Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008

Last updated

Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 is a law in the United Kingdom criminalising possession of what it refers to as "extreme pornographic images". [1] The law came into force on 26 January 2009. [2] [3] The legislation was brought in following the murder of Jane Longhurst by a man who was said at the time of his trial to have had "extreme pornography" in his possession at the time of the death. The law has been more widely used than originally predicted, raising concerns as to whether the legislation is being used for prosecutions beyond the scope originally envisaged by parliament.

Contents

The law

The law, part of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, applies to pornography (defined as an image "of such a nature that it must reasonably be assumed to have been produced solely or principally for the purpose of sexual arousal") which is "grossly offensive, disgusting or otherwise of an obscene character" and portrays "in an explicit and realistic way" any of the following:

to which a reasonable person looking at the image would think that any such person (or animal) was real.

Additionally, the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 amended section 63 [4] to include:

The term covers staged acts, and applies whether or not the participants consent. [5] [6] Films classified by the British Board of Film Classification are exempt, but an extract from a classified film (if the image was extracted for the purpose of sexual arousal) would not be exempt. [7] Whether or not an image is "pornographic" is up to the magistrate (or jury) to determine by looking at the image. It is not a question of the intentions of those who produced the image. [8]

If an image is held in a person's possession as part of a series of images, the question of whether it is pornographic is also determined by the context in which it appears. Therefore, an image might be legal in some contexts but not others. Serious injury is not defined by the act, but is up to the magistrate or jury. [8] Guidance on the bill gives examples of activity which would be covered: depictions of hanging, suffocation, or sexual assault involving a threat with a weapon; the insertion of sharp objects into (or the mutilation of) breasts or genitals. [8]

The definition of "obscene" is not the same as that used in the Obscene Publications Acts, which requires that an image "deprave and corrupt" those likely to view it; instead, this is the ordinary dictionary definition of "obscene". "Grossly offensive" and "disgusting" are given as examples of "obscene". [8]

As was demonstrated by a court decision in 2014, so long as it can be demonstrated that the recipient stored the images then it is not necessary to prove that those in possession of offending images had solicited them. Thus it is possible to contravene the law as a result of receiving unsolicited images. [9]

There is a defence if the defendant can prove that they "directly participated" in the act and the other participants also consented, but only if the acts are those which can be legally consented to in the UK. This defence is not available to the photographer or other "onlookers" who were present, but did not directly participate. [8]

Where the first two clauses above apply, the maximum sentence is three years; otherwise, the maximum is two years. Adults sentenced to at least two years will be placed on the Violent and Sex Offender Register. A minor offence may result in just a fine. [9]

History

After Graham Coutts' conviction in February 2004, the government and police forces called for "violent" adult pornography sites to be shut down [10] [11] [12] and Jane Longhurst's mother and sister launched a campaign against such sites. A petition (which gained 50,000 signatures) promoted by MP Martin Salter was submitted to the government, demanding a ban of "extreme internet sites promoting violence against women in the name of sexual gratification". The government was unsuccessful in shutting down such sites, since they are based in other countries and are legally made with consenting adults. In August 2005 the British government consulted on, instead, criminalising the possession of such images.

On 30 August 2006, the government published the results of the consultation, and announced its intention to introduce a possession ban on all extreme pornography as soon as the legislative timetable allowed. Opinions on the proposals were sharply divided in the consultation, with 61 percent (241 out of 397) of responses rejecting the need for stronger laws in this area and 36 percent in favour (3 percent gave no opinion). The proposed maximum penalty for possession of these images was three years' imprisonment. [13]

On 26 June 2007, the government published the plans as part of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill. The bill extended the scope of the proposals from "serious, disabling injury" to "serious injury". The law came into force on 26 January 2009. In July 2009, Baroness O'Cathain proposed an amendment to the Coroners and Justice Act which would bring in an equivalent law for "extreme pornographic writings". [14] [15]

