2015 Washington wildfires

Last updated • 5 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

2015 Washington wildfires
Wolverine Fire smoke plume (19692555814).jpg
Smoke plume over the Wolverine Fire on August 4
Statistics
Total fires1,541 [1]
Total area1,005,423 acres (406,880 ha) [1]
Impacts
Deaths3 [2]
Non-fatal injuries4 [3]
Damage$253 million [4]
Season
←  2014
2016  →

The 2015 wildfire season was the largest in Washington state history, [5] with more than one million acres (400,000  ha ; 1,600  sq mi ) burning across the state from June to September. [1] As many as 3,000 firefighters including 800 Washington National Guard members were deployed to fight the fires. [6] [7] The 17th Field Artillery Brigade of the United States Army also deployed 200 soldiers from Joint Base Lewis–McChord to help fight the fires. [8]

Contents

On August 21, President Barack Obama declared the fires a federal emergency.[ citation needed ] On August 24, the Washington Department of Natural Resources announced the Okanogan Complex fire had become the largest fire complex in Washington State history. [9]

The Washington State Department of Natural Resources called the season the "worst-ever" in the state's history. [10]

Progression and response

June

June 2015 was a remarkably hot month for the state of Washington, with average temperatures between 4 and 9 °F (2 and 5 °C) above normal conditions, setting new records. [11] [12]

By June 23, there had already been 313 wildfires across the state. [13]

Governor's action

Governor Jay Inslee issued a proclamation on June 26, declaring a state of emergency to exist in all Washington state counties, implementing the Washington State Comprehensive Emergency Management Plan, and ordering deployment of National Guard and other organized militia for incident-related service assistance, all because of the predicted risk of wildfires in the wake of significantly drier-than-average weather in June. [13] [14] The Commissioner of Public Lands Peter J. Goldmark, head of the Washington Department of Natural Resources, issued an updated burn ban to the one issued June 22, as the earlier ban was superseded by the Governor's proclamation. The Commissioner's prohibition of campfires in state forests, state parks and state forestlands until September 30, 2015, was issued June 26, 2015. [13] [15]

Sleepy Hollow fire

Sleepy Hollow Fire (2015) in Monitor close to where it was ignited, heading over the ridge and into the town of Wenatchee, WA Sleepy Hollow Fire 2015.jpg
Sleepy Hollow Fire (2015) in Monitor close to where it was ignited, heading over the ridge and into the town of Wenatchee, WA
A wildfire in 2015 destroyed 29 homes in Wenatchee as well as fruit warehouses and a recycling center. Wenatchee on Fire 2015 b.jpg
A wildfire in 2015 destroyed 29 homes in Wenatchee as well as fruit warehouses and a recycling center.
Mop up on a fruit warehouse fire that started at a recycling center from burning embers from a nearby wildfire- the Sleepy Hollow Fire. Wenatchee Fire 2015.jpg
Mop up on a fruit warehouse fire that started at a recycling center from burning embers from a nearby wildfire- the Sleepy Hollow Fire.

The season began unprecedentedly early with the Sleepy Hollow Fire on June 28, affecting the city of Wenatchee in Chelan County, Washington. It burned 2,950 acres, destroying 29 homes and several commercial buildings. [16] The cause of the fire is under investigation but is "likely human-caused". [17] Officials said the fire's unusual intensity was caused by drought and record high temperatures. [18] As a safety precaution, officials banned Fourth of July fireworks in many parts of the state. [19] A man was arrested in connection with the fire, confessing to starting it with a disposable lighter, but faced no charges due to his mental illness. [20]

July

By July 12, over 16,000 acres had burned, including a single fire near Ephrata, in Grant County, that had burned at least 10,000 acres. [21] Later in the month, another major fire was triggered by farm equipment near Walla Walla and burned more than 6,000 acres over two weeks. [22]

August

MODIS aerial imagery of Washington on August 22, showing the Puget Sound region covered in smoke from wildfires in Eastern Washington. MODIS - Washington state wildfires 2015-08-22.jpg
MODIS aerial imagery of Washington on August 22, showing the Puget Sound region covered in smoke from wildfires in Eastern Washington.
An airtanker plane dropping fire retardant over the advancing Chelan Butte wildfire (part of the Chelan Complex fire) Airtanker battling Chelan Butte wildfire (20480259179).jpg
An airtanker plane dropping fire retardant over the advancing Chelan Butte wildfire (part of the Chelan Complex fire)

