oceania have been in Australia, where the majority of cases have resulted from internal community spread of the virus. In addition, the government of New Zealand, where most of the remainder of cases in Oceania have occurred, is on high alert for any people travelling into the country with flu-like symptoms.

Influenza prevention involves taking steps that one can use to decrease their chances of contracting flu viruses, such as the Pandemic H1N1/09 virus, responsible for the 2009 flu pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2009 swine flu pandemic in Turkey</span>

The 2009 swine flu pandemic was a global outbreak of a new strain of influenza A virus subtype H1N1, first identified in April 2009, termed Pandemic H1N1/09 virus by the World Health Organization (WHO) and colloquially called swine flu. The outbreak was first observed in Mexico, and quickly spread globally. On 11 June 2009, WHO declared the outbreak to be a pandemic. The overwhelming majority of patients experience mild symptoms", but some persons are in higher risk groups, such as those with asthma, diabetes, obesity, heart disease, or who are pregnant or have a weakened immune system. In the rare severe cases, around 3–5 days after symptoms manifest, the person's condition declines quickly, often to the point respiratory failure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1977 Russian flu</span> Influenza pandemic

The 1977 Russian flu was an influenza pandemic that was first reported by the Soviet Union in 1977 and lasted until 1979. The outbreak in northern China started in May 1977, slightly earlier than that in the Soviet Union. The pandemic mostly affected a population younger than 25 or 26 years of age, and was described as mild. It was caused by an H1N1 flu strain which highly resembled a virus strain circulating worldwide from 1946 to 1957. Genetic analysis and several unusual characteristics of the 1977 Russian flu have prompted many researchers to say that the virus was released to the public through a laboratory accident, or resulted from a live-vaccine trial escape.

