Age of consent reform

Last updated

Age of consent reform is an effort to change age of consent laws. Proposed reforms typically include raising, lowering, or abolishing the age of consent, applying (or not applying) close-in-age exemptions, changing penalties, or changing how cases are examined in court. A related issue is whether or not to enforce ages of consent on homosexual relationships that are different from those enforced on heterosexual relationships. Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions.

Contents

There have been many initiatives to raise and lower the age of consent. Gratian, a canon lawyer in the 12th century, stated that females and males could not consent to betrothal before 7 years of age and consent could not take place for marriage (sexual intercourse) before 12 years of age for females and 14 years of age for males. At that time, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was about 12 years old for females and about 14 years old for males, in most European countries. Today age of consent for sexual intercourse is usually set between 14 years old and 18 years old, in Western countries.

Western Europe

United Kingdom

In 1275, the English government set the age of consent at 12 years old for females as part of a rape law and a 1576 law was created with more severe punishments for which the age of consent was set at 10 years old for females. [1] [2] Jurist Sir Matthew Hale stated that both rape laws were valid at the same time. [1]

Age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was set at 12 years old for maidens (girls) and 14 years old for youths (boys), under English common law. [3] Age of majority was set at 21 years old, adolescent males and adolescent females needed parental consent to marry.

In 1875 the Offence Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland. The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16. [4] [5] In 1917, a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote. [6] In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17. [6] [7]

In 1929, age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 16 years old for both, females and males. [8] In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, making it legal for males and females 18 years old and older to marry without parental consent.

France

In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consensual relations between adults and children/teenagers below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law. [9] In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault, later published again under the title The Danger of Child Sexuality. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet, novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem and feminist Simone de Beauvoir had all signed the petition.

Netherlands

Between 1990 and 2002, the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. [10] The relevant law, passed in November 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16, but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation, which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children. [11] In 1979, the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12. [12]

Norway

In 2023, Norway proposed to lower the age of consent from 16 to 15. [13] However, it was abandoned following its criticism by the Church of Norway. [14] [15]

Eastern Europe

Russia

Before 1922

Before 1830 the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was 15 years old for males and 13 years old for females [16] (though 15 years old was preferred for females, so much so that it was written into the Law Code of 1649). [17] Teenage marriage was practised for chastity. Both the female and the male teenager needed consent of their parents to marry because they were under 20 years old, the age of majority. In 1830, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 18 years old for males and 16 years old for females [16] (though 18 years old was preferred for females). The average age of marriage (sexual intercourse) for females was around 19 years old. [18] [19]

After 1991

Russia in 1998 lowered the age of consent from 16 to 14, [20] but in 2003 raised the age of consent from 14 back to 16, in case the older participant is 18 or older. [21] [22] [23]

In 2009, a note was added that exempted from criminal punishment a person who committed sexual intercourse with a 14- or 15-year-old for the first time if he married the victim. [24]

North America

Canada

In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 (in 1890, it was raised from 12 to 14), while creating a near-age exemption for sex between 14- and 15-year-olds and partners less than 5 years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex between 12 and 13 year olds and partners less than 2 years older. The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults, but forbids new marriages like these in the future. [25] The law took effect May 1, 2008.

United States

18th century

The age of consent in question has to do with the law of rape and not the law of marriage (sexual intercourse) as sometimes misunderstood. Under English common law the age of consent, a part of the law of rape, was 10 or 12 years old and rape was defined as forceful sexual intercourse with a woman against her will. To convict a man of rape, both force and lack of consent had to be proved, except in the case of a girl who is under the age of consent. English common law existed in the British colonies of America and was adopted by Delaware and other states in 1776.

19th and 20th centuries

In Delaware, the age of consent was 10 years old until 1871 when it was lowered to 7 years old. Under the 1871 law, a man was given the death penalty for sex with a girl below the age of consent. [26]

In 1880, 37 states had an age of consent of 10 years, 10 states had an age of consent at 12 years, and Delaware had an age of consent of 7 years. [27] [28]

In the late-19th century, a "social purity movement" composed of Christian feminist reform groups began advocating a raise in the age of consent to 16, with the goal of raising it ultimately to 18 or 21. [29] By 1920, 26 states had an age of consent at 16, 21 states had an age of consent at 18, and one state (Georgia) had an age of consent at 14. [30]

Alaska was bought from the Russians in 1867 and became the 49th state of U.S. in 1959. The age of consent was 16 years old.