There have been many more prosecutions under the law than the 30 cases a year originally predicted by ministers. In 2011–12, there were 1,337 prosecutions and in 2012–13 there were 1,348. [16] [17] By 2015, there were still more than 1,000 annual prosecutions. [18] This has raised concerns that the legislation may be being used for prosecutions beyond the scope originally envisaged by parliament. Prosecutors are said to be unsure of the meaning of the law due to a lack of guidance explaining those categories that are difficult to define. The House of Lords was promised by the government just prior to the enactment of the legislation that such guidance would be issued, but this did not happen. [19] The lack of clarity means that the law would apparently outlaw images which have been exhibited in art galleries, such as the material from Robert Mapplethorpe's X Portfolio, which was included in the Barbican Gallery's Seduced exhibition in 2008. [20]

The possession of rape pornography in England and Wales was not criminalised by the legislation. However, the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 amended the Act to include such a prohibition.

Notable uses

2011 test case

In January 2011, a man was tried before Stafford Crown Court for possession of staged images depicting a knife attack and a drowning in a bath. The prosecution said, "There is a need to regulate images portraying sexual violence, to safeguard the decency of society and for the protection of women". Expert witness for the defence Feona Attwood said the images were like stills from a 1970s Hammer horror film. The trial was a landmark, possibly the first such case tested by a jury. It was also notable as a case where the defendant admitted that he intentionally downloaded and retained the images in question (as opposed to, for example, accidental downloading). On 6 January, the jury took 90 minutes to return a unanimous verdict of not guilty. The judge told them afterwards that this trial had been a test case; the legislation in question was still being interpreted. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]

2012 test case

In August 2012, Simon Walsh, a former aide to then-mayor of London Boris Johnson, was charged with possessing five images of "extreme pornography", which were not found by police on his computers, but as email attachments on a Hotmail server account. He was found not guilty on all counts. Three images were of urethral sounding, and two of anal fisting. The images were all of consensual adult sexual activity. [16] [43] The Crown Prosecution Service maintains that the acts depicted were "extreme" even if the jury disagreed in this case. [18]

Scotland

In 2004 a committee of members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) backed a law to ban adult pornography, as the Equal Opportunities Committee supported a petition claiming links between pornography and sexual crimes and violence against women and children. [44] A spokeswoman said, "While we have no plans to legislate we will, of course, continue to monitor the situation." In 2007, MSPs looked again at criminalising adult pornography in response to a call from Scottish Women Against Pornography for pornography to be classified as a hate crime against women. This was opposed by Feminists Against Censorship. [45] [46]

In September 2008, Scotland announced its own plans to criminalise possession of "extreme" pornography—extending the law further, including depictions of rape imagery and other non-consensual penetrative sexual activity (whether or not the participants actually consented). [47] [48] The new law is included in Section 42 of the Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010, and covers images which realistically depict: [49] [50] [51]

Again, the law covers images of staged acts so long as a reasonable person looking at the image would think it was real or shows harm, [48] and applies whether or not the participants consented.

Arguments

The government consultation stated that "the material may often cause serious physical and other harm to those involved in making it; in some cases the participants are clearly the victims of criminal offences". The consultation did not attempt to estimate the frequency of these events, and there is no evidence that such content is being distributed at all. The law would cover images (whether or not the participants consented), and would include not only images where extreme violence is taking place but also fictitious images (where people are role-playing such violence).

Material is considered extreme pornography only if the main purpose of creating it was to produce sexual arousal. This rules out most mainstream films, documentaries, war footage or instructional videos (regardless of content), although these would be included if images were extracted from them for the purpose of sexual arousal. Textual material or cartoon depictions are also excluded, regardless of theme or detail.

The consultation stated "it is possible that such material may encourage or reinforce interest in violent and aberrant sexual activity to the detriment of society as a whole", but that they do not have "sufficient evidence from which to draw any definite conclusions as to the likely long term impact of this kind of material"; there was an "absence of conclusive research results as to its possible negative effects".

