Callanish Stones

Last updated

Callanish Stones
Clachan Chalanais
Callanish at sunset - geograph.org.uk - 820680.jpg
The stone circle at the centre of the Callanish Stones
Callanish Stones
Outer Hebrides UK location map.svg
Archaeological site icon (red).svg
Shown within Outer Hebrides
Alternative nameCallanish I
Location Isle of Lewis, Scotland
Coordinates 58°11′51″N6°44′43″W / 58.1975410°N 6.7451448°W / 58.1975410; -6.7451448
Type Stone circle and rows
History
Periods Neolithic, Bronze Age

The Callanish Stones (or "Callanish I": Scottish Gaelic : Clachan Chalanais or Tursachan Chalanais) are an arrangement of standing stones placed in a cruciform pattern with a central stone circle, located on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. They were erected in the late Neolithic era, and were a focus for ritual activity during the Bronze Age. They are near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: Calanais) on the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.

Contents

Location

The Callanish Stones (grid reference NB213330 ) are situated on a low ridge above the waters of Loch Roag with the hills of Great Bernera as a backdrop. [1]

Numerous other ritual sites lie within a few kilometres. [1] These include at least three other circles, several arcs, alignments and single stones; many visible from the main site. [2] The most impressive – Callanish II and Callanish III – lie just over a kilometre southeast of the main Callanish Stones, and originally consisted of circles of stones at least eight in number. [1] The existence of other monuments in the area implies that Callanish was an active focus for prehistoric religious activity for at least 1500 years. [3] (see Callanish III, Callanish IV, Callanish VIII and Callanish X). Historic Environment Scotland states that the stones were erected roughly 5,000 years ago, pre-dating Stonehenge. [4]

Management

The Callanish Stones are managed by Historic Environment Scotland. There is The Calanais Stones Visitor Centre operated by Urras Nan Tursachan (The Standing Stones Trust).

Photo of Descriptive Sign at Calanais (Callanish) Stone Visitors Centre, Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland Calanais Stones Visitor Centre.jpg
Photo of Descriptive Sign at Calanais (Callanish) Stone Visitors Centre, Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland

Description

Map of the Callanish Stones Plan of the Callanish Stones.png
Map of the Callanish Stones

The Callanish Stones consist of a stone circle of thirteen stones with a monolith near the middle. Five rows of standing stones connect to this circle. Two long rows of stones running almost parallel to each other from the stone circle to the north-northeast form a kind of avenue. In addition, there are shorter rows of stones to the west-southwest, south and east-northeast. The stones are all of the same rock type, namely the local Lewisian gneiss. Within the stone circle is a chambered tomb to the east of the central stone. [5] There is geophysical evidence of a lightning strike at the centre of the structure dating from the time of construction. [6]

Centre stone

The central monolith stands 0.8 metres west of the true centre of the stone circle. The stone is 4.8 metres high, 1.5 metres wide and 0.3 metres thick. [7] The largest sides of the stone are almost perfectly oriented to the north and south. [7] The monolith has the shape of a ship's rudder and probably weighs about seven tonnes. [7]

Stone circle

The stone circle consists of thirteen stones and has a diameter of 11.4 metres. The stone circle is not a perfect circle, but is a ring with a flattened east side (13.4 metres north–south by 12 metres east–west). The stones have an average height of three metres. The ring covers an area of 124 square metres. This is quite small compared to similar circles, including the nearby Callanish II which is 2.5 times as large. [7]

Northern avenue

The avenue connects to the stone circle from the north-northeast. The avenue is 83.2 metres long. [7] The avenue has 19 stones remaining: nine stones are on the eastern side, ten on the western side. [8] The largest stone is 3.5 metres high and stands on the western end of the row. The two rows are not exactly parallel to each other but fan out: at the north end the rows are 6.7 metres apart, while the distance between the rows is 6 metres at the south end. [8] From the circle the height of the stones decreases towards the middle of the avenue; from there the height increases again. The stones of the eastern side of the avenue have only three-quarters of the height of the stones on the western side. [8]

Stone rows

As well as the two stone rows of the avenue, there are three stone rows connecting to the circle. One comes from the east-northeast, one from the south, and one from the west-southwest. The east-northeast row today consists of five stones and is 23.2 metres long. [8] The southern row consists of five stones and is 27.2 metres long. [8] The west-southwest row consists of four stones and is 13 metres long. [8]