Hawaii was a constitutional monarchy until 1893, and was thereafter a U.S. Territory; it became the 50th U.S. state in 1959. The age of consent was 14 years old.

Two final states legislating their ages of consent into the 15–18 range were Georgia and Hawaii, from 14 to 16, raised in 1995 and 2001, respectively. One state (Colorado) had the age of consent at 15, having been lowered from 18 years old because age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 in 1970.

Present

As of October 16, 2020, the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age. [31]

Alabama

In 2012, Alabama State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. [32] As of February 2023, the age of consent in Alabama remains 16. [33]

Hawaii

In 2001, the legislature in Hawaii voted to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16. [34]

Georgia

In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia (USA) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. [35] [36] The bill failed, however.

Georgia was the most resistant state to raising its age of consent in the early 1900s. Georgia's age of consent was 10 years old until 1918, at which time the age of consent was raised to 14. [37] After raising the age of consent in 1918, Georgia was the only state in the United States to have an age of consent lower than 16. [28] Georgia's age of consent remained at 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by senator Steve Langford to make the age of consent 16 passed. [38]

In 2006, following the case of Genarlow Wilson (Wilson v. State), aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison if the offender was under 19, the victim was either 14 or 15 years old, and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim. (Georgia penal code, 16-6-4). Previously aggravated child molestation (at any age) carried 5–20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender.

Kentucky

Under Kentucky law, a person who is sixteen years of age or older may consent to a sexual act with a person not more than ten years older than the minor, but otherwise below the age of eighteen is presumed to be incapable of consent to a sexual act. [39] However, where a person is in a position of authority over the minor such as a teacher, coach or relative, whatever the age difference, a minor below the age of eighteen is deemed incapable of consent. [40] [41] [39]

Missouri

In 2008 a bill was introduced in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18. The bill was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox. [42] The bill did not become law. [43]

South Carolina

In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. [44] It did not succeed.

Wisconsin

Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act, but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex, but as stated, this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older. In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin, but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16, informed consent for a 15-year-old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court. In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18, under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a Class A Misdemeanor. A marital exemption was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older, but no close-in-age exception was. [45]

South America

Peru

The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached, but in 2007, Peru's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation. [46] However, after strong public opposition, the law was raised back to 18 on June 27, 2007, by a vote of 74 to zero (22 abstentions). [47] It was returned to 14 in December 2012. [48]

Asia

India

In January 2004, a Division bench of the Kerala's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R. Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian Majority Act, the Contract Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case of sexual consent. [49] The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012. [50]

In 2023, the Law Commission recommended against a proposal to lower age of consent to 16. [51]

In the West

Male homosexuality

United Kingdom

The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Wales and Scotland in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act of 2000. [52] [53] In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old.

United States

Philip Jenkins said in the mid-1970s, there was widespread sympathy among homosexual activist groups for lowering the age of consent for all sexual activities with many gay publications discussing lowering it for boys. [54] These tensions and antagonisms continued among activist circles until the 1980s; however, since the 1970s, gay liberationist groups promoting frontline advocacy against the age of consent were falling into decline. [55] In 1971, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, except in Mississippi (21), Alabama (19), and Nebraska (19).

Close-in-age exemptions

In the United States, many states have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws", provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older, generally four years or less. [56] [57] Some Romeo and Juliet laws (such as the law in Michigan) [58] do not make it legal for a person below the age of consent to have sex with a slightly older person, but may exempt the older partner from sex offender registration.

Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana. [57] In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less [57] and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011. [59]

These reforms have been controversial. In Texas, Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature in 2009, [60] but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year. [61] A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature. [62] In the State v. Limon case, Kansas's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same-sex sexual conduct.

Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws. Ireland's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys. [63] [64]

Advocacy for pedophilia

Some pedophiles [65] and their sympathizers have called to abolish the age of consent to allow children and adults to have sexual relationships. [66] [67] Past groups advocating for this include NAMBLA in the United States and Vereniging Martijn in the Netherlands.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Age of consent</span> Minimum age for agreement to sexual activities

The age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be legally competent to consent to sexual acts. Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a person younger than the age of consent is unable to legally claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be considered child sexual abuse or statutory rape. The person below the minimum age is considered the victim, and their sex partner the offender, although some jurisdictions provide exceptions through "Romeo and Juliet laws" if one or both participants are underage, and are close in age.

The legal age of consent for sexual activity varies by jurisdiction across Asia. The specific activity engaged in or the gender of participants can also be relevant factors. Below is a discussion of the various laws dealing with this subject. The highlighted age refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is also at or above that age. Other variables, such as homosexual relations or close in age exceptions, may exist, and are noted when relevant.

The ages of consent for sexual activity vary from age 15 to 18 across Australia, New Zealand and other parts of Oceania. The specific activity and the gender of its participants is also addressed by the law. The minimum age is the age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another person of minimum age. Close in age exceptions may exist and are noted where applicable. In Vanuatu the homosexual age of consent is set higher at 18, while the heterosexual age of consent is 15. Same sex sexual activity is illegal at any age for males in Papua New Guinea, Kiribati, Samoa, Niue, Tonga and Tuvalu; it is outlawed for both men and women in the Solomon Islands. In all other places the age of consent is independent of sexual orientation or gender.

The ages of consent vary by jurisdiction across Europe. The ages of consent – hereby meaning the age from which one is deemed able to consent to having sex with anyone else of consenting age or above – are between 14 and 18. The vast majority of countries set their ages in the range of 14 to 16; only four countries, Cyprus (17), Ireland (17), Turkey (18), and the Vatican City (18), set an age of consent higher than 16.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ages of consent in North America</span> Age of consent for sexual activity in countries in North America

In North America, the legal age of consent relating to sexual activity varies by jurisdiction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ages of consent in Africa</span> Ages of consent for sexual activity in the countries of Africa

The age of consent in Africa for sexual activity varies by jurisdiction across the continent, codified in laws which may also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or the gender of participants for different ages. Other variables may exist, such as close-in-age exemptions.

Rape is a type of sexual assault initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person's consent. The act may be carried out by physical force, under threat or manipulation, by impersonation, or with a person who is incapable of giving valid consent.

State v. Limon, 280 Kan. 275, 122 P.3d 22 (2005), is a Kansas Supreme Court case in which a state law allowing for lesser punishment for statutory rape convictions if the partners were of different sexes than if they were of the same sex was found unconstitutional under both the federal and Kansas state constitutions. It was among the first cases to cite the United States Supreme Court decision Lawrence v. Texas as precedent, months after the Virginia Supreme Court did similarly in Martin v. Ziherl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ages of consent in South America</span> Ages of consent for sexual activity in jurisdictions of South America

The age of consent for sexual activity refers to an age at or above which an individual can engage in unfettered sexual relations with another who is of the same age or older. This age varies by jurisdiction across South America, codified in laws which may also stipulate the specific activities that are permitted or the gender of participants for different ages. Other variables may exist, such as close-in-age exemptions.

Rape in the Philippines is considered a criminal offense. In Philippine jurisprudence, it is a heinous crime punishable by reclusión perpetua when committed against women. Rape of males is also legally recognized as rape by sexual assault, which is penalized by imprisonment of six to twelve years.

Laws regarding incest vary considerably between jurisdictions, and depend on the type of sexual activity and the nature of the family relationship of the parties involved, as well as the age and sex of the parties. Besides legal prohibitions, at least some forms of incest are also socially taboo or frowned upon in most cultures around the world.