The consultation cited the case of Graham Coutts (who killed Jane Longhurst), suggesting a link between violent pornography and the murder. Coutts had previously accessed websites that offered such pornography (although he had been practicing erotic asphyxia for five years before exposure to such material), and had told psychiatrists in 1991 that he feared his thoughts might lead to criminal behaviour. [52]

The government also wished to criminalise possession of the material, to reduce the risk of children coming into contact with it. The consultation cited a study which reported that "57% of all 9–19-year olds surveyed who use the Internet at least once a week had come into contact with pornography online", but did not distinguish among forms of pornography; the government had no plans to criminalize all pornography for the same reason.

In discussing the 2006 quashing of Coutts' conviction (Jane Longhurst's purported killer), a barrister supporting the Backlash stance observed: [53]

Lord Hutton's judgement points out that Coutts had engaged in breath play sexual games with previous partners years before he started to use internet porn. The Judge commented that if the same Defendant guilty of the same conduct been tried before the same jury, but without the evidence that he used internet porn, the jury would have been very likely to accept that he did not intend to kill. It is hard to escape the conclusion that the Judge thought the evidence that Coutts used porn prejudiced the jury and led to unfounded assumptions about Coutt's intent. What this judgement shows is that the obsession with criminalising the users of porn will further prejudice juries and lead to miscarriages of justice.

In September 2007 the government published a Rapid Evidence Assessment by Catherine Itzin, Ann Taket and Liz Kelly, investigating "the evidence of harm relating to exposure to extreme pornographic material". [54] This was criticised (in a statement signed by over 40 academics) as being "extremely poor, based on contested findings and accumulated results. It is one-sided and simply ignores the considerable research tradition into 'extreme' (be they violent or sexually explicit) materials within the UK's Humanities and Social Sciences". [55]

The law has been criticised as probably breaching Articles 8 and 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. [56] [57] The government acknowledged this, but believes "this is justified as being in accordance with the law, and necessary in a democratic society for the prevention of crime, for the protection of morals and for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others". [58]

The Government has conflated the issue with participants being abused in the production of such images, with Martin Salter claiming the existence of snuff films where women are raped and murdered on camera in Guatemala. [59] [60] However, no such examples of images have been shown to exist, and the sites referred to by the government are instead those produced in the UK and US with consenting actors (see "Sites labelled as 'extreme pornography'", below).

The law has been criticised for criminalising images where no crime took place in their creation. In the House of Lords debates Lord Wallace of Tankerness stated, "Having engaged in it consensually would not be a crime, but to have a photograph of it in one's possession would be a crime. That does not seem to me to make sense". [61] The law has also been criticised for covering images of consenting adults—for example, including some forms of BDSM or bondage pornography. [62] [63] [64]

In 2009 the organisation Comic Shop Voice said that the law may result in the banning of certain comic books, such as Watchmen , Batman: The Killing Joke and several collections of manga. They said in a statement: "Because this is a minefield for the law it then falls on the Police to enforce it, and it is their judgement that could lead to a prosecution. We COULD get to a point where the police could legitimately visit your home or workplace, and sanctioned by an un-elected magistrate or judge go through your collection and if they find any comic book that they feel will cause sexual arousal or displays extreme violence then they could arrest you." [65]

In 2010 a group of King's College London students produced a film, Hanging Perverts, debating the perils and moral issues behind the law. It includes interviews with several public and political figures, such as Baroness Sue Miller of the Liberal Democrats, bondage photographer Ben Westwood (son of Vivienne Westwood), and people working in the industry (such as hardcore BDSM pornographic actress Masie Dee). [66]

Sites labelled as "extreme pornography"

In 2004, following Graham Coutts' murder conviction, an Early Day Motion listed websites: Necrobabes, Death by Asphyxia, and Hanging Bitches (frequented by Coutts) as examples of sites promoting necrophilia, "likely to incite people to do harm to others." [67]

Necrobabes

Necrobabes was a website hosting images of women pretending to be dead. [68] The site was subtitled "erotic horror for adults". Necrobabes was included as an example of a site which relatives of Jane Longhurst (who was murdered by Graham Coutts) thought should be banned.