None of the stone rows is aimed at the centre of the stone circle. The east-northeast row is aligned to a point 2 metres south of the centre; the south row points to 1 metre west of the centre and the west-southwest row points to 1 metre south of the centre. [8]

Chambered tomb

Chambered tomb Callanish I 2011 17.JPG
Chambered tomb

Between the central and the eastern monolith of the stone circle is a chambered tomb 6.4 metres long. [9] This was built later than the stone circle and is squashed in between the eastern stones and the central monolith. [9]

There is another stone cairn just on the northeast side of the stone circle. [10] It has been reduced to ground-level and the outline can barely be traced. [10] It is not necessarily an original part of the site. [10]

Archaeology and dating

A distant view of the circle, stone rows and part of the northern avenue Callanish-circle.jpg
A distant view of the circle, stone rows and part of the northern avenue

There were limited excavations in 1980–81 which provided some information on the development of the site. The first traces of human activity are indicated by a broad ditch (no longer visible above ground) which appears to have belonged to some structure or enclosure. [2] This may have been ritual, but could instead have been domestic. [2] In the centuries around 3000 BC, however, the site was turned over to agriculture, which obliterated most of the earlier traces. [2] After this, the site was allowed to grass over for a time. [2]

The stone circle was set up between 2900 and 2600 BC. [3] It is not clear whether the stone alignments were constructed at the same time as the circle, or later. [3] Some time after the erection of the stones, a small chambered tomb was inserted into the eastern part of the stone circle. [11] The many pottery fragments found indicate that the tomb was used for several centuries. [11] These pottery fragments included not only the local Hebridean pots, but numerous sherds of beaker vessels (dating to around 2000–1700 BC) and shards of grooved ware. [11]

Around 1500–1000 BC the complex fell out of use and was despoiled by the later Bronze Age farmers. [11] Fragments of pots appear to have been cast out of the chamber. [11] This may have been just ordinary agriculture, but it may conceivably have been ritual cleansing. [1] There appears to have been a later rebuilding of the tomb, but this may have been for domestic use as there is no evidence for any later ritual use of the monument. [11] Excavations in 1999–2000, to the south of the stones, found fragments of a prehistoric field system buried beneath blanket peat, as well as stone structures, including buildings, walls, clearance cairns and cobbled surfaces. The analyses found that these features were the result of prehistoric farming activity from the Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age indicating the whole area was used for farming at that time. [12] Between 1000 BC and 500 BC the stones were covered by a thick layer of turf. It is estimated that the place was abandoned around 800 BC. [13] Only in 1857 was the overlying 1.5 metres of peat removed. [14]

Later history

Callanish Stones Callanish Stones 3.jpg
Callanish Stones

The first written reference to the stones was by Lewis native John Morisone, who around 1680 wrote that the stones were men "converted into stone by ane Inchanter" and set up in a ring "for devotione". [15] Sometime around 1695 Martin Martin visited the site and was told by the local people that "it was a place appointed for worship in the time of heathenism, and that the chief druid or priest stood near the big stone in the centre, from whence he addressed himself to the people that surrounded him." [2] In his 1726 work on the druids, John Toland specifically identified Diodorus Siculus' Hyperborea with Lewis, and the "spherical temple" mentioned by Diodorus with the Callanish Stones. [16] In 1743, William Stukeley described the stone circle as a druid circle and the avenue like a serpent. [17] In 1819, geologist John MacCulloch published the first accurate description. [17] In 1846, the Danish historian J. J. A. Worsaae made a sketch and plan of the Callanish Stones. [18]

In 1857 peat to a depth of five feet (1.5 metres) was cleared away, under the orders of the proprietor of Lewis, James Matheson, revealing the chambered tomb and the true height of the stones. [19] In 1885 the Callanish Stones were taken into state care. [1]

Interpretation

Alexander Thom and Gerald Hawkins suggested that the stones were a prehistoric lunar observatory. Others have proposed a relationship between the stones, the moon and the Clisham range in Harris. Critics of these theories argue that several alignments are likely to exist purely by chance in any such structure, and many factors such as the weathering and displacement of the stones over the millennia mean there can be no certainty of any alignments, original or otherwise. [20]

In folklore

According to one tradition, the Callanish Stones were petrified giants who would not convert to Christianity. [9] In the 17th century the people of Lewis were calling the stones fir bhrèige ("false men"). [1] Another legend is that early on midsummer morning an entity known as the "Shining One" walks the length of the avenue, his coming heralded by the call of the cuckoo. [21]

Callanish Stones Callanish Stones in summer 2012 (7).JPG
Callanish Stones

Other nearby sites

Archaeologists usually refer to the main monument as "Callanish I", because there are several other megalithic sites in the vicinity:

There are many other sites nearby; not all are now visible. There was, for instance, a timber circle 0.5 km (0.31 mi) south at Loch Roag .

