Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882

Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882

Act of Parliament
Long title	An Act for the better protection of Ancient Monuments.
Citation	45 & 46 Vict. c. 73
Introduced by	John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
Dates
Royal assent	18 August 1882
Other legislation
Repealed by	Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913
Status: Repealed
Text of statute as originally enacted

The Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882 (45 & 46 Vict. c. 73) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it then was). It was introduced by John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury, recognising the need for a governmental administration on the protection of ancient monuments, and was finally passed after a number of failed attempts on heritage protection acts. The gradual change towards a state-based authority responsible for the safeguarding of the Kingdom's national heritage manifested itself through the appointment of the first Inspector of Ancient Monuments in 1882, General Pitt Rivers. ^[1]

Development of the legislation

According to Halfin, "Lubbock's Bill came at a time when England was among the last of the European nations to be completely without protective legislation for cultural property. Many of his ideas were borrowed from a long history of royal and aristocratic interest in preservation that was prevalent in Europe during the nineteenth century. In particular, Lubbock was strongly influenced by the Abbé Gregoire, who had so successfully championed the cause of cultural preservation in France." ^[2]

The first introduction of the bill in 1873 was controversial because it envisioned the government being able to compulsorily purchase monuments on privately owned land if the owner decided to develop the land. By the Act's passage in 1882, these provisions had been removed from the bill. ^[2]

The schedule

See also: Scheduled monument

The 1882 Act contains a schedule of the initial 68 sites that were covered by the legislation. These are almost all pre-historic monuments, some of the most famous such sites in the country among them, alongside some that were felt to be at particular risk at the time.

England and Wales

There were 26 English sites listed in the schedule, in just 10 counties, including seven sites in Wiltshire. Welsh monuments were represented by one site in each of north, south and west Wales. ^[3]