Membership in Necrobabes was used as evidence in the murder trial of Patrick Anthony Russo (a musical director at a Texas church), who murdered Diane Holik in 2001. During the subsequent police investigation, it was found out that Russo had been a paying subscriber to Necrobabes. Partly because of his Necrobabes membership and other evidence found from his computer (including his browser history and web searches for "asphyx"), Russo was found guilty of strangling Holik [69] [70] [71] and given a life sentence.

The site owners asserted, "The material we produce is fanciful, even cartoonish in many regards; there is nothing realistic about it. Our viewers know this. Far from normalising violence, it relegates it squarely into the realm of fantasy." It stated that scenes were simulated, and no one was harmed during the making of their photo stories and videos. It claimed that contrary to the aforementioned petition, it "do[es] not encourage nor condone real-life violence against others". It stated that there was no pornography on the site, and claimed that it was exempt from the record-keeping requirements of 18 U.S.C. § 2257 because there were no images of actual, sexually-explicit conduct.

The site was registered with the ICRA, so it could be blocked by Microsoft Internet Explorer's parental controls. [72] As of December 2009, the site was unavailable. [73]

Coverage

The Early Day Motion referred to Necrobabes as "corrupting". [67] The Guardian suggested that the worst still from Hitchcock's Frenzy "is easily the equal of any Necrobabes gore". [74] The site has been covered in US media, which agree that the site is fantasy with consenting models. [75] [76] [77]

Legality

Necrobabes was hosted in the United States and was online since 1997. The UK Government attempted (without success) to get US authorities to shut down such sites. [78] Such images are legal in the US, and it has been claimed they would be difficult to ban without violating the First Amendment. [79]

Hanging Bitches

Hangingbitches.com was a website run by Frans van der Hulst. The site was shut down, but van der Hulst has since opened more sites. The images are produced in the United Kingdom with British models who have been shown alive and unharmed. [80]

Organisations

Backlash launched a campaign in 2005 to challenge the joint UK Home Office and Scottish Government's proposals to criminalize simple possession of material. The Consenting Adult Action Network is a grass-roots network which opposes the law, and has organised protests against the law. [81] [82]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual Offences Act 2003</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Sexual Offences Act 2003 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pornography laws by region</span> Legality of pornography

Pornography laws by region vary throughout the world. The production and distribution of pornographic films are both activities that are legal in some but not all countries, as long as the pornography features performers above a certain age, usually 18 years. Further restrictions are often placed on such material.

Rape pornography is a subgenre of pornography involving the description or depiction of rape. Such pornography either involves simulated rape, wherein sexually consenting adults feign rape, or it involves actual rape. Victims of actual rape may be coerced to feign consent such that the pornography produced deceptively appears as simulated rape or non-rape pornography. The depiction of rape in non-pornographic media is not considered rape pornography. Simulated scenes of rape and other forms of sexual violence have appeared in mainstream cinema, including rape and revenge films, almost since its advent.

The Spanner Trust is a United Kingdom organisation set up to campaign for the right for adults to take part in consensual BDSM activities without fear of prosecution. It was set up after the Operation Spanner court case. As part of its campaign, the Spanner Trust has made a number of submissions to government consultations regarding sadomasochistic activities.

Feminists Against Censorship (FAC) is a large network of women founded in 1989 in the United Kingdom to present the feminist arguments against censorship, particularly of sexual materials, and to defend individual sexual expression.