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ring of Brodgar</span> A neolithic stone circle in Orkney, Scotland

The Ring of Brodgar is a Neolithic henge and stone circle about 6 miles north-east of Stromness on Mainland, the largest island in Orkney, Scotland. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Heart of Neolithic Orkney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Megalith</span> Large stone used to build a structure or monument

A megalith is a large stone that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. There are over 35,000 in Europe alone, located widely from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Avebury</span> Neolithic henge monument in Wiltshire, England

Avebury is a Neolithic henge monument containing three stone circles, around the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, in southwest England. One of the best known prehistoric sites in Britain, it contains the largest megalithic stone circle in the world. It is both a tourist attraction and a place of religious importance to contemporary pagans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stone circle</span> Ring of standing stones

A stone circle is a ring of standing stones. Most are found in Northwestern Europe – especially in Britain, Ireland, and Brittany – and typically date from the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Age, with most being built from 3000 BC. The best known examples include those at the henge monument at Avebury, the Rollright Stones, and elements within the ring of standing stones at Stonehenge. Scattered examples exist from other parts of Europe. Later, during the Iron Age, stone circles were built in southern Scandinavia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stanton Drew stone circles</span> Neolithic henge in Somerset, England

The Stanton Drew stone circles are just outside the village of Stanton Drew in the English county of Somerset. The largest stone circle is the Great Circle, 113 metres (371 ft) in diameter and the second largest stone circle in Britain ; it is considered to be one of the largest Neolithic monuments to have been built. The date of construction is not known, but is thought to be between 3000 and 2000 BCE, which places it in the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age. It was made a scheduled monument in 1982.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stones of Stenness</span> Henge in Orkney Islands, Scotland, UK

The Standing Stones of Stenness is a Neolithic monument five miles northeast of Stromness on the mainland of Orkney, Scotland. This may be the oldest henge site in the British Isles. Various traditions associated with the stones survived into the modern era and they form part of the Heart of Neolithic Orkney World Heritage Site. They are looked after by Historic Environment Scotland as a scheduled monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rollright Stones</span> Neolithic stone complex in Oxfordshire, England

The Rollright Stones are a complex of three Neolithic and Bronze Age megalithic monuments near the village of Long Compton, on the borders of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire. Constructed from local oolitic limestone, the three monuments, now known as the King's Men and the Whispering Knights in Oxfordshire and the King Stone in Warwickshire, are distinct in their design and purpose. They were built at different periods in late prehistory. During the period when the three monuments were erected, there was a continuous tradition of ritual behaviour on sacred ground, from the 4th to the 2nd millennium BCE.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breasclete</span> Village in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland

Breasclete is a village and community on the west side of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Breasclete is within the parish of Uig, and is situated adjacent to the A858.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callanish II</span> Archaeological site in Outer Hebrides, Scotland, UK

The Callanish II stone circle is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callanish III</span>

The Callanish III stone circle is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callanish IV</span>

The Callanish IV stone circle is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. It is a scheduled monument and its official name is Sron a'Chail. The site was first surveyed and recorded by RCAHMS in 1914 and again in 2009, with another survey in the 1970s by other archaeologists, but no known archaeological excavations have taken place at the stones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callanish VIII</span>

The Callanish VIII stone setting is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. It is also known locally as Tursachan.

There are many large stones of Scotland of cultural and historical interest, such as the distinctive Pictish stones.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Garynahine</span> Human settlement in Scotland

Garynahine is a settlement on Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Garynahine is situated at a T-junction where roads from Stornoway, Uig and the west side of Lewis all meet. The roads are the A858 and the B8011. Garynahine is within the parish of Uig.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Machrie Moor Stone Circles</span>

Machrie Moor Stone Circles is the collective name for six stone circles visible on Machrie Moor near the settlement of Machrie on the Isle of Arran, Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany</span> Megalithic tradition of monuments

The stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany are a megalithic tradition of monuments consisting of standing stones arranged in rings. These were constructed from 3300 to 900 BCE in Britain, Ireland and Brittany. It has been estimated that around 4,000 of these monuments were originally constructed in this part of north-western Europe during this period. Around 1,300 of them are recorded, the others having been destroyed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nine Stones Close</span> Stone circle in Derbyshire, England