References

  1. ↑ "Transcript of virtual press conference with Dr Keiji Fukuda, Assistant Director-General ad Interim for Health Security and Environment, World Health Organization" (PDF). World Health Organization . 7 July 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
  2. ↑ Mcneil, Donald G. (April 27, 2009). "Flu Outbreak Raises a Set of Questions". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2011-02-15. Retrieved 2009-10-24.
  3. ↑ Maria Zampaglione (April 29, 2009). "Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement". World Organisation for Animal Health. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2009.
  4. 1 2 Chan, Dr. Margaret (2009-06-11). "World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  5. ↑ "UK National Institute for Medical Research WHO World Influenza Centre: Emergence and spread of a new influenza A (H1N1) virus, 12 June 09". Archived from the original on 2009-09-26. Retrieved 2009-09-02.
  6. ↑ "Diabetes and the Flu". U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  7. ↑ National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation (14 October 2009). "CDC's Diabetes Program - News & Information - H1N1 Flu". CDC.gov. CDC. Archived from the original on 23 October 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
  8. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (2009-05-27). "'Underlying conditions' may add to flu worries". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
  9. ↑ "Clinical features of severe cases of pandemic influenza". Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 2009-10-16. Archived from the original on 25 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-25.
  10. 1 2 "Quarantine ordered". KyivPost. 2009-10-30. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  11. 1 2 Sick list tops two million in Ukraine Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 7, 2009)
  12. 1 2 "Ukrainian population down to 46 million in September". Kyiv Post. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23. Retrieved 2009-11-13.
  13. 1 2 WHO: A/H1N1 infection rate in Ukraine not the highest in Europe Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 19, 2009)
  14. ↑ "Dec. 28, 2009". Kyiv Post. 2009-12-28. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  15. ↑ "Flu strain testing lab opens in Volyn". Kyiv Post. 2009-12-31. Archived from the original on 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  16. ↑ "First case of A (H1N1) virus officially confirmed in Ukraine, says Health Ministry". Інтерфакс-Україна (in Ukrainian). May 6, 2009. Archived from the original on June 8, 2009.
  17. ↑ "The world response to flu crisis". BBC NEWS. 2009-05-05. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  18. ↑ "Second А(H1N1) swine flu case confirmed in Ukraine". Kyiv Post. 2009-09-29. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  19. 1 2 "Seven die of unknown flu virus in Ukraine's Ternopol region". ITAR-TASS. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  20. ↑ "Seven people died of ILI complications in Ternopil region" (in Russian). Inter TV-channel. 2009-10-27. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-27.
  21. 1 2 3 Groot, Willemien (November 4, 2009). "Ukraine gripped by the A(H1N1) flu virus". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on November 7, 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  22. ↑ "В Украине началась эпидемия "свиного" гриппа. Стране грозит карантин". podrobnosti (in Ukrainian). 2009-10-30. Archived from the original on 2012-03-07. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  23. ↑ "Nov. 05, 2009". Kyiv Post. 2009-11-05. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  24. ↑ Flu epidemic causes panic in Ukraine (in Spanish), archived from the original on 2009-11-05, retrieved 2024-06-30
  25. ↑ "Ukraine shuts schools, halts campaigning over H1N1". Reuters. 2009-10-30. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  26. 1 2 "Chief doctor: mass refusal by citizens to be vaccinated partly to blame for A(H1N1) epidemic". Kyiv Post. 2009-11-01. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  27. ↑ "Draft into Ukrainian army suspended due to flu epidemic". Інтерфакс-Україна. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on November 3, 2009. Retrieved 30 June 2024.
  28. ↑ "Епідемія переносів [оновлюється] (Epidemic causes postponements (renewed))" (in Ukrainian). PFL. 2009-10-30. Archived from the original on 2009-11-13. Retrieved 2009-10-31.
  29. 1 2 "Ukrainian Hospitals To Distribute Tamiflu For Free". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. 2009-11-02. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  30. ↑ Choursina, Kateryna; Pavliva, Halia (2009-11-02). "Ukraine Mystery Outbreak Sparks WHO Concern as Disease Spreads". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 2009-11-07. Retrieved 2009-11-04.
  31. ↑ "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Ukraine - update 1". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on November 4, 2009.
  32. ↑ "Bloomberg Politics". Bloomberg.com. 2024-06-29. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  33. ↑ Update: more death, illness Archived 2020-03-26 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 5, 2009)
  34. ↑ Twenty-eight swine flu cases confirmed in Ukraine, 13 die of swine flu, says emergencies ministry Archived 2009-11-08 at the Wayback Machine , Interfax-Ukraine (November 6, 2009)
  35. ↑ "Nov. 06, 2009". Kyiv Post. 2009-11-06. Archived from the original on 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  36. 1 2 "Nov. 10, 2009". Kyiv Post. 2009-11-10. Archived from the original on 2024-05-21. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  37. ↑ "Health Ministry confirms 174 deaths from flu, acute respiratory viral infections". Kyiv Post. 2009-11-10. Archived from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  38. ↑ "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Ukraine - update 2". World Health Organization. 2009-11-17. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-18.
  39. ↑ Health Ministry: Flu, respiratory diseases claim 344 lives in Ukraine Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 18, 2009)
  40. ↑ Ukrainians still running high risk of contracting flu, respiratory infections, says first-vice premier Archived 2013-04-18 at archive.today , Interfax-Ukraine (November 20, 2009)
  41. ↑ Education institutions in regions with low rate of flu cases to resume working on Nov. 23 Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 21, 2009)
  42. ↑ Quarantine ends in educational institutions of Kyiv on Nov. 25 Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 21, 2009)
  43. ↑ Flu, pneumonia kill 445 people in Ukraine Archived 2009-12-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 2, 2009)
  44. ↑ Five people die of flu, pneumonia in past 24 hours in Ukraine Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 8, 2009)
  45. ↑ Flu-related illness persists in five Ukrainian oblasts Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 8, 2009)
  46. ↑ "Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 80". www.who.int. Retrieved 2024-06-30.
  47. ↑ 17 more deaths attributed to flu-like illness Archived 2012-05-31 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 29, 2009)
  48. ↑ Health Ministry confirms 633 deaths by influenza and ARVI Archived 2012-05-31 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 28, 2009)
  49. ↑ EuroFlu: Ukraine to see second outbreak of flu Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (January 4, 2010)
  50. ↑ Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 activity continues despite declining clinical trends Archived 2010-01-07 at the Wayback Machine , World Health Organization (January 5, 2010)
  51. ↑ Ukraine health officials expect new flu surge for runoff Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (January 23, 2010)
  52. ↑ Death toll from flu, respiratory infections in Ukraine rises to 940 Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (January 13, 2010)
  53. ↑ Health Ministry: Death toll from flu, respiratory infections in Ukraine rises to 1,019 Archived 2012-06-03 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (January 22, 2010)
  54. ↑ Teenager’s death spurs vaccination questions, fears Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (October 29, 2008)
  55. ↑ Vaccinations against flu proving to be hard sell Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 12, 2009)
  56. ↑ Pandemic politics Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 5, 2009)
  57. ↑ Fragile Care Worsened Swine Flu in Ukraine Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times (November 14, 2009)
  58. ↑ WHO praises Ukrainian government for work on prevention of flu epidemic Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 24, 2009)
  59. ↑ Poll: Ukrainians dissatisfied with government's measures on fighting flu epidemic Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 7, 2009)
  60. ↑ Panic in Ukraine over swine flu Archived 2017-03-08 at the Wayback Machine , BBC News (November 3, 2009)
  61. ↑ Flu Archived 2009-11-30 at the Wayback Machine , Personal Blog of Yulia Tymoshenko (November 12, 2009)
  62. ↑ BYT: Regions Party, president using health of Ukrainians as weapon in struggle against Tymoshenko Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 26, 2009)
  63. ↑ Poll: epidemic of flu not to affect elections Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 1, 2009)
  64. ↑ Poll: Over 30% of Ukrainians say panic over flu epidemic helped Tymoshenko Archived 2012-09-05 at archive.today , Interfax-Ukraine (December 7, 2009)
  65. ↑ Health Ministry: Flu, respiratory infections kill 315 people in Ukraine Archived 2020-03-26 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 16, 2009)
  66. ↑ Poll: Ukrainians eat onion, garlic, drink alcoholic beverages to protect themselves from flu Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (December 1, 2009)
  67. ↑ Ukrainian parliament allocates over UAH 600 m to fight flu Archived 2012-09-04 at archive.today , Interfax-Ukraine (December 15, 2009)
  68. ↑ "EuroFlu Weekly Electronic Bulletin 13.11.2009". Archived from the original on December 27, 2012.
  69. ↑ Health Ministry sees no need to publish information about confirmed cases of A/H1N1 flu Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 16, 2009)
  70. ↑ World Health Organization: Initial tests show no mutation in H1N1 virus samples from Ukraine Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 17, 2009)
  71. ↑ Twenty-two countries ready to assist Ukraine in fighting flu epidemic Archived 2012-05-27 at the Wayback Machine , Kyiv Post (November 17, 2009)
Official status reports
Background information
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.