Jane Longhurst was a British special-needs teacher and musician who was murdered by Graham Coutts on 14 March 2003. Longhurst's partly decomposed body was found burning in woodland in West Sussex on 19 April. Coutts, who was dating Longhurst's best friend, was a guitarist and part-time salesperson living in Brighton.

Backlash is an umbrella group formed in 2005 to coordinate opposition to the “Consultation on the possession of extreme pornographic material” issued in the United Kingdom jointly by the Home Office and the Scottish Executive. Its stated belief is that the proposals underlying the consultation represent an unjustified assault on freedom of speech and freedom of expression.

Internet censorship in the United Kingdom is conducted under a variety of laws, judicial processes, administrative regulations and voluntary arrangements. It is achieved by blocking access to sites as well as the use of laws that criminalise publication or possession of certain types of material. These include English defamation law, the Copyright law of the United Kingdom, regulations against incitement to terrorism and child pornography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet Watch Foundation</span> Registered charity in Cambridge, England

The Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) is a global registered charity based in Cambridge, England. It states that its remit is "to minimise the availability of online sexual abuse content, specifically child sexual abuse images and videos hosted anywhere in the world and non-photographic child sexual abuse images hosted in the UK." Content inciting racial hatred was removed from the IWF's remit after a police website was set up for the purpose in April 2011. The IWF used to also take reports of criminally obscene adult content hosted in the UK. This was removed from the IWF's remit in 2017. As part of its function, the IWF says that it will "supply partners with an accurate and current URL list to enable blocking of child sexual abuse content". It has "an excellent and responsive national Hotline reporting service" for receiving reports from the public. In addition to receiving referrals from the public, its agents also proactively search the open web and deep web to identify child sexual abuse images and videos. It can then ask service providers to take down the websites containing the images or to block them if they fall outside UK jurisdiction.

The Consenting Adult Action Network (CAAN) is a grassroots network of individuals in the United Kingdom that was formed in 2008 to protest and oppose laws restricting activities between consenting adults, most notably the criminalisation of possession of "extreme pornography" under Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008.

Legal frameworks around fictional pornography depicting minors vary depending on country and nature of the material involved. Laws against production, distribution and consumption of child pornography generally separate images into three categories: real, pseudo, and virtual. Pseudo-photographic child pornography is produced by digitally manipulating non-sexual images of real minors to make pornographic material. Virtual child pornography depicts purely fictional characters. "Fictional pornography depicting minors", as covered in this article, includes these latter two categories, whose legalities vary by jurisdiction, and often differ with each other and with the legality of real child pornography.

Much of the regulation in the adult film industry has been limited to preventing child pornography. To enforce the age of entry restriction, most adult industry production companies are required to have a Custodian of Records that documents and holds records of the ages of all performers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Child pornography laws in the United States</span>

In the United States, child pornography is illegal under federal law and in all states and is punishable by up to life imprisonment and fines of up to $250,000. U.S. laws regarding child pornography are virtually always enforced and amongst the harshest in the world. The Supreme Court of the United States has found child pornography to be outside the protections of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Federal sentencing guidelines on child pornography differentiate between production, distribution, and purchasing/receiving, and also include variations in severity based on the age of the child involved in the materials, with significant increases in penalties when the offense involves a prepubescent child or a child under the age of 18. U.S. law distinguishes between pornographic images of an actual minor, realistic images that are not of an actual minor, and non-realistic images such as drawings. The latter two categories are legally protected unless found to be obscene, whereas the first does not require a finding of obscenity.

Child pornography laws in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are covered by the Protection of Children Act 1978, which made it illegal to take, make, distribute, show, or possess for the intent of showing or distributing an indecent photograph of someone under the age of 16. The maximum penalty is 10 years in prison. In the context of digital media, saving an indecent image to a computer's hard drive is considered to be "making" the image, as it causes a copy to exist which did not exist before. Indecency is to be interpreted by a jury, who should apply the recognised standards of propriety.