In common law jurisdictions, statutory rape is nonforcible sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age of consent. Although it usually refers to adults engaging in sexual contact with minors under the age of consent, it is a generic term, and very few jurisdictions use the actual term statutory rape in the language of statutes. In statutory rape, overt force or threat is usually not present. Statutory rape laws presume coercion because a minor or mentally disabled adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the act.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodomy law</span> Laws criminalising certain sexual acts

A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes. The precise sexual acts meant by the term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law, but are typically understood and defined by many courts and jurisdictions to include any or all forms of sexual acts that are deemed to be "illegal", "illicit", "unlawful", "unnatural" and/or "immoral". Sodomy typically includes anal sex, oral sex, manual sex, and bestiality. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced to target against sexual activities between individuals of the opposite sex, and have mostly been used to target against sexual activities between individuals of the same sex.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ages of consent in the United States</span> U.S. law on age of consent to sexual activity

In the United States, each state and territory sets the age of consent either by statute or the common law applies, and there are several federal statutes related to protecting minors from sexual predators. Depending on the jurisdiction, the legal age of consent is between 16 and 18. In some places, civil and criminal laws within the same state conflict with each other.

Marital rape is illegal in all 50 US states, though the details of the offence vary by state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Women in Trinidad and Tobago</span> Overview of the status of women in Trinidad and Tobago

Women in Trinidad and Tobago are women who were born in, who live in, or are from Trinidad and Tobago. Depending from which island the women came, they may also be called Trinidadian women or Tobagonian women respectively. Women in Trinidad and Tobago excel in various industries and occupations, including micro-enterprise owners, "lawyers, judges, politicians, civil servants, journalists, and calypsonians." Women still dominate the fields of "domestic service, sales, and some light manufacturing."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marriage age in the United States</span> Marriage Law in the United States of America

The marriage age in the United States is the minimum age at which a person can marry in the United States as a right, or with parental consent or other authorization. This age is set by each state and territory, either by statute or where the common law applies. The general marriage age is 18 years of age in all states except Nebraska, where the general marriage age is 19, and Mississippi, where the general marriage age is 21. The general marriage age is commonly the age of majority, though in Alabama the general marriage age is 18 while the age of majority is 19.

Rape in Alabama is currently defined across three sections of its Criminal Code: Definitions, Rape in the First Degree, and Rape in the Second Degree. Each section addresses components of the crime such as age, sentencing, the genders of the individuals involved, and the acts involved.

The age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be legally competent to consent to sexual acts and is thus the minimum age of a person with whom another person is legally permitted to engage in sexual activity. The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex partner is regarded as the offender, unless both are underage.

Sexual consent plays an important role in laws regarding rape, sexual assault and other forms of sexual violence. In a court of law, whether or not the alleged victim had freely given consent, and whether or not they were deemed to be capable of giving consent, can determine whether the alleged perpetrator is guilty of rape, sexual assault or some other form of sexual misconduct.

