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The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. The battle was the culmination of the first attempt by Persia, under King Darius I, to subjugate Greece. The Greek army inflicted a crushing defeat on the more numerous Persians, marking a turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars.
The 5th century BC started the first day of 500 BC and ended the last day of 401 BC.
Year 490 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Camerinus and Flavus. The denomination 490 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Year 491 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augurinus and Atratinus. The denomination 491 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
This article concerns the period 489 BC – 480 BC.
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Year 498 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Siculus and Flavus. The denomination 498 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
Year 494 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Tricostus and Geminus. The denomination 494 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.
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The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BC. Struggling to control the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.
Mardonius was a leading Persian military commander during the Persian Wars with Greece in the early 5th century BC who died at the Battle of Plataea.
The Battle of Lade was a naval battle which occurred during the Ionian Revolt, in 494 BC. It was fought between an alliance of the Ionian cities and the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, and resulted in a decisive victory for the Persians which all but ended the revolt.
Artaphernes, flourished circa 513–492 BC, was a brother of the Achaemenid king of Persia, Darius I, satrap of Lydia from the capital of Sardis, and a Persian general. In his position he had numerous contacts with the Greeks, and played an important role in suppressing the Ionian Revolt.
The Battle of Ephesus was a battle in 498 BC between Persian and Greek forces during the Ionian revolt. The Persians defeated the Greek army and compelled the Athenians and Eretrians to abandon their alliance with the Ionians.
The siege of Naxos was a failed attempt by the Milesian tyrant Aristagoras, operating with support from, and in the name of the Persian Empire of Darius the Great, to conquer the island of Naxos. It was the opening act of the Greco-Persian Wars, which would ultimately last for 50 years.
The siege of Eretria took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. The city of Eretria, on Euboea, was besieged by a strong Persian force under the command of Datis and Artaphernes.
The siege of Sardis was the first major engagement of the Ionian Revolt. An allied Greek army launched an attack on the Persian satrapal capital of Sardis but were ultimately repelled by Persian forces, however most of the city was set alight during the siege.
The first Persian invasion of Greece, during the Greco-Persian Wars, began in 492 BC, and ended with the decisive Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. The invasion, consisting of two distinct campaigns, was ordered by the Persian king Darius the Great primarily in order to punish the city-states of Athens and Eretria. These cities had supported the cities of Ionia during their revolt against Persian rule, thus incurring the wrath of Darius. Darius also saw the opportunity to extend his empire into Europe, and to secure its western frontier.
References
- ↑ Guo, Ming (May 2017). "The Study of Two International (Regional) Systems before and after the Greco-Persian Wars". Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on Social Science (ISSS 2017). Atlantis Press. pp. 221–224. doi: 10.2991/isss-17.2017.49 . ISBN 978-94-6252-341-8.
- ↑ FORTIS, LUCA (2010). "Iran's Mediterranean shores". Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali. 77 (3 (307)): 373–381. ISSN 0035-6611. JSTOR 42740908.
- ↑ "Herodotus, The Histories, Book 5, chapter 108". www.perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
- ↑ Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen; Gadd, Cyril John; Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Boardman, John; Lewis, David Malcolm; Walbank, Frank William; Astin, A. E.; Crook, John Anthony; Lintott, Andrew William (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Cambridge University Press. p. 485. ISBN 978-0-521-22804-6.
- ↑ Livy, 2.21
- ↑ Livy, 2.25
- ↑ Livy, 2.26
- ↑ Livy, 2.23
- ↑ Herodotus, lib vi. c. 33
- ↑ Weber, U. (2020). Das Apollonheiligtum von Didyma - Dargestellt an seiner Forschungsgeschichte von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart, p. 275-279.
- ↑ Herodotus, lib vi. c. 41
- ↑ There is some uncertainty about the date: see Democracy Beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age by Eric W. Robinson, pp. 7–9
- ↑ Burn, Andrew Robert; Rhodes, P. J. (2016-03-07). "Themistocles, Athenian politician, c. 524–459 BCE". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6340 . Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ↑ Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicle .
- ↑ "The Greeks - Themistocles". www.pbs.org. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "Hippocrates, Tyrant of Gela, fl.498-491". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "Gnaeus Marcius Coriolanus | Roman legendary figure | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "Roman Timeline of the 5th Century BC | UNRV". www.unrv.com. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "Fortuna Muliebris, Roman Goddess of the Luck of Women". www.thaliatook.com. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "Art: Procession of Tribute Bearers". Annenberg Learner. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ "The Dr. Norman Solhkhah Family Assyrian Empire Gallery | The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago". oi.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
- ↑ International Spartathlon Association Archived June 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ The Great Marathon Myth Archived August 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ D'Eramo, Marco (16 March 2021). The World in a Selfie: An Inquiry into the Tourist Age. Verso Books. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-78873-109-6.
- ↑ Sommerstein, Alan H. (2002). Greek drama and dramatists. London: Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 0-415-26027-2. OCLC 47838053.
- ↑ Pardo, Ramon Pacheco. An Analysis of Sun Tzu's The Art of War. p. 107. doi:10.4324/9781912282357.
- ↑ Livy. From the Founding of the City.
- ↑ "Cleisthenes of Athens | Biography & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-02-01.
- ↑ "Gelon | tyrant of Gela and Syracuse | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-11-30.