Nine Stones Close, also known as the Grey Ladies, is a stone circle on Harthill Moor in Derbyshire in the English East Midlands. It is part of a tradition of stone circle construction that spread throughout much of Britain, Ireland, and Brittany during the Late Neolithic and Early Bronze Ages, over a period between 3300 and 900 BCE. The purpose of the monument is unknown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelve Apostles, West Yorkshire</span> Stone circle in West Yorkshire, England

The Twelve Apostles is a stone circle near Ilkley and Burley in Wharfedale in West Yorkshire, England.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Croft Moraig Stone Circle</span>

Croft Moraig Stone Circle is a prehistoric stone circle situated four miles southwest of Aberfeldy, Scotland. It is a scheduled monument.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Axial stone circle</span> Type of megalithic monument in counties Cork and Kerry, Ireland

An axial stone circle is a megalithic ring of stones of a particular design found in County Cork and County Kerry in southwest Ireland. Archaeologists have found it convenient to consider the axial five-stone circle and axial multiple-stone circle separately. The circle has an approximate axis of symmetry aligned in a generally northeast–southwest direction. The stone at the southwest side of the circle, rather than being an upright orthostat like all the rest, is a slab lying horizontally with its long thin edge along the circumference of the ring. Because it marks the axis of the circle it is called the axial stone.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Calanais Standing Stones Property Overview". Historic Scotland . Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Armit, Ian (1996). The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press. p. 82. ISBN   0748606408.
  3. 1 2 3 "Calanais Standing Stones About the Property". Historic Scotland . Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Overview
  5. ↑ Bednarz, Christine (15 November 2021). "These are some of Europe's most sacred sites". National Geographic . Archived from the original on 17 March 2021.
  6. ↑ Alberge, Dalya (21 December 2019). "Lucky strike? How lightning inspired builders of Callanish". The Observer. ISSN   0029-7712. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Burl, Aubrey (2005). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Yale University Press. p. 149. ISBN   0300114060.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Burl, Aubrey (2005). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Yale University Press. p. 150. ISBN   0300114060.
  9. 1 2 3 Burl, Aubrey (2005). A Guide to the Stone Circles of Britain, Ireland and Brittany. Yale University Press. p. 151. ISBN   0300114060.
  10. 1 2 3 Historic Environment Scotland. "Lewis, Callanish (4156)". Canmore . Retrieved 23 September 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Armit, Ian (1996). The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press. p. 83. ISBN   0748606408.
  12. ↑ "Vol 94 (2021): The Calanais Fields Project: Excavation of a Prehistoric Sub-Peat Field System at Calanais, Isle of Lewis, 1999–2000". Scottish Archaeological Internet Reports. 94 (94). 25 March 2021. doi: 10.9750/issn.2056-7421.2021.94 . ISSN   2056-7421.
  13. ↑ Ashmore, P. (2002). Calanais Standing Stones. Historic Scotland. p. 36. ISBN   1-903570-59-X.
  14. ↑ Ashmore, P. (2002). Calanais Standing Stones. Historic Scotland. p. 22. ISBN   1-903570-59-X.
  15. ↑ Burl, Aubrey (2005). Prehistoric Astronomy and Ritual. Osprey. p. 18. ISBN   0747806144.
  16. ↑ Haycock, David Boyd (2002). "Chapter 7: Much Greater, Than Commonly Imagined.". William Stukeley: Science, Religion and Archaeology in Eighteenth-Century England. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN   9780851158648 . Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  17. 1 2 Ashmore, P. (2002). Calanais Standing Stones. Historic Scotland. p. 20. ISBN   1-903570-59-X.
  18. ↑ Ashmore, P. (2002). Calanais Standing Stones. Historic Scotland. p. 21. ISBN   1-903570-59-X.
  19. ↑ Ritchie, Graham; Ritchie, Anna (1991). Scotland: Archaeology and Early History. Edinburgh University Press. p. 58. ISBN   0748602917.
  20. ↑ Armit, Ian (1996). The Archaeology of Skye and the Western Isles. Edinburgh University Press. p. 84. ISBN   0748606408.
  21. ↑ Westwood, Jennifer (1985). Albion: A Guide to Legendary Britain. Grafton Books. p. 398.
  22. ↑ Watson, Mike. "Essential releases: Jon Mark". AmbientMusicGuide. Mike Watson. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
  23. ↑ "Bank of Scotland" . Retrieved 15 October 2014.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.