The extent of wildfires in August 2015 led to the federal declaration of a state of emergency in Washington state by President Barack Obama on August 21, 2015. [23] [24]

By August 24, over 16 active fires had burned more than 920 square miles (2,400 km2). [25]

On August 29 there was concern that unusually strong southerly winds would cause "significant growth" of the Tunk Block and Lime Belt fires in the Okanogan complex and growth in the Chelan complex fires. The Twisp River and Nine Mile fires were about 95 percent contained. [26]

Chelan Complex

Three fires on the south end of Lake Chelan, near the city of Chelan, merged into a complex fire and forced the immediate evacuation of over 1,000 residents on August 14. [27] By August 16, the Reach Complex Fire had grown to 54,500 acres (22,100 ha), while the Wolverine fire burned nearly 39,000 acres (16,000 ha). [28] According to Rico Smith, a spokesman for the firefighters near Chelan, by August 29 "about 85 homes, businesses and other residences [had] been destroyed by the Chelan complex fires." [26]

Okanogan Complex

The Okanogan Complex Fire was formed from five separate wildfires in Okanogan County, of which all but one were caused by lightning strikes, burning approximately 96,034 acres (38,864 ha) by August 20. [29] The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) authorized the use of federal grants on August 14 for the Nine Mile Fire, one of the five fires that are part of the Okanogan Complex, determining that it constituted a "major disaster". [30] Over 1,300 residents in the towns of Twisp and Winthrop were ordered to evacuate because of the approaching Twisp River Fire. [3] On August 19, 2015, three firefighters were killed battling a wildfire near Twisp. [31]

By August 24, the fire had grown to 256,657 acres (103,865 ha), [32] surpassing the Carlton Complex fire of 2014 to become the largest wildfire complex in Washington state history. [25] By August 28 "at least 45 primary residences, 49 cabins and 60 outbuildings [were] destroyed in the Okanogan complex fires." [26] The size of the complex peaked at 304,782 acres (123,341 ha) on August 30, [33] before the transfer of the 161,440-acre (65,330 ha) Tunk Block Fire under the North Star Fire on August 31. [34]

September

International assistance

After the emergency declaration in August, President Obama asked Australian Fire Services (including those of the Black Saturday bushfires) to aid the depleted American services. [35] By August 24, about 70 fire managers from Australia and New Zealand arrived at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho, to be briefed and provided with gear before heading west to fight the fires. [36]

Air quality

As a result of the wildfires, air quality across the state and into Canada [37] dropped to unhealthy levels in many cities and led to the issuing of several air quality alerts by the U.S. National Weather Service [38] [39] and Environment Canada. Omak, located 15 miles (24 km) northeast of the Okanogan Complex fire, reported an air quality index rating of 500 on August 24. [40] [41] The city of Spokane, 150 miles (240 km) from the fires, reported a rating of 188 on August 24, forcing high school athletics and other outdoor activities to be canceled. [40] [42] By Tuesday, August 25, Environment Canada had posted an Air Quality Health Index alert for cities as far away as Calgary, Alberta—400 miles (640 km)—with a score of 12. The Canadian Air Quality Health Index, measured on a scale of one to 10-plus with 10 as "very high risk", is based on measurements of "ozone at ground level, particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide". [43] [44] By Wednesday the third day of the thick haze of smoke, air quality in Calgary scored 17. [45] [46]

Smoke from the Chelan Complex fire was pushed westward over Seattle and the Puget Sound region by upper-level winds on August 22, causing hazy weather and worsened air quality for several days. [47] [48]

Aftermath

In December, Governor Jay Inslee proposed a supplemental budget that included $178 million to cover the costs incurred by the state in fighting the wildfires. [49] [50]

