Argentine tango

Last updated
Two dancers of Argentine tango on the street in Buenos Aires Tango Porteno.jpg
Two dancers of Argentine tango on the street in Buenos Aires

Argentine tango is a musical genre and accompanying social dance originating at the end of the 19th century in the suburbs of Buenos Aires. [1] It typically has a 2
4 or 4
4 rhythmic time signature, and two or three parts repeating in patterns such as ABAB or ABCAC. Its lyrics are marked by nostalgia , sadness, and laments for lost love. The typical orchestra has several melodic instruments and is given a distinctive air by the bandoneon. It has continued to grow in popularity and spread internationally, adding modern elements without replacing the older ones. Among its leading figures are the singer and songwriter Carlos Gardel and composers/performers Francisco Canaro, Juan D'Arienzo, Carlos Di Sarli, Osvaldo Pugliese, Elvira Santamaría, and Ástor Piazzolla.

Contents

History of tango

The origins of tango are unclear because little historical documentation from that era exists. In recent years, a few tango aficionados have undertaken a thorough research of that history [1] and so it is less mysterious today than before. It is generally thought that the dance developed in the late 19th century in working-class neighborhoods of Buenos Aires, Argentina and was practiced by Argentine dancers, musicians, and immigrant laborers. [2] [3] Unlike other Latin American countries, Argentine elites rejected a racial mixture with darker skin colored Argentines. [4] Argentines repeated stereotypes that were common in Europe in the colonial era: non-caucasian people were forced into ghetto cohabitation. [5] [6] Tango was practiced in streets and patios, particularly dark street corners. [7] Additionally, Afro-Argentines played important roles in evolution both musically and choreographically in the early stage of tango. [8] The term "tango" was originated from Afro-Argentine dance forms, and black people are still connected to tango well into the 20th century. [8] Tango developed with expression of political struggles by black community and was loved by many immigrants who lived in shanty town and wished to change their socio-economic situation. [5]

Argentine elites viewed tango as dangerous association and gathering place for lower-class people. [9] However, as famous tango stars such as Alberto Castillo gained popularity in Argentina, the positive image of blackness related to tango started to widely share in Argentina's mass culture during the 1930s to 1950s. [8] Tango lyrics often challenge the images of Argentina made by foreigners: The true Argentina was the country with both black and white people who originated the tango, not the rich people who danced the foxtrot. [8] Additionally, Argentine tango lyrics presented humility as main theme and mass culture promoted tango to encourage humility as national identity. [10] The Buenos Aires city government and the federal government started actively promoting tango by establishing a federal law to build Academia Nacional del tango. [11] The law "Ley Nacional del Tango", which recognized tango as an Argentine cultural tradition, was passed in 1996. [11] At the beginning, Argentine tango was rejected by the middle and upper classes who were engaging in ballroom dances including the Viennese waltz. Only in the decade between 1910 and 1920, Argentine tango started becoming fashionable in the major European capitals such as Paris, Berlin, Rome and Vienna. [12] [13] [14] Within the European society, the feelings towards this new dance were mixed. In Rome, Vittorio Emanuele III of Savoy banned Argentine tango from the balls in Quirinal Palace. [14] Kaiser Wilhelm II, the King of Bavaria and Kaiser Franz Joseph forbid their officers in uniform to dance this new rhythm. [12] [14] In the Austrian capital Vienna, Argentine tango was deliberately excluded from the program of the 23rd ball of the City of Vienna (year between 1920 and 1930) according to historical documents. [12] Only in 2017, Argentine tango has entered the traditional Viennese balls through the prestigious Technische Universität Ball (Technical University Ball), which now includes a milonga in its program. [15] [16] [17] In conclusion, early tango was developed by black community and supported by immigrants who wished social mobility. Tango was much not accepted by elites in its early stages, and was actively repressed. However, tango gained recognition by the government and elites during 1930s to 1950s, and became unique national identity of Argentina. At the same time, the tango which was eventually embraced by elites may have obscured the fact that tango was invented by black people in Argentina. [7] It is important to acknowledge the origins of tango and understand its unique history and influence in Argentina's national identity.

