Adolescent medicine

Last updated
Adolescent medicine physician
Occupation
Names
  • Physician
Occupation type
Specialty
Activity sectors
Medicine
Description
Education required
Fields of
employment
Hospitals, clinics
Related jobs

Adolescent medicine, also known as adolescent and young adult medicine, is a medical subspecialty that focuses on care of patients who are in the adolescent period of development. This period begins at puberty and lasts until growth has stopped, [1] [2] at which time adulthood begins. Typically, patients in this age range will be in the last years of middle school up until college graduation (some doctors in this subspecialty treat young adults attending college at area clinics, in the subfield of college health). In developed nations, the psychosocial period of adolescence is extended both by an earlier start, as the onset of puberty begins earlier, and a later end, as patients require more years of education or training before they reach economic independence from their parents. [3]

Contents

Medicine is often categorized most simply as pediatric and adult, with the pediatric category covering from infancy through both childhood and adolescence. However, such categorization is further divided in some contexts, such that adolescent medicine can be a more specific focus within pediatrics and geriatrics can be a more specific focus within adult medicine.

Issues with a high prevalence during adolescence are frequently addressed by providers. These include:

Gay, lesbian and bisexual young people

Adolescents who are gay, lesbian or bisexual tend to demonstrate more risky health behaviors and have worse health outcomes compared to heterosexual youth, including: [4]

Chronic conditions

Chronic conditions often cause delay in onset of puberty and temporary or permanent impediments to growth; conversely the growth and hormonal changes can destabilize treatment for the chronic condition. An increase in independence can lead to gaps in self-management, for example, in the decreased management of diabetes. [6]

Young peoples' access to health care

In addition, issues of medical ethics, particularly related to confidentiality and the right to consent for medical care, are pertinent to the practice of adolescent medicine. [7]

Marginalised young people’s access is affected by their ability to recognize and understand health issues; service knowledge and attitudes toward help seeking; structural barriers; professionals' knowledge, skills, attitudes; service environments and structures; ability to navigate the health system; youth participation; and technology opportunities. [8] Marginalised young people’s healthcare journeys can be supported by advocates that help them navigate the health system. [9]

The particular needs of young people when accessing healthcare have also led the WHO to publishing guidelines [10] for adolescent-friendly health care, in an effort to increase adolescents utilization of the healthcare system.

Training

Adolescent medicine providers are generally drawn from the specialties of pediatrics, internal medicine, med/peds or family medicine. The certifying boards for these different specialties have varying requirements for certification, though all require successful completion of a fellowship and a passing score on a certifying exam. The American Board of Pediatrics and the American Board of Internal Medicine require evidence of scholarly achievement by candidates for subspecialty certification, usually in the form of an original research study.

In the United States, subspecialty medical board certification in adolescent medicine is available through the specialty boards of American Board of Internal Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Neurology and Psychiatry, the American Board of Family Medicine, the American Osteopathic Board of Family Physicians, the American Board of Pediatrics, and the American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics. [11]

List of adolescent health centers in the United States

San Antonio, Texas

Dallas, Texas

U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Spring, Colorado

Kansas City, Missouri

Indianapolis, Indiana

New York City, New York

Dayton, Ohio

Rochester, New York

Los Angeles, California

San Francisco area

Massachusetts [13]

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Columbus, Ohio

Seattle, Washington

Cincinnati, Ohio

Richmond, Virginia

Fayetteville, North Carolina

List of adolescent health centers in Australia

Sydney

Melbourne

Relationship with college health

In the United States, the subspecialty of college health is closely affiliated with adolescent medicine. Many adolescent medicine fellowships include rotations in college-based student health clinics and many adolescent medicine physicians work in college health clinics. [15] [16]

Professional organizations

Founded in 1987, the International Association for Adolescent Health (IAAH) is a multidisciplinary, non-government organization with a broad focus on youth health. [17]

Publications

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pediatrics</span> Branch of medicine caring for children

Pediatrics is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. In the United Kingdom, paediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25. Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year. A medical doctor who specializes in this area is known as a pediatrician, or paediatrician. The word pediatrics and its cognates mean "healer of children", derived from the two Greek words: παῖς and ἰατρός. Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general hospitals and children's hospitals, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties.

Obstetrics and gynaecology is the medical specialty that encompasses the two subspecialties of obstetrics and gynaecology. The specialization is an important part of care for women's health.

Pediatric endocrinology is a medical subspecialty dealing with disorders of the endocrine glands, such as variations of physical growth and sexual development in childhood, diabetes and many more.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pediatric surgery</span> Medical subspecialty of surgery performed by pediatrics

Pediatric surgery is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Children's Hospital Los Angeles</span> Hospital in Los Angeles, California, U.S.