References

  1. 1 2 Robertson, Stephen. "Age of Consent Laws". Children & Youth in History. Center for History and New Media . Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  2. ↑ "Age of Consent – Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society". Faqs.org. Archived from the original on March 31, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  3. ↑ Dahl, Gordon B. (2010). "Early Teen Marriage and Future Poverty". Demography. 47 (3): 689–718. doi:10.1353/dem.0.0120. PMC   3000061 . PMID   20879684.
  4. ↑ Mary E. Odem (1995). Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Gender and American Culture). Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 13. ISBN   978-0-8078-4528-8 . Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  5. ↑ David Swarbrick. "Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885 (-)". swarb.co.uk. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  6. 1 2 Age of consent: A response to the consultation on the Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2007 (PDF). Northern Ireland, United Kingdom: The Christian Institute. 2008. ISBN   978-1-901086-39-3 . Retrieved November 9, 2020.
  7. ↑ "Draft Sexual Offenses (Northern Ireland) Order 2008". parliament.uk. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  8. ↑ "The law of marriage". www.parliament.uk.
  9. ↑ Foucault, Michel (1988). Krizman, Lawrence D. (ed.). Politics, Philosophy, Culture: Interviews and Other Writings 1977–1984 . New York / London: Routledge. pp.  272–273. ISBN   978-0-415-90082-9.
  10. ↑ Elizabeth Bernstein, Laurie Schaffner. Regulating Sex: The politics of Intimacy and Identity . Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  11. ↑ Evans, David T. (1993). Sexual Citizenship: The Material Construction of Sexualities. London: Routledge. p. 208. ISBN   978-0-415-05799-8. (link is to the 2013 edition)
  12. ↑ Brongersma, Edward (1988). "Schutzalter 12 Jahre? – Sex mit Kindern in der niederländischen Gesetzgebung" [Age of Consent 12 years? Dutch legislation on sex with children]. In Leopardi, Angelo (ed.). Der pädosexuelle Komplex[On the topic of pedosexuality] (in German). Frankfurt/Main, Germany: Foerster Verlag. p. 214. ISBN   978-3-922257-66-0.
  13. ↑ "Norwegians criticise proposal about sexual consent of children". Christian Network Europe. June 28, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  14. ↑ "Church of Norway fears lowering age of sexual consent to 15". Christian Network Europe. June 26, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Norwegian cabinet stops lowering age of consent". Christian Network Europe. June 28, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  16. 1 2 Troitskaia, Irina (2004). "Peasant Marriage in 19th century Russia". Population. 59 (6): 721–764. doi:10.2307/3654894. JSTOR   3654894.
  17. ↑ Pushkareva, Natalia (1997). Women in Russian History: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Century. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 156.
  18. ↑ Avdeev, Blum, Troitskaia, Juby, "Peasant Marriage", 733.
  19. ↑ Engel, "Peasant Pre-Marital Relations", 698–99.
  20. ↑ "25 июня 1998 года N 92-ФЗ".
  21. ↑ "8 декабря 2003 года N 162-ФЗ".
  22. ↑ "Нет кодекса печальнее на свете. Госдума усилила ответственность за растление малолетних". Kommersant. June 21, 2003. Retrieved March 19, 2024.
  23. ↑ Peter Graff (June 28–29, 2002). "Russia – Age of Consent". Reuters (via Age of Consent). Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  24. ↑ "27 июля 2009 года N 215-ФЗ".
  25. ↑ "Age of Consent FAQ". CTV.ca. June 23, 2006. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
  26. ↑ Lindenmuth, Janet. "The age of consent and rape reform in Delaware". Widener Law Delaware Library . Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  27. ↑ "Purity Congress Meets". The New York Times . Baltimore. October 15, 1895.
  28. 1 2 "Age of Consent Laws [Table]". Children & Youth in History. Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media. Archived from the original on January 9, 2018. Retrieved November 12, 2020. Compiled from a combination of historical and contemporary sources, annotated by Stephen Robertson
  29. ↑ "What Raising the Age of Sexual Consent Taught Women About the Vote".
  30. ↑ "The Campaign to Raise the Age of Consent 1885–1914". Women and Social Movements in the United States, 1600–2000. Archived from the original on November 16, 2014. Retrieved June 19, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  31. ↑ "Age of Consent across the United States". AgeOfConsent.net. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  32. ↑ "Lawmaker Pushes Bill To Raise Age Of Consent In Alabama". May 1, 2012.
  33. ↑ "State-by-State Marriage "Age of Consent" Laws". FindLaw.com. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  34. ↑ Far East and Australasia 2003 – Eur . Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  35. ↑ "hb722.html". Legis.state.ga.us. July 1, 2005. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  36. ↑ "Georgia General Assembly – HB 722". Legis.ga.gov. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  37. ↑ Blackwell, Alice Stone (January 20, 2019). "The Woman Citizen". Leslie Woman Suffrage Commission – via Google Books.