Music

Argentine tango music is much more varied than ballroom tango music. A large amount of tango music has been composed by a variety of different orchestras over the last century. Not only is there a large volume of music, there is a breadth of stylistic differences between these orchestras as well, which makes it easier for Argentine tango dancers to spend the whole night dancing only Argentine tango. The four representative schools of the Argentine tango music are Di Sarli, d'Arienzo, Troilo and Pugliese, all four descendent from Italian immigrant families. They are dance orchestras, playing music for dancing. When the spirit of the music is characterized by counterpoint marking, clarity in the articulation is needed. It has a clear, repetitive pulse or beat, a strong tango-rhythm which is based on the 2x4, [18] 2 strong beats on 4 (dos por cuatro). Ástor Piazzolla stretched the classical harmony and counterpoint and moved the tango from the dance floor to the concert stage. His compositions tell us something of our contemporary life and dancing it relates much to modern dance. [19]

While Argentine tango dancing has historically been danced to tango music, such as that produced by such orchestra leaders as Osvaldo Pugliese, Carlos di Sarli, Juan d'Arienzo, in the '90s a younger generation of tango dancers began dancing tango steps to alternatives to tango music; music from other genres like, "world music", "electro-tango", "experimental rock", "trip hop", and "blues", to name a few. Tango nuevo dance is often associated with alternative music, see nuevo tango, but it can be danced to tango as well.

List of tango bandleaders during the Golden Age of tango:

Resurgence outside Argentina

Sunday afternoon tango at Plaza Dorrego in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of San Telmo. San Telmo Plaza Dorrego.JPG
Sunday afternoon tango at Plaza Dorrego in the Buenos Aires neighborhood of San Telmo.

France

In 1983, the dance show Tango Argentino , staged by Claudio Segovia and Hector Orezzolli, opened in Paris, France, starring dancers Juan Carlos Copes [20] and Maria Nieves, [21] Nélida y Nelson, Eduardo y Gloria, María y Carlos Rivarola, [22] Norma y Luis Pereyra, [23] [24] Mayoral y Elsa Maria, Carlos y Inés Borges, Pablo Veron, Miguel Zotto and Milena Plebs, [25] and Virulazo and Elvira. [26]

United Kingdom

Argentine tango dancing in the UK began in the early 1990s in response to the hugely popular internationally touring shows "Forever Tango" and "Tango Argentino". Enthusiastic Anglo-Argentine milonguero (dance hall tango dancer) Andrew Potter who had followed "Forever Tango" to London and stayed for its extensive run, got together with some Londoner friends to start the city's first-ever tango milonga (tango dance party/hall) in The London Welsh Centre at 157 Grays Inn Road, known as "Tango The Argentine Way" which would pack out every Friday night. From that moment, the tango dances and classes proliferated throughout the capital and then throughout the rest of the UK.

United States

In 1985, the French dance show Tango Argentino transferred to Broadway in New York City. [27] Cast members gave classes to a number of students, including Robert Duvall. Paul Pellicoro provided a dance center for the performers to teach new students. At the same time, Danel and Maria Bastone were teaching tango in New York, and Orlando Paiva was offering tango classes in Los Angeles. For further lessons, Duvall sought out Nestor Ray, a dancer who Duvall had seen perform in the documentary film Tango mio.

In 1986, Nora and Raul Dinzelbacher visited San Francisco, coming from La Paz, Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires aboard a cruise ship where they were dancing tango and chacarera professionally. Al and Barbara Garvey took tango classes from them as well as from Jorge and Rosa Ledesma from Quilmes, Buenos Aires; all in the style of choreographed show tango. In 1987, the Garveys traveled to Buenos Aires to discover the traditional improvisational social dance style at a large milonga (Centro Akarense) filled with older dancers in Villa Urquiza. [28] Upon returning home to Fairfax, California, the Garveys continued tango lessons and began organizing milongas around the San Francisco Bay Area. They co-founded the Bay Area Argentine Tango Association (BAATA) and published a journal.

In 1986, Brigitta Winkler appeared in her first stage performance, Tangoshow in Montreal. Though based in Berlin, Winkler traveled often to teach at tango festivals in North America throughout the following two decades. Winkler was a seminal influence of Daniel Trenner. [29] Montreal's first tango teachers, French-born Lily Palmer and her Argentine friend, Antonio Perea, offered classes in 1987.