Children's Hospital Los Angeles (CHLA) is a nationally ranked, freestanding acute care children's hospital in the East Hollywood district of Los Angeles, on Sunset Boulevard at the corner of Vermont Avenue. The hospital has been academically affiliated with the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California since 1932 and the hospital features 401 pediatric beds. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults generally aged 0–21 throughout California and the west coast. The hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital has a rooftop helipad and is an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center, one of a few in the region. The hospital features a regional pediatric intensive-care unit and an American Academy of Pediatrics verified level IV neonatal intensive care unit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Children's Hospital</span> Childrens hospital located in Houston, Texas

Texas Children's Hospital is a nationally ranked, freestanding 973-bed, acute care women's and children's hospital located in Houston, Texas. It is the primary pediatric teaching hospital affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and is located within the Texas Medical Center. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialty and subspecialty care to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Texas and features an ACS verified level I pediatric trauma center. Its regional pediatric intensive-care unit and neonatal intensive care units serve the Southern United States region and also has programs to serve children from around the world. With 973 beds, it is the largest children's hospital in the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Children's Medical Center Dallas</span> Hospital

Children's Medical Center Dallas is a nationally ranked pediatric acute care teaching hospital located in Dallas, Texas, USA. The hospital has 496 pediatric beds and is affiliated with the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School. It provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Texas and surrounding regions. It sometimes treats adults who require pediatric care as well. It has an ACS designated level 1 pediatric trauma center, one of five in Texas. The hospital also has affiliations with the adjacent Parkland Memorial Hospital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital</span> Hospital in Ohio, United States

Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital is a pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Cleveland, Ohio. It is affiliated with Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and has a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and level 1 pediatric trauma center.

St. Cloud Hospital is a hospital in St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States. It is a Catholic-affiliated, not-for-profit institution and part of CentraCare Health. The hospital has more than 9,000 employees, 400 physicians and 1,200 volunteers. It serves 690,000 people in a 12-county area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Broward Health</span> Hospital in Florida, United States

Broward Health, formally the North Broward Hospital District, is one of the 10 largest public health systems in the U.S. Located in Broward County, Florida, Broward Health has the county's first certified stroke center and liver transplant program. Broward Health currently operates more than 30 healthcare facilities, including Broward Health Medical Center, Broward Health North, Broward Health Imperial Point, Broward Health Coral Springs, Salah Foundation Broward Health Children's Hospital, and Broward Health Weston.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">University of Iowa Children's Hospital</span> Hospital in Iowa, United States

University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital formerly University of Iowa Children's Hospital and Children's Hospital of Iowa is a pediatric acute care academic children's hospital located in Iowa City, Iowa. The hospital was founded in 1919 and its current facility, opened in 2017, overlooks the university's football home, Kinnick Stadium. The hospital has 190 inpatient pediatric beds and is affiliated with the University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–21 throughout Iowa and is one of the only children's hospitals in the region and state. University of Iowa Stead Family Children's Hospital also features the only ACS verified Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center in the state.

Medical centers in the United States are conglomerations of health care facilities including hospitals and research facilities that also either include or are closely affiliated with a medical school.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt</span> Hospital in Tennessee, United States

Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, also known as Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, is a nationally ranked pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital and entity of Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. The hospital is affiliated with Vanderbilt University School of Medicine's Department of Pediatrics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital</span> Hospital in California, United States

UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital is a children's hospital system in Oakland, California, affiliated to the University of California, San Francisco. It has four campuses: the Parnassus Campus, the Mount Zion Campus, and the Mission Bay Campus, and the Oakland campus.

Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA) is a not-for-profit children's healthcare system located in the Atlanta area, dedicated to caring for infants, children, teens, and young adults age 0–21 throughout Georgia. Children's formed in 1998 when Egleston Children's Health Care System and Scottish Rite Medical Center came together, becoming one of the largest pediatric systems in the United States. In 2006, Children's assumed responsibility for the management of services at Hughes Spalding Children's Hospital, growing the system to three hospitals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Children's Hospital at Erlanger</span> Hospital in Tennessee, United States

Children's Hospital at Erlanger is a 118-bed, tertiary care children's hospital located in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The hospital serves as the pediatric center of excellence for Erlanger Health System, the tenth largest public health system in the United States. Children's Hospital at Erlanger treats infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0-21. It is located adjacent to Erlanger Baroness Hospital, just east of downtown Chattanooga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advocate Children's Hospital</span> Hospital in Illinois, United States

Advocate Children's Hospital (ACH) is an academic pediatric acute care children's hospital located in Oak Lawn and Park Ridge, Illinois. The hospital has 259 pediatric beds and 150 bassinets between its two campuses. Advocate Children's operates a number of residency programs, which train newly graduated physicians in various pediatric specialties and subspecialties. The hospital is associated with the Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science and Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine at Midwestern University, and is a member of Advocate Aurora Health. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Illinois and the Midwest. The hospital also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. Advocate Children's Hospital features the only children's hospital in the greater north and northwest than the suburban region of Chicago. Additionally, The hospital has outpatient centers and doctors offices around Illinois.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital</span> Hospital in Los Angeles, CA

UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital (MCH) at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center is a nationally ranked pediatric acute care children's hospital located in Los Angeles, California. The hospital has 156 pediatric beds, is affiliated with the University of California, Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine, and is a member of UCLA Health. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to pediatric patients aged 0–21 throughout California. Mattel Children's also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital features an ACS verified pediatric level 1 trauma center. The UCLA Mattel Children's Hospital is located on the third and fifth floors of the newly constructed Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Johns Hopkins Children's Center</span> Hospital in Maryland, United States

Johns Hopkins Children's Center (JHCC) is a nationally ranked, pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, adjacent to Johns Hopkins Hospital. The hospital has 196 pediatric beds and is affiliated with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. The hospital is the flagship pediatric member of Johns Hopkins Medicine and is one of two children's hospitals in the network. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Baltimore and the wider United States. Johns Hopkins Children's Center also sometimes treats adults who require pediatric care. Johns Hopkins Children's Center also features the only ACS verified Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Center in the state. The hospital is directly attached to Johns Hopkins Hospital and is situated near the Ronald McDonald House of Maryland.

Cleveland Clinic Children's (CCC) is a pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Cleveland, Ohio on the main campus of Cleveland Clinic. The hospital has 389 pediatric beds and is affiliated with Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine and Kent State University College of Podiatric Medicine. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Cleveland and the wider northern Ohio region. Cleveland Clinic Children's also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. The hospital is a few blocks away from the Ronald McDonald House of Cleveland.

References

  1. Behavioral medicine : a guide for clinical practice. Feldman, Mitchell D.,, Christensen, John F. (Fourth ed.). New York. 2014-08-07. ISBN   9780071767705. OCLC   897078390.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. Rieder S, Alderman EM, Cohen, MI (Feb 2011). "Adolescent Medicine: Emergence of a New Specialty". AMA Journal of Ethics. 7 (3). doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2005.7.3.msoc1-0503 . PMID   23249495 . Retrieved 20 Sep 2020.
  3. "Child and Adolescent Health, Credo Encyclopedia" . Retrieved October 27, 2013.
  4. Coker, TR; Austin, SB; Schuster, MA (2010). "The Health and Health Care of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents". Annual Review of Public Health. 31: 457–477. doi: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.012809.103636 . PMID   20070195.
  5. Saewyc, EM; Poon, CS; Homma, Y; et al. (2008). "Stigma management? The links between enacted stigma and teen pregnancy trends among gay, lesbian, and bisexual students in British Columbia". The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality. 17 (3). University of Toronto Press: 123–139. ISSN   1188-4517. OCLC   53880937. PMC   2655734 . PMID   19293941.
  6. Michaud, PA; Suris, JC; Viner, R (2007). The Adolescent with a Chronic Condition: Epidemiology, developmental issues and health care provision. Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development. World Health Organization. ISBN   978-92-4-159570-4. Archived from the original (Discussion papers on adolescence) on 3 July 2022.
  7. "Adolescent Health Care, Confidentiality". American Academy of Family Physicians. Retrieved 24 Sep 2020.
  8. Robards, Fiona; Kang, Melissa; Usherwood, Tim; Sanci, Lena (2018). "How Marginalized Young People Access, Engage With, and Navigate Health-Care Systems in the Digital Age: Systematic Review". Journal of Adolescent Health. 62 (4): 365–381. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.018. ISSN   1054-139X. LCCN   91642057. OCLC   807447214. PMID   29429819.
  9. Robards, Fiona; Kang, Melissa; Tolley, Kate; Hawke, Catherine; Sanci, Lena; Usherwood, Tim (2018). "Marginalised young people's healthcare journeys: Professionals' perspectives". Health Education Journal. 77 (6). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage: 692–704. doi:10.1177/0017896917752965. eISSN   1748-8176. ISSN   0017-8969. LCCN   49052191. OCLC   300300198. S2CID   79580047.
  10. World Health Organization. (2009). Quality assessment guidebook: A guide to assessing health services for adolescent clients. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/44240
  11. "Specialties & Subspecialties". American Osteopathic Association. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. Retrieved 25 September 2012.
  12. "Adolescent Medicine - Pediatrics - IU School of Medicine". iu.edu. Archived from the original on 26 March 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  13. "Adolescent health centers in Massachusetts".
  14. "Directory of school-based health centers".
  15. "Adolescent Medicine – Education & Training | The Children's Hospital at Montefiore". www.cham.org. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  16. "Adolescent Medicine Fellowship". UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
  17. "History". International Association for Adolescent Health. Retrieved 10 May 2020.

Further reading