  38. ↑ "Georgia: Age of consent raised to 16". Star-News . February 7, 1995 – via Google News Archive.
  39. 1 2 "KRS Sec. 510.020 Lack of consent". Kentucky State Legislature. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  40. ↑ "KRS Sec. 510.110 (1)(d), Sexual abuse in the first degree". Kentucky State Legislature. Retrieved March 23, 2020., "KRS Sec. 532.045 Persons prohibited from probation or postincarceration supervision". Kentucky State Legislature. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  41. ↑ "Consent LawsKentucky". RAINN. March 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  42. ↑ "Missouri House bill would raise age of consent to 18". Joplin Globe. April 5, 2008.
  43. ↑ "HB 2095 - Sexual Misconduct Involving a Child". house.mo.gov. Missouri House of Representatives. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
  44. ↑ Taylor, Meredith. "South Carolina lawmakers propose raising age of consent". www.wrdw.com.
  45. ↑ Owzsewski, DJ Statutory Rape in Wisconsin 2006
  46. ↑ "Peru Lowers Age Of Consent To 14". CBS News. June 22, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2010.
  47. ↑ "Pleno Reconsidero Exoneracion de Sedunda Votacion a Proyecto Sobre Libertad Sexual" [House Reconsidered and Excluded Second Vote for Project on Sexual Freedom] (in Spanish). El Heraldo. June 27, 2007. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
  48. ↑ "Demanda de inconstitucionalidad interpuesta por diez mil seiscientos nueve ciudadanos contra el artículo 1° de la Ley N° 28704 que modifica el artículo 173°, inciso 3° del Código Penal, sobre delito de violación sexual contra víctima entre 14 y 18 años de edad" (PDF) (in Spanish). January 7, 2013.
  49. ↑ "Kerala, Raise age-limit for giving consent for sexual intercourse to 18 – South Asia". Asian Sex Gazette. January 21, 2004. Retrieved March 19, 2012.
  50. ↑ "Parliament clears bill against child abuse". The Times of India . May 23, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2013.
  51. ↑ Phukan, Sandeep (September 29, 2023). "Law Commission against lowering age of consent under POCSO Act". The Hindu. Retrieved April 4, 2024.
  52. ↑ "Gay consent at 16 becomes law". BBC News. November 20, 2000. Retrieved August 25, 2011.
  53. ↑ the age of consent is 17 in Northern Ireland
  54. ↑ University, Philip Jenkins Distinguished Professor of History and Religious Studies Pennsylvania State (March 15, 2006). Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 120. ISBN   9780198039723.
  55. ↑ Tom Warner (2002). Never Going Back: A History of Queer Activism in Canada. University of Toronto Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-8020-8460-6.
  56. ↑ Volokh, Eugene (May 1, 2015). "Statutory rape laws and ages of consent in the U.S." Washington Post. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  57. 1 2 3 John Gramlich (July 16, 2007). "New laws take 'Romeo' into account". Stateline.org. Archived from the original on October 24, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  58. ↑ "MCL 28.728c. Petition to discontinue registration". Michigan Legislature. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  59. ↑ McLaren, Noël (April 20, 2011). "Understanding the Romeo & Juliet Law". Upper Michigan's Source. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  60. ↑ Grissom, Brandi (June 29, 2009). "Gov. Rick Perry vetoes bill lifting sex offenders 21, younger from registry". Austin Bureau. Archived from the original on April 26, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
  61. ↑ Andrea Lucia (June 4, 2011). "'Romeo And Juliet' Law Changes Statutory Rape Definition". CBS DFW. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  62. ↑ Hannah Hess (March 3, 2011). ""Romeo and Juliet" law fails in Illinois House". STL Today. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  63. ↑ "'Romeo and Juliet' laws contested". Irish Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2015. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  64. ↑ "Court urged to change 'Romeo and Juliet' laws". RTÉ News. April 14, 2011. Archived from the original on April 7, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2011.
  65. ↑ Seto, Michael C. (2018). Pedophilia and sexual offending against children : theory, assessment, and intervention. American Psychological Association (2nd ed.). Washington, DC. ISBN   978-1-4338-2930-7. OCLC   1047607981.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  66. ↑ Jenkins, Philip (2006). Decade of Nightmares: The End of the Sixties and the Making of Eighties America . Oxford University Press. p.  120. ISBN   978-0-19-517866-1.
  67. ↑ Spiegel, Josef (2003). Sexual Abuse of Males: The Sam Model of Theory and Practice. Routledge. pp. 5, p9. ISBN   978-1-56032-403-4.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.