Site name	1882 description	Site type	Period	Location
Plas Newydd Burial Chambers	The tumulus and dolmen, Plas Newydd, Llandedwen, Anglesea.	Chambered tomb	Neolithic	53°12′14″N4°13′04″W / 53.2038°N 4.2179°W / 53.2038; -4.2179 (Plas Newydd Burial Chambers)
Wayland's Smithy	The tumulus known as Wayland Smith's Forge, Ashbury, Berkshire.	Long barrow	Neolithic	51°34′02″N1°35′43″W / 51.5672°N 1.5953°W / 51.5672; -1.5953 (Wayland's Smithy)
Uffington Castle	Uffington Castle, Uffington, Berkshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	51°34′29″N1°34′12″W / 51.5748°N 1.5699°W / 51.5748; -1.5699 (Uffington Castle)
Long Meg and Her Daughters	The stone circle known as Long Meg and her Daughters, near Penrith, Addingham, Cumberland.	Stone circle	Bronze Age	54°43′40″N2°40′03″W / 54.7279°N 2.6676°W / 54.7279; -2.6676 (Long Meg and Her Daughters)
Castlerigg stone circle	The stone circle on Castle Rigg, near Keswick, Crosthwaite, Cumberland.	Stone circle	Late Neolithic	54°36′09″N3°05′51″W / 54.6026°N 3.0975°W / 54.6026; -3.0975 (Castlerigg stone circle)
Low Longrigg stone circles	The stone circles on Burn Moor, St. Bees, Cumberland.	Five stone circles	Bronze Age	54°24′40″N3°16′33″W / 54.4112°N 3.2757°W / 54.4112; -3.2757 (Low Longrigg stone circles, Boot)
Nine Ladies	The stone circle known as The Nine Ladies, Stanton Moor, Bakewell, Derbyshire.	Stone circle	Bronze Age	53°10′05″N1°37′44″W / 53.1681°N 1.6289°W / 53.1681; -1.6289 (Nine Ladies)
Arbor Low	The tumulus known as Arborlow, Bakewell, Derbyshire.	Henge	Neolithic	53°10′08″N1°45′42″W / 53.1689°N 1.7617°W / 53.1689; -1.7617 (Arbor Low)
Hob Hurst's House	Hob Hurst's House and Hut, Baslow Moor. Bakewell, Derbyshire.	Round barrow	Bronze Age	53°13′12″N1°34′12″W / 53.2199°N 1.5701°W / 53.2199; -1.5701 (Hob Hurst's House)
Minninglow	Minning Low, Brassington, Derbyshire.	Round barrow	Neolithic	53°06′45″N1°41′20″W / 53.11245°N 1.6888°W / 53.11245; -1.6888 (Minninglow)
Arthur's Stone	Arthur's Quoit, Gower, Llanridian, Glamorganshire.	Chambered tomb	Neolithic	51°35′37″N4°10′46″W / 51.5936°N 4.1794°W / 51.5936; -4.1794 (Arthur's Stone)
Uley Long Barrow	The tumulus at Uley, Gloucestershire.	Long barrow	Neolithic	51°41′55″N2°18′21″W / 51.6986°N 2.3058°W / 51.6986; -2.3058 (Uley Long Barrow)
Kit's Coty House	Kits Coty House, Aylesford, Kent.	Long barrow	Neolithic	51°19′12″N0°30′10″E / 51.3199°N 0.5029°E / 51.3199; 0.5029 (Kit's Coty House)
Hunsbury Hill	Danes Camp, Hardingstone, Northamptonshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	52°13′08″N0°55′13″W / 52.2189°N 0.9202°W / 52.2189; -0.9202 (Hunsbury Hill)
Castle Dykes Enclosure	Castle Dykes, Farthingston, Northamptonshire.	Hillfort enclosure	Iron Age to Roman	52°12′07″N1°05′53″W / 52.2019°N 1.0980°W / 52.2019; -1.0980 (Castle Dykes Enclosure)