List of fires

As of August 28,2015 [51]
NameLocationArea burned [n 1] DatesCauseNotes
AcresHectaresBegan/ReportedEnded [n 2]
231 fire Spokane Indian Reservation and Stevens County 1,138461July 3, 2015July 12, 2015Under investigation
Alder Lake fire Gifford Pinchot National Forest 253102July 26, 2015Active (10% contained) Lightning
Blankenship fire Okanogan and Wenatchee national forests18073July 14, 2015Active
Blue Creek fire Walla Walla County 6,0042,430July 20, 2015Active (95% contained)Under investigation
Carpenter Road fireSpokane Indian Reservation and Stevens County46,69118,895August 12, 2015Active (25% contained)Unknown
Chelan Complex Chelan County 90,21036,510August 14, 2015Active (52% contained)Complex of 5 fires
Colville Complex Ferry and Stevens counties9,8793,998August 14, 2015Active (48% contained)Complex of 3 fires
Cougar Creek Yakama Indian Reservation and Gifford Pinchot National Forest49,20019,900August 10, 2015Active (25% contained)Lightning
Douglas County Complex Douglas County 22,3379,039July 10, 2015July 15, 2015LightningComplex of 2 fires
Grizzly Bear Complex Umatilla National Forest 72,42129,308August 13, 2015Active (10% contained)LightningComplex of 17 fires; includes portion in Oregon
Highway 8 fire Klickitat County 33,10013,400August 4, 2015Active (95% contained)Unknown
Kaniksu ComplexColville National Forest and Pend Oreille County16,3356,611August 11, 2015Active (10% contained)LightningComplex of 7 fires
Kettle ComplexFerry County62,29225,209August 11, 2015Active (16% contained)LightningComplex of 3 fires
Marble ValleyStevens County3,0871,249August 14, 2015Active (85% contained)Unknown
Mount Adams ComplexGifford Pinchot National Forest405164July 10, 2015Active (78% contained)UnknownComplex of 4 fires
Newby Lake fireOkanogan and Wenatchee national forests5,0652,050July 2, 2015Active (95% contained)LightningIncludes portion in British Columbia
North Boulder 2Ferry County23394July 20, 2015Active (80% contained)Lightning
North Star Colville Indian Reservation, Colville National Forest,
and Okanogan and Ferry counties		192,90078,100August 13, 2015Active (22% contained) Human
Okanogan Complex Okanogan County 302,224122,306August 15, 2015Active (12% contained)LightningComplex of 5 fires; second-largest in Washington state history [25]
Includes portion in British Columbia
Paradise Fire Olympic National Park 2,7961,132May 15, 2015Active (40% contained)Lightning
PC Complex Clark and Cowlitz counties12952July 16, 2015July 24, 2015HumanComplex of 5 fires
Saddle Lakes fire Saddle Mountain National Wildlife Refuge 14,3575,810June 28, 2015July 16, 2015Lightning
Sleepy Hollow fireChelan County2,9501,190June 28, 2015July 6, 2015Human [52]
Thunder Creek North Cascades National Park 10342May 30, 2015Active (60% contained)Lightning
Twenty-One Mile GradeColville Indian Reservation2,250910July 1, 2015July 10, 2015Human
Upper Skagit ComplexNorth Cascades National Park7,8783,188August 10, 2015Active (37% contained)LightningComplex of 8 fires
Williams fireStevens County332134July 3, 2015July 10, 2015Under investigation
Wolverine fireWenatchee National Forest62,16725,158June 29, 2015Active (28% contained)LightningPart of Chelan Complex
Notes
  1. ↑ At greatest extent.
  2. ↑ Indicates date the fire was declared 100% contained.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest</span> Protected area in the U.S. state of Washington

The Okanogan–Wenatchee National Forest is a U.S. National Forest located in Okanogan County in north-central Washington, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Washington wildfires</span> Wildfire season in Washington, United States

The 2012 Washington wildfires were a series of 1,342 wildfires that burned 259,526 acres (1,050 km2) over the course of 2012. The fires primarily occurred in the Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests during September and October 2012. A severe lightning storm on September 8 caused hundreds of fires across the east side of Cascade Range. Smoke caused hazardous air quality conditions in the cities of Ellensburg and Wenatchee, and was noticeable in Seattle. The cost of fighting the largest four fires was estimated to be $67.5 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Washington wildfires</span> Wildfire season in Washington, United States

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlton Complex Fire</span> 2014 wildfire in Washington state, US

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