The anti-pornography movement in the United Kingdom is a social movement that seeks to reduce the availability of pornography in the country. The movement originates from two distinct perspectives: some feminists oppose pornography because they regard it as a means of degrading women, while some conservatives view it as immoral. The movement has had some influence over legislation, resulting in a number of laws intended to restrict the availability of certain genres of pornography which are legal in a number of other countries. Feminists Against Censorship have described the movement as more concerted and better organised than similar movements in other Western liberal democracies.

Age of consent law in Canada refers to cultural and legal discussions in Canada regarding the age of consent, which was raised in May 2008 as part of the Tackling Violent Crime Act. This applies to all forms of sexual activity.

Child pornography is erotic material that depicts persons under the designated age of majority. The precise characteristics of what constitutes child pornography varies by criminal jurisdiction.

Revenge porn is the distribution of sexually explicit images or videos of individuals without their consent. The material may have been made by a partner in an intimate relationship with the knowledge and consent of the subject at the time, or it may have been made without their knowledge. The subject may have experienced sexual violence during the recording of the material, in some cases facilitated by narcotics such as date rape drugs which also cause a reduced sense of pain and involvement in the sexual act, dissociative effects and amnesia. The possession of the material may be used by the perpetrators to blackmail the subjects into performing other sexual acts, to coerce them into continuing a relationship or to punish them for ending one, to silence them, to damage their reputation, and/or for financial gain. In the wake of civil lawsuits and the increasing numbers of reported incidents, legislation has been passed in a number of countries and jurisdictions to outlaw the practice, though approaches have varied and been changed over the years. The practice has also been described as a form of psychological abuse and domestic violence, as well as a form of sexual abuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015</span> United Kingdom legislation

The Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which made a number of changes to the criminal justice system. It was introduced to the House of Commons on 5 February 2014 by Lord Chancellor Chris Grayling and received Royal Assent on 12 February 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clare McGlynn</span>

Clare Mary Smith McGlynn is a Professor of Law at Durham University in the UK. She specialises in the legal regulation of pornography, image-based sexual abuse, cyberflashing, online abuse, violence against women, and gender equality in the legal profession. In 2020, she was appointed an Honorary KC in recognition of her work on women's equality in the legal profession and shaping new criminal laws on extreme pornography and image-based sexual abuse. She was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Lund University, Sweden, in 2018 in recognition of the international impact of her research on sexual violence and she is a Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences. She is a member of the UK Parliament's Independent Expert Panel hearing appeals in cases of sexual misconduct, bullying and harassment against MPs. She has given evidence before Scottish, Northern Irish and UK Parliaments on how to reform laws on sexual violence and online abuse, as well as speaking to policy audiences across Europe, Asia and Australia. In November 2019, she was invited to South Korea to share international best practice in supporting victims of image-based sexual abuse and she has worked with Facebook, TikTok and Google to support their policies on non-consensual intimate images.