The Dinzelbachers settled in San Francisco in 1988, in response to the demand for tango teachers following a visit to San Francisco by the touring production of Tango Argentino. [30] Nora and Raul Dinzelbacher taught a core group of students who would later become teachers themselves, including the Garveys, Polo Talnir and Jorge Allende.

In 1989, the Dinzelbachers were invited to Cincinnati by Richard Powers, to introduce and teach Argentine tango at a weeklong dance festival. The following year, Richard moved his festival to Stanford University and asked the Dinzelbachers back. Unfortunately, Raul Dinzelbacher, 40 years old, collapsed and died at the end of the third day of the festival. Nora Dinzelbacher was devastated but threw herself into her work, forming a dance performance troupe and teaching. She asked a student, George Guim, to become her assistant. They taught at a week-long dance festival in Port Townsend, Washington.

Throughout 1990, Luis Bravo's Forever Tango played in eight West Coast cities, increasing viewer's interest in learning the tango. Carlos Gavito and his partner Marcela Duran invented a dramatically different tango embrace in which both dancers leaned forward against each other more than was traditionally accepted. Gavito's ultimate rise to fame came from this starring appearance in Forever Tango. [31]

It is a very little-known fact, but Luis Bravo debuted Forever Tango in 1990 when Tango Argentino was on a break. He took 3 couples from the show & Gloria and Eduardo to be the artistic directors. The show went on a hiatus until 1994 when it re-opened in San Francisco and then hit Broadway in 1996/1997. [32]

In 1991, Richard Powers started The Stanford Tango Weeks, inviting Nora Dinzelbacher and two others to teach with him. Realizing there were no other alternatives and wanting to keep interest in Argentine Tango alive, Richard directed 8 more Tango Weeks in the years to come. The Stanford Tango Weeks became a popular annual event with 32 instructors teaching at the Roble Dance Hall at Stanford University over the course of its 7-year run. Juan Carlos Copes and Pablo Veron, both well-known teachers from Buenos Aires and actors in Argentine Tango inspired movies showed up to teach. Nora taught at each of the 9 Stanford Tango Weeks. The Stanford Tango Weeks have been credited by Tango dancers and teachers for being an essential catalyst for the growth of Argentine Tango in the United States. Richard produced the last Stanford Tango Week in 1997 and the same year the Tango Congress in Florida was being organized.

In 1998, with Bob Moretti, a retired USAF Lt. Col. and one of her students, Nora Dinzelbacher began a new festival in the same vein: "Nora's Tango Week", held in Emeryville, California. [33] Moretti would continue to co-produce the festival until his death on June 22, 2005, just days before that year's Tango Week. [34]

In the first half of 1994, Barbara Garvey's BAATA mailing list grew from 400 to 1,400 dancers. Garvey places the critical mass of the San Francisco Bay Area's tango resurgence at this point. The number of regional milongas went from three per month to 30. [35]

Forever Tango returned to the United States late in 1994, landing in Beverly Hills, then San Francisco, where it ran for 92 weeks. From there the show went to New York where it became the longest-running tango production in Broadway history. [36]

In June 1995, Janis Kenyon held a tango festival at Northwestern University. Kenyon had attended Stanford Tango Week in 1993, where she met Juan Carlos Copes and Maria Nieves. The pair were invited to teach at Kenyon's 1995 Chicago event. The next year, Kenyon moved her festival to Columbus, Ohio, where she featured Osvaldo Zotto. In February 1997, Clay Nelson (a two-time attendee at Stanford Tango Week) organized his first ValenTango festival in Portland, Oregon; "Tango Fantasy on Miami Beach" was formed by Jorge Nel, Martha Mandel, Lydia Henson and Randy Pittman as Florida's first tango festival; and the Portland October Tangofest was launched, again by Clay Nelson. 1999 saw a split in Miami: Nel and Mandel scheduled their "United States Tango Congress" to open a month prior to the Tango Fantasy event. [37]