Rollright Stones	The Rollrich Stones, Little Rollright, Oxfordshire.	Megaliths	Neolithic and Bronze Age	51°58′32″N1°34′15″W / 51.9755°N 1.5708°W / 51.9755; -1.5708 (Rollright Stones)
Pentre Ifan	The Pentre Evan Cromlech, Nevern, Pembrokeshire.	Chambered tomb	Neolithic	51°59′56″N4°46′12″W / 51.9990°N 4.7700°W / 51.9990; -4.7700 (Pentre Ifan)
Stanton Drew stone circles	The ancient stones at Stanton Drew, Somersetshire.	Two stone circles	Neolithic	51°22′04″N2°34′31″W / 51.3678°N 2.5753°W / 51.3678; -2.5753 (Stanton Drew stone circles)
Stoney Littleton Long Barrow	The chambered tumulus at Stoney Littleton, Wellow, Somersetshire.	Chambered tomb	Neolithic	51°18′48″N2°22′53″W / 51.3133°N 2.3813°W / 51.3133; -2.3813 (Stoney Littleton Long Barrow)
Cadbury Castle	Cadbury Castle, South Cadbury, Somersetshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	51°01′27″N2°31′54″W / 51.0241°N 2.5318°W / 51.0241; -2.5318 (Cadbury Castle, Somerset)
Mayburgh Henge	Mayborough, near Penrith, Barton, Westmoreland.	Henge	Neolithic or Bronze Age	54°38′56″N2°44′47″W / 54.6489°N 2.7465°W / 54.6489; -2.7465 (Mayburgh Henge)
King Arthur's Round Table (henge)	Arthur's Round Table, Penrith, Barton, Westmoreland.	Henge	Neolithic	54°38′54″N2°44′25″W / 54.6483°N 2.7403°W / 54.6483; -2.7403 (King Arthur's Round Table (henge))
Stonehenge	The group of stones known as Stonehenge, Amesbury, Wiltshire.	Henge	Bronze Age	51°10′44″N1°49′34″W / 51.1788°N 1.8262°W / 51.1788; -1.8262 (Stonehenge)
Old Sarum	Old Sarum, Wiltshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	51°05′33″N1°48′21″W / 51.0925°N 1.8057°W / 51.0925; -1.8057 (Old Sarum)
Avebury	The vallum at Abury, the Sarcen stones within the same, those along the Kennet Road, and the group between Abury and Beckhampton, Abury, Wiltshire.	Henge	Neolithic	51°25′43″N1°51′15″W / 51.4286°N 1.8542°W / 51.4286; -1.8542 (Avebury)
West Kennet Long Barrow	The long barrow at West Kennet, near Marlborough, West Kennet, Wiltshire.	Long barrow	Neolithic	51°24′31″N1°51′04″W / 51.4086°N 1.8511°W / 51.4086; -1.8511 (West Kennet Long Barrow)
Silbury Hill	Silbury Hill, Abury, Wiltshire.	Mound	Neolithic	51°24′56″N1°51′27″W / 51.4156°N 1.8575°W / 51.4156; -1.8575 (Silbury Hill)
The Devil's Den	The Dolmen (Devil's Den), near Marlborough, Fyfield, Wiltshire.	Chambered tomb	Neolithic	51°25′33″N1°46′57″W / 51.4257°N 1.7826°W / 51.4257; -1.7826 (The Devil's Den)
Barbury Castle	Barbury Castle, Ogboume, St. Andrews, and Swindon, Wiltshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	51°29′07″N1°47′11″W / 51.4853°N 1.7865°W / 51.4853; -1.7865 (Barbury Castle)