References

  1. ↑ "Section 63 - Possession of extreme pornographic images". Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. 2008.
  2. ↑ Ozimek, John (26 November 2008). "Government finally names the day for porn ban". The Register. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  3. ↑ "New offence of possession of extreme pornographic images". Ministry of Justice. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  4. ↑ "Section 37 - Possession of pornographic images of rape and assault by penetration". Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015. 2015.
  5. ↑ The Government consultation Archived 2 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine states "whether or not they notionally or genuinely consent to take part"; and "actual scenes or realistic depictions".
  6. ↑ The Explanatory Notes state the Government's opinion that the participants' consent is not legally valid (see Operation Spanner) and hence not a justification under this new law (803); and states "In the case of images of staged activity, the Government believes that banning possession is justified ..." (804).
  7. ↑ "Classified films". Crown Prosecution service. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 "Further information on the new offence of Possession of Extreme Pornographic Images" (PDF). Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2009. Retrieved 6 December 2008.
  9. 1 2 Eleftheriou-Smith, Loulla-Mae (4 August 2014). "Two men convicted for possessing extreme 'WhatsApp porn' that wasn't viewed". The Independent . Independent Print Limited. Mr Ticehurst, said the photos were on his phone for two months, and that he had "completely forgot about them".
  10. ↑ "Blunkett to urge US web porn curb". BBC. 24 February 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  11. ↑ "MP calls for violent porn ban". BBC. 9 February 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  12. ↑ "UK police seek web porn crackdown". BBC. 5 February 2004. Retrieved 15 November 2008.
  13. ↑ "Consultation on the possession of extreme pornographic material" (PDF). Home Office. August 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  14. ↑ "Amendment text (3 July 2009)". parliament.uk. 3 July 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  15. ↑ "Tory Lady tries to give bodice-rippers the snip". The Register. 6 July 2009.
  16. 1 2 Myles Jackman (8 August 2012). "Extreme porn trial: consensual sex and the state". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  17. ↑ "UK judges quietly declare text chat can be obscene". theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  18. 1 2 Cowen, Nick (4 December 2015). "Millian Liberalism and Extreme Pornography". American Journal of Political Science. 60 (2): 509–520. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12238 .
  19. ↑ Jerry Barnett (20 February 2014). "Letter to MPs on Criminalising "Rape Porn"". Sex & Censorship.
  20. ↑ Myles Jackman (18 April 2015). "Porn Trial - Consensual Sex and The State". Myles Jackman. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  21. ↑ "St Helens man guilty of animal porn image charges". St Helens Star. 9 June 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  22. ↑ "Man had 'grossly offensive and disgusting' porn images on computer". St Helens Star. 18 June 2009. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  23. ↑ Fae, Jane (26 June 2009). "PC repair techs police dangerous picture law". The Register .
  24. ↑ Fae, Jane (16 June 2009). "Extreme porn law used on beastly Chinese DVD pirates". The Register.
  25. ↑ Mistry, Manisha (24 August 2010). "Hatfield police celebrate first conviction for extreme porn under new laws". St Albans & Harpenden Review. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  26. ↑ "'Acts of depravity' found on dad's computer". Reading Post . 26 January 2011. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  27. ↑ "Man cleared of porn charge after 'tiger sex' image found to be joke". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 December 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  28. ↑ Fae, Jane (22 March 2010). "Man could face prison over six second 'extreme porn' clip". The Register . Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "Backlash Press Release: Tiger Porn defendant miscarriage of justice averted". Backlash. 28 May 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  30. ↑ Fae, Jane. "Extreme porn law on the ropes". The Register. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  31. ↑ "Extreme porn charge dropped due to Backlash intervention". Backlash. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  32. ↑ Jackman, Myles (26 October 2014). "Tiger Porn Victim Bites Back". Obscenity Lawyer. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  33. ↑ "Porn found on phone". Sunderland Echo. 22 July 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  34. ↑ Magee, Julie (23 August 2010). "Dorset dentist spared prison over pain porn". Bournemouth Echo. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  35. ↑ Smith, Lewis (8 February 2014). "No 10 police officers arrested on suspicion of sending each other 'extreme pornographic images'". The Independent. London.
  36. ↑ Harley, Nicola (24 March 2016). "Adam Johnson was arrested last year on suspicion of possessing extreme animal porn, it has emerged". The Telegraph. Retrieved 27 March 2016.
