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A ring system is a disc or torus orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as gas, dust, meteoroids, planetoids or moonlets and stellar objects.
Fomalhaut is the brightest star in the southern constellation of Piscis Austrinus, the Southern Fish, and one of the brightest stars in the night sky. It has the Bayer designation Alpha Piscis Austrini, which is an alternative form of α Piscis Austrini, and is abbreviated Alpha PsA or α PsA. This is a class A star on the main sequence approximately 25 light-years (7.7 pc) from the Sun as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite. Since 1943, the spectrum of this star has served as one of the stable anchor points by which other stars are classified.
GJ 1061 is a red dwarf star located 12 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Horologium. Even though it is a relatively nearby star, it has an apparent visual magnitude of about 13, so it can only be seen with at least a moderately-sized telescope.
2M1207, 2M1207A or 2MASS J12073346–3932539 is a brown dwarf located in the constellation Centaurus; a companion object, 2M1207b, may be the first extrasolar planetary-mass companion to be directly imaged, and is the first discovered orbiting a brown dwarf.
2M1207b is a planetary-mass object orbiting the brown dwarf 2M1207, in the constellation Centaurus, approximately 170 light-years from Earth. It is one of the first candidate exoplanets to be directly observed. It was discovered in April 2004 by the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at the Paranal Observatory in Chile by a team from the European Southern Observatory led by Gaël Chauvin. It is believed to be from 5 to 6 times the mass of Jupiter and may orbit 2M1207 at a distance roughly as far from the brown dwarf as Pluto is from the Sun.
OTS 44 is a free-floating planetary-mass object or brown dwarf located at 550 light-years (170 pc) in the constellation Chamaeleon near the reflection nebula IC 2631. It is among the lowest-mass free-floating substellar objects, with approximately 11.5 times the mass of Jupiter, or approximately 1.1% that of the Sun. Its radius is not very well known and is estimated to be 23–57% that of the Sun.
A debris disk, or debris disc, is a circumstellar disk of dust and debris in orbit around a star. Sometimes these disks contain prominent rings, as seen in the image of Fomalhaut on the right. Debris disks are found around stars with mature planetary systems, including at least one debris disk in orbit around an evolved neutron star. Debris disks can also be produced and maintained as the remnants of collisions between planetesimals, otherwise known as asteroids and comets.
HD 100546, also known as KR Muscae, is a pre-main sequence star of spectral type B8 to A0 located 353 light-years from Earth in the southern constellation of Musca. The star is surrounded by a circumstellar disk from a distance of 0.2 to 4 AU, and again from 13 AU out to a few hundred AU, with evidence for a protoplanet forming at a distance of around 47 AU.
1RXS J160929.1−210524 is a pre-main-sequence star approximately 450 light-years away in the constellation of Scorpius.
An exocomet, or extrasolar comet, is a comet outside the Solar System, which includes rogue comets and comets that orbit stars other than the Sun. The first exocomets were detected in 1987 around Beta Pictoris, a very young A-type main-sequence star. There are now a total of 27 stars around which exocomets have been observed or suspected.
V1400 Centauri, also known as 1SWASP J140747.93−394542.6 or simply J1407, is a young, pre-main-sequence star that was eclipsed by the likely free-floating substellar object J1407b in April–June 2007. With an age around 20 million years, the star is about as massive as the Sun and is located in the constellation Centaurus at a distance of 451 light-years away from the Sun. V1400 Centauri is a member of Upper Centaurus–Lupus subgroup of the Scorpius–Centaurus association, a group of young, comoving stars close to the Sun.
J1407b is a substellar object, either a free-floating planet or brown dwarf, with a massive circumplanetary disk or ring system. It was first detected by automated telescopes in 2007 when its disk eclipsed the star V1400 Centauri, causing a series of dimming events for 56 days. The eclipse by J1407b was not discovered until 2010, by Mark Pecaut and Eric Mamajek, and was announced in 2012. J1407b's disk spans a radius of about 90 million kilometers and consists of many rings and gaps which may indicate moons are forming in orbit around the object. It was initially thought to be orbiting V1400 Centauri, but later studies suggest J1407b is likely an unbound object that coincidentally passed in front of the star. J1407b was potentially observed via high-resolution imaging in 2017, which may suggest the object is less than 6 Jupiter masses.