Scotland

The 1882 schedule included 21 monuments, the majority of which are prehistoric sites. ^[3] Two are Neolithic, five Bronze Age, eight Iron Age and six from early Christian/Pictish periods, although two of the prehistoric stones also have notable early Christian additions. ^[4] Those sites now in the care of Historic Scotland are indicated with '(HS)'.

Site name	1882 description	Site type	Period	Location
Inverurie Cemetery, four symbol stones	The Bass of Inverury, Inverurie, Aberdeenshire.	Four Pictish Stones	9th century	57°16′32″N2°21′59″W / 57.2755°N 2.3665°W / 57.2755; -2.3665 (Inverurie Cemetery)
Tap o' Noth, Rhynie	The vitrified fort on the Hill of Noath, Rhynie, Aberdeenshire.	Hillfort	Iron Age	57°21′06″N2°51′27″W / 57.3517°N 2.8575°W / 57.3517; -2.8575 (Tap o' Noth)
Newton House, inscribed stone and symbol stone	The pillar and stone at Newton-in-the-Garioch, Culsalmond, Aberdeenshire.	Pictish stones	9th century	57°21′23″N2°33′48″W / 57.3565°N 2.5634°W / 57.3565; -2.5634 (Newton House)
Edin's Hall Broch	The circular walled structures called "Edin’s Hall," on Cockburn Law, Dunse, Berwickshire.	Broch (HS)	Iron Age	55°50′07″N2°21′56″W / 55.8354°N 2.3656°W / 55.8354; -2.3656 (Edin's Hall Broch)
Palisaded Huts Nr Lauder Barns	The British walled settlement enclosing huts at Harefaulds in Lauderdale, Lauder, Berwickshire.	settlement	Iron Age	55°42′26″N2°43′32″W / 55.7071°N 2.7256°W / 55.7071; -2.7256 (Palisaded Huts Nr Lauder Barns)
Dun Dornaigil	The Dun of Dornadilla, Durness, Sutherlandshire.	Broch (HS)	Iron Age	58°22′00″N4°38′19″W / 58.3667°N 4.6386°W / 58.3667; -4.6386 (Dun Dornaigil)
Sueno's Stone	The sculptured stone called Suenos Stone, near Forres, Rafford, Elgin.	Standing stone	9th century	57°36′57″N3°35′52″W / 57.6157°N 3.5977°W / 57.6157; -3.5977 (Sueno's Stone)
Drosten Stone	The cross slab, with inscription, in the churchyard of St. Vigeans, St. Vigeans, Forfarshire.	Pictish stone	9th century	56°34′37″N2°35′25″W / 56.577°N 2.5904°W / 56.577; -2.5904 (St Vigeans)
Caterthun	The British forts, on the hills, called "The Black and White Catherthuns," Menmuir, Forfarshire.	Hillforts (HS)	Iron Age	56°47′03″N2°44′27″W / 56.7842°N 2.7408°W / 56.7842; -2.7408 (Caterthun)
Clava cairns	A group of remains and pillars, on a haugh at Clava on the banks of the Nairn, Croy and Dalcross, Inverness.	Chamber tomb (HS)	Bronze Age	57°28′25″N4°04′27″W / 57.4737°N 4.0743°W / 57.4737; -4.0743 (Clava cairns)
Dun Telve and Dun Troddan	The Pictish Towers at Glenelg, Inverness.	Brochs (HS)	Iron Age	57°11′41″N5°35′41″W / 57.1946°N 5.5946°W / 57.1946; -5.5946 (Dun Telve and Dun Troddan)
Drumwhirn Cairn and Boreland cairn?	The Cairns, with chambers and galleries partially dilapidated, Minnigaff, Kirkcudbrightshire.	Chamber tombs	Bronze Age	54°59′24″N4°29′40″W / 54.9899°N 4.4945°W / 54.9899; -4.4945 (Drumwhirn Cairn)
Cat Stane	The Catstane, an inscribed pillar, Kirkliston, Linlithgow.	Inscribed stone	Bronze Age & 5th century	55°57′17″N3°21′52″W / 55.9548°N 3.3645°W / 55.9548; -3.3645 (Cat Stane)
Ring of Brodgar	The Ring of Brogar and other stone pillars at Stennis in Orkney, and the neighbouring pillars, Firth and Stennis, Orkney.	Henge (HS)	Neolithic	59°00′07″N3°13′43″W / 59.002°N 3.2287°W / 59.002; -3.2287 (Ring of Brodgar)
Maeshowe	The Chambered mound of Maeshowe, Firth and Stennis, Orkney.	Chambered cairn (HS)	Neolithic	58°59′48″N3°11′18″W / 58.9966°N 3.1882°W / 58.9966; -3.1882 (Maeshowe)
Callanish Stones	The stones of Callernish, Uig, Ross.	Stone circles	Bronze Age & 5th century	58°11′49″N6°44′42″W / 58.197°N 6.745°W / 58.197; -6.745 (Callanish Stones)
Broch of Clickimin	The Burgh of Clickanim, Sound, Shetland.	Broch (HS)	Iron Age	60°08′57″N1°09′57″W / 60.1492°N 1.1657°W / 60.1492; -1.1657 (Broch of Clickimin)
Broch of Mousa	The Pictish tower at Mousa in Shetland, Dunrossness, Shetland.	Broch (HS)	Iron Age	59°59′44″N1°10′57″W / 59.9956°N 1.1826°W / 59.9956; -1.1826 (Broch of Mousa)
(now in Whithorn Priory Museum?)	The inscribed slab standing on the roadside leading from Wigton to Whithorn and about a mile from Whithorn, Whithorn, Wigtonshire.	Inscribed stone	Early Christian
Laggangairn Standing Stones	Two stones, with incised crosses, on a mound in a field at Laggangairn, New Luce, Wigtonshire.	Standing stones (HS)	Bronze Age & early Christian	55°00′26″N4°46′54″W / 55.0071°N 4.7818°W / 55.0071; -4.7818 (Laggangairn Standing Stones)
Kirkmadrine Early Christian Stones	The pillars at Kirkmadrine, Stoneykirk, Wigtonshire.	Inscribed stones (HS)	6th century	54°47′37″N4°59′17″W / 54.7936°N 4.9881°W / 54.7936; -4.9881 (Kirkmadrine Early Christian Stones)