  37. ↑ "Adam Johnson jailed for six years". BBC News. 24 March 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  38. ↑ "Man stands trial accused of possessing extreme porn". Thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 5 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  39. ↑ "Experts tell jury that alleged 'extreme' porn images were like Hammer horror stills". Thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  40. ↑ "Local news from Stafford and Staffordshire | Man, 47, denies 'fake images' porn charges". Staffordshirenewsletter.co.uk. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  41. ↑ "Not guilty verdict in 'extreme porn' test case". Thisisstaffordshire.co.uk. 7 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  42. ↑ "PRESS RELEASE: Schlock Horror! Stafford jury acquits fantasy porn defendant". Backlash-uk.org.uk. 7 January 2011. Archived from the original on 16 January 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  43. ↑ Caroline Davies (8 August 2012). "Former Boris Johnson aide cleared of possession of 'extreme pornography' | UK news | guardian.co.uk". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  44. ↑ "MSPs back pornography ban calls", BBC News, 2 November 2004. Retrieved 29 May 2006.
  45. ↑ "MSPs set to take close look at pornography". Edinburgh Evening News. Johnson Press. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  46. ↑ "Youths 'access extreme websites'". BBC News. 6 February 2007.
  47. ↑ "Revitalising Justice - Proposals To Modernise And Improve The Criminal Justice System". Scottish Government. September 2008. Archived from the original on 11 February 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  48. 1 2 "Scottish Parliament pr0n law faces angry opposition". The Register .
  49. ↑ "Bills - Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Bill (SP Bill 24)". The Scottish Parliament.
  50. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Bill" (PDF). Scottish Parliament. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
  51. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Licensing (Scotland) Act 2010". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 16 January 2014.
  52. ↑ "Musician 'had murderous thoughts'". BBC Online . 15 June 2007.
  53. ↑ backlash "News" Archived 6 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  54. ↑ "The evidence of harm to adults relating to exposure to extreme pornographic material". Ministry of Justice. Archived 17 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  55. ↑ Statement to the Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill Committee Archived 20 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine backlash
  56. ↑ backlash QC opinion Archived 2 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  57. ↑ "Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc.)" Archived 23 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  58. ↑ House of Commons (26 June 2007). "House of Commons – Explanatory Note". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  59. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill: 8 October 2007: House of Commons debates". TheyWorkForYou.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  60. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill: 21 April 2008: House of Lords debates". TheyWorkForYou.com. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  62. ↑ "Criminal Justice and Immigration Bill: 3 March 2008: House of Lords debates". They Work For You. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  63. ↑ "Letter from the Chairman". The Spanner Trust. January 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  64. ↑ "I am not doing anything wrong". BBC News. 29 April 2008. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  65. ↑ Swaine, Batman (29 January 2009). "New pornography laws 'could make comic books illegal', say campaigners". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. Retrieved 29 January 2009.
  66. ↑ "Hanging Perverts (2010)". IMDb.com. 2011. Retrieved 24 September 2011.
  67. 1 2 "Early day motion 583". UK Parliament. Archived from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  68. ↑ Death Becomes Her - Article in Trash City Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  69. ↑ "theinquirer.net: Throttling priest had internet murder fantasy". 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  70. ↑ "Police Blotter: Necrobabes.com leads to murder conviction". 21 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
  71. ↑ McCullagh, Declan. "Police Blotter: Necrobabes.com leads to murder conviction". CNET.com News. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
  72. ↑ "A Word about Censorship". Necrobabes.com. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  73. ↑ "This site is currently out of service". Necrobabes.com. Retrieved 3 November 2009.
  74. ↑ Frank Fisher (31 August 2006). "Comment is free: See no evil". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  75. ↑ "SFBG S.F. Life - March 15, 2000 - feature". sfbg.com. Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  76. ↑ "Throttling priest had internet murder fantasy". theinquirer.net. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  77. ↑ "Police Blotter: Necrobabes.com leads to murder conviction". CNET News. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014.
  78. ↑ C4 News - Home - Anti-terrorism - Blunkett meets Ashcroft Archived 3 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  79. ↑ "US and UK crack down on web porn". The Guardian. London. 9 March 2004. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
  80. ↑ "Revealed: The ultra-violent sex movies being made in Milton Keynes". Evening Standard. 26 January 2008. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  81. ↑ "Porn protesters hit Westminster". BBC News. 21 October 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
  82. ↑ Deedes, Henry (21 October 2008). "Bondage protest set to spice up the Commons". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2008.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.