Tabby's Star (designated as KIC 8462852 in the Kepler Input Catalog and also known by the names Boyajian's Star and WTF Star, is a binary star in the constellation Cygnus approximately 1,470 light-years from Earth. The system is composed of an F-type main-sequence star and a red dwarf companion.
RZ Piscium is a UX Orionis type variable star 608 light-years (186 pc) away, in the constellation Pisces. Over the years, the star has been found to brighten and dim erratically, dimming by as much as a tenth of its usual luminosity. RZ Piscium has been found to emit large amounts of infrared radiation, suggesting the presence of a substantial mass of gas and dust orbiting the star, possibly from a "disrupted planet".
V906 Carinae, also known as Nova Carinae 2018, was a nova in the Milky Way galaxy which appeared in the constellation Carina, near the 5th magnitude star HD 92063. It was discovered on images taken on 20.32 March 2018 by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN] telescope at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory. The ASAS-SN group assigned the name ASASSN-18fv to the object. The discovery image was saturated, allowing researchers to determine only that the object was brighter than apparent magnitude 10. An earlier image obtained by ASAS-SN on 26.32 March 2018 showed the nova was a magnitude ~10.4 object at that time, and the object was not detected on ASAS-SN images taken on 15.34 March 2018 and earlier.
A circumplanetary disk is a torus, pancake or ring-shaped accumulation of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids or collision fragments in orbit around a planet. They are reservoirs of material out of which moons may form. Such a disk can manifest itself in various ways.
WD 0145+234 is a white dwarf star approximately 95 ly (29 pc) from Earth in the constellation of Aries that has been associated with studies suggesting that a very large exoasteroid near the star was substantially disrupted, resulting in a considerable amount of dust and debris around the star. Alternatively, the outburst around WD 0145+234 is explained with ongoing collisions between planetesimals inside the dusty debris disk around the white dwarf.
A Peter Pan disk is a circumstellar disk around a star or brown dwarf that appears to have retained enough gas to form a gas giant planet for much longer than the typically assumed gas dispersal timescale of approximately 5 million years. Several examples of such disks have been observed to orbit stars with spectral types of M or later. The presence of gas around these disks has generally been inferred from the total amount of radiation emitted from the disk at infrared wavelengths, and/or spectroscopic signatures of hydrogen accreting onto the star. To fit one specific definition of a Peter Pan disk, the source needs to have an infrared "color" of , an age of >20 Myr and spectroscopic evidence of accretion.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2021). "Gaia Early Data Release 3: Summary of the contents and survey properties". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 649: A1. arXiv: 2012.01533 . Bibcode:2021A&A...649A...1G. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202039657 . S2CID 227254300. (Erratum: doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039657e). Gaia EDR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kenworthy, Matthew; Lock, Simon; Kennedy, Grant; van Capelleveen, Richelle; Mamajek, Eric; Carone, Ludmila; Hambsch, Franz-Josef; Masiero, Joseph; Mainzer, Amy; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gomez, Edward; Leinhardt, Zoë; Dou, Jingyao; Tanna, Pavan; Sainio, Arttu (October 2023). "A planetary collision afterglow and transit of the resultant debris cloud". Nature. 622 (7982): 251–254. arXiv: 2310.08360 . Bibcode:2023Natur.622..251K. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06573-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 37821589. S2CID 263833848.
- ↑ "2MASS J08152329-3859234". SIMBAD . Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 2024-08-04.
- ↑ Anderson, Natali (2023-10-11). "Astronomers Detect Afterglow of Collision between Two Ice-Giant Exoplanets | Sci.News". Sci.News: Breaking Science News. Retrieved 2023-10-22.
- ↑ "ATel #14879: ASASSN-21qj: A Rapidly Fading, Sun-Like Star". The Astronomer's Telegram. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ↑ "Amateur Astronomers Help Discover Cosmic Crash - NASA Science". science.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ↑ Marshall, Jonathan P.; Ertel, Steve; Kemper, Francisca; Burgo, Carlos del; Otten, Gilles P. P. L.; Scicluna, Peter; Zeegers, Sascha T.; Ribas, Álvaro; Morata, Oscar (August 2023). "Sudden Extreme Obscuration of a Sun-like Main-sequence Star: Evolution of the Circumstellar Dust around ASASSN-21qj". The Astrophysical Journal. 954 (2): 140. arXiv: 2309.16969 . Bibcode:2023ApJ...954..140M. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ace629 . ISSN 0004-637X.