Ireland

In 1882 the whole of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom. Subsequent legislation for Ireland used the terminology of historic monuments, which continues in Northern Ireland. Three sites in the schedule are in what became Northern Ireland, one being in County Armagh and two in County Down. ^[5] The fifteen sites now in the Republic of Ireland are protected by the National Monuments Service ^[6] and include two world heritage sites. As with England and Wales, the 1882 selection was overwhelmingly those thought to be prehistoric sites, although there is now uncertainty over the age of many sites.

Site name	1882 description	Site type	Period	Location
Navan Fort	The earthen enclosure and mounds called the Navan Fort, Eglish, Armagh.	Ceremonial site	Iron Age, Celtic	54°20′43″N6°43′07″W / 54.3453°N 6.7186°W / 54.3453; -6.7186 (Navan Fort)
Glencolumbkille Cashel	Stone monuments and groups of sepulchral cists in Glen Maulin, Glencolumbkille, Banagh, Donegal.			51°33′53″N9°05′14″W / 51.5646°N 9.0871°W / 51.5646; -9.0871 (Glencolumbkille Cashel)
Grianan of Aileach	The earthen and stone inclosure known as Grimm of Aileach, Burt, West Innishowen, Donegal.			55°01′00″N7°26′00″W / 55.0167°N 7.4333°W / 55.0167; -7.4333 (Grianan of Aileach)
Giant's Ring	The earthen inclosure and Cromlech called the Giant's Ring near Ballylessan, Drumbo, Upper Castlereagh, Down.			54°32′25″N5°57′00″W / 54.5403°N 5.95°W / 54.5403; -5.95 (Giant's Ring)
Downpatrick Mound of Down?	The earthen fort at Downpatrick (Dunkeltair), Leoale, Down.			54°19′56″N5°43′16″W / 54.3323°N 5.7212°W / 54.3323; -5.7212 (Downpatrick Fort)
Staigue stone fort	Stone structure called Staigue Fort, Kilcrogham, Dunkerron, Kerry.	Ringfort	Iron Age	51°48′19″N10°00′57″W / 51.8053°N 10.0158°W / 51.8053; -10.0158 (Staigue stone fort)
Greenmount Motte	The earthen mound at Greenmount, Kilsaren, Ardee, Kerry.	Motte over a Souterrain	Anglo-Norman and older	53°52′41″N6°23′08″W / 53.8781°N 6.3856°W / 53.8781; -6.3856 (Greenmount Motte)
Ballina megalithic tomb (Dolmen of the Four Maols)	The stone monument at Ballyna, Kilmoremoy, Tyrawly, Mayo.	Chamber tomb	Bronze Age	54°06′26″N9°09′58″W / 54.1071°N 9.166°W / 54.1071; -9.166 (Ballina megalithic tomb)
Glebe Stone Circles	Cairns and stone circles at Moytura, Cong, Kilmaine, Mayo.	Stone Circles		53°32′52″N9°15′54″W / 53.5477°N 9.2649°W / 53.5477; -9.2649 (Glebe Stone Circles)
Brú na Bóinne (Bend of the Boyne) World heritage site	The tumuli, New Grange, Knowth and Dowth, Monknewton and Dowth, Upper Slane, Meath.	Megalithic complex	Neolithic	53°41′34″N6°26′57″W / 53.6928°N 6.4493°W / 53.6928; -6.4493 (Brú na Bóinne)
Hill of Tara	The earthworks on the hill of Tara, Skreen, Meath.		multi-period	53°34′39″N6°36′43″W / 53.5775°N 6.6119°W / 53.5775; -6.6119 (Hill of Tara)
Telltown	The earthworks at Teltown (Taltin), Upper Kells, Meath.		Bronze Age	53°42′01″N6°45′59″W / 53.7003°N 6.7665°W / 53.7003; -6.7665 (Telltown)
Hill of Ward	The earthworks at Wardstown (Tlaghta), Athboy, Lune, Meath.	Ringfort	Iron Age	53°37′26″N6°53′10″W / 53.624°N 6.886°W / 53.624; -6.886 (The Hill of Ward)
Slieve na Calliagh	The two central tumuli on the hills called Slieve Na Calliagh, Loughcrew, Fore, Meath.	Megalithic complex	Neolithic	53°44′40″N7°06′42″W / 53.7445°N 7.1117°W / 53.7445; -7.1117 (Slieve na Calliagh)
Heapstown Cairn	The Cairn at Heapstown, Kilmacallan, Tirerrill, Sligo.	Passage tomb		54°05′42″N8°20′54″W / 54.0951°N 8.3483°W / 54.0951; -8.3483 (Heapstown Cairn)
Knocknarea passage tombs & Medb's Cairn	Sepulchral remains at Carrowmore. The cairn called Miscaun Mave or Knocknarea, Kilmacowen, Curbury, Sligo.	Passage tomb	Neolithic	54°15′32″N8°34′29″W / 54.2589°N 8.5746°W / 54.2589; -8.5746 (Knocknarea passage tombs)
Drumlohan Souterrain & Ogham Stones	The cave containing Ogham inscribed stones at Drumloghan, Stradbally, Decies-without-Drum, Waterford.			52°09′48″N7°27′55″W / 52.163319°N 7.465368°W / 52.163319; -7.465368 (Drumlohan Souterrain & Ogham Stones)
Hill of Uisneach (Royal sites of Ireland)	The stone monument called the Catstone and the cemetery on the hill of Usnagh, Killare, Rathconrath, Westmeath.	Royal innauguartion site		53°29′24″N7°33′43″W / 53.49°N 7.562°W / 53.49; -7.562 (Hill of Uisneach)

See also

• Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1900
• Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1910
• Ancient Monuments Consolidation and Amendment Act 1913
• Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
• Reproduced copy of 1882 Act
• List of prehistoric structures in Great Britain

References

• The Construction of Built Heritage ISBN   0-7546-1846-3

1. Tylor, Edward Burnett (1901). "Pitt-Rivers, Augustus Henry Lane Fox"  . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
2. Halfin, Simon (1995). "The Legal Protection of Cultural Property in Britain: Past, Present and Future" (PDF). DePaul Journal of Art, Technology & Intellectual Property Law. 6 (1).
3. Hunter, Robert (1907). "Appendix A"  . The Preservation of Places of Interest or Beauty. Manchester University Press – via Wikisource. (Includes the full text of the 1882 Act.)
4. "Scotland: A List of Scheduled Monuments, and a List of Properties in Care". hsewsf.sedsh.gov.uk. 13 April 2010. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 – via Internet Archive.
5. "The Schedule of Historic Monuments" (PDF). Northern Ireland Environment Agency. 31 March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015 – via Internet Archive.
6. National Monuments database at archaeology.ie