Daniel Trenner has been credited with bringing improvisational social Argentine tango to the United States. [38] Like the Garveys, he first went to Buenos Aires in 1987, where he went to a milonga in Palermo and saw the traditional improvisational style being danced. Trenner was introduced to Miguel and Nelly Balmacera, a couple who would become his first tango teachers. [39] Being fluent in both Spanish and English he was able to study with many Argentine tango masters, including Gustavo Naveira and Mingo Pugliese. He made video tapes of the lessons he took and translated the Spanish instruction into English. In the late 1980s, Trenner brought his newfound appreciation of traditional tango back to New York and conducted classes. In 1991, Trenner began working with Rebecca Shulman in performing and teaching tango. [40] (Shulman would go on to be a co-founder and director of TangoMujer in New York and Berlin.) In 1995, Trenner taught for ten weeks in Colorado, followed by some 15 of those students accompanying him to Buenos Aires. Out of this experience, "Tango Colorado" was formed by Tom Stermitz and other tango aficionados from Denver, Boulder and Fort Collins, and a twice-yearly tango festival was organized in Denver. Trenner had planted the seed and moved on. In this way, Trenner has been called the Johnny Appleseed of tango. [41]

In 2002, the Folias Duo group is formed through their work as Argentine tango dance band leaders. [42] In February 2009, the popular ABC series Dancing with the Stars announced that the Argentine tango would be added to the list of dances for its eighth season, following the initiative by its British parent show Strictly Come Dancing the previous year.[ citation needed ]

There are numerous tango festivals in the United States: Seattle Tango Magic, Denver Memorial Day, Portland Valentango in Portland, Oregon, Denver Tango Festival in Denver, Colorado, Boston Tango Festival in Boston.

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>The Tango Lesson</i> 1997 Argentine film

The Tango Lesson is a 1997 drama film written and directed by Sally Potter. It is a semi-autobiographical film starring Potter and Pablo Verón, about Argentinian Tango.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milonga (music)</span> Musical genre from the Río de la Plata

Milonga is a musical genre that originated in the Río de la Plata areas of Argentina, Uruguay, and the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul. It is considered a precursor of the tango.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tango music</span> Style of music originating in South America

Tango is a style of music in 2
4 or 4
4 time that originated among European and African immigrant populations of Argentina and Uruguay. It is traditionally played on a solo guitar, guitar duo, or an ensemble, known as the orquesta típica, which includes at least two violins, flute, piano, double bass, and at least two bandoneóns. Sometimes guitars and a clarinet join the ensemble. Tango may be purely instrumental or may include a vocalist. Tango music and dance have become popular throughout the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carlos di Sarli</span> Argentine musician

Carlos Di Sarli was an Argentine tango musician, orchestra leader, composer and pianist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juan d'Arienzo</span> Argentine musician

Juan d'Arienzo was an Argentine tango musician, also known as "El Rey del Compás". He was a violinist, band leader, and composer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aníbal Troilo</span> Argentine tango musician (1914–1975)

Aníbal Carmelo Troilo, also known as Pichuco, was an Argentine tango musician.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uruguayan tango</span>

Uruguayan tango is a rhythm that has its roots in the poor areas of Montevideo around 1880. Then it was extended to other areas and countries. As Borges said: "...tango is African-Montevidean [Uruguayan], tango has black curls in its roots..." He quoted Rossi, that sustained that "...tango, that argentine people call argentine tango, is the son of the Montevidean milonga and the grandson of the habanera. It was born in the San Felipe Academy [Montevideo], a Montevidean warehouse used for public dances, among gangsters and black people; then it emigrated to underworld areas of Buenos Aires and fooled around in Palermo's rooms..." This also implies that different forms of dance were originated in the neighborhoods of Montevideo, Uruguay in the last part of the 19th century and in the early 20th century that was particular from that area and different from Buenos Aires. It consists of a variety of styles that developed in different regions of Argentina and Uruguay.

Otros Aires is an Argentine 21st-century tango music group founded in 2003 in Barcelona by Argentine musician and architect Miguel Di Genova.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Juan Carlos Copes</span> Argentine tango dancer (1931–2021)

Juan Carlos Copes was an Argentine tango dancer, choreographer, and performer. He started dancing with Maria Nieves when he was 17 and she 14, and the pair later married. Copes and Nieves played a leading role in the renaissance in Tango dancing from the 1970s and, particularly, in Argentine Tango following the 1983 restoration of democracy in that country. Copes was the first to create choreographed tango stage shows and also worked on seven films. Later in his career he partnered with his daughter, Johana, from his second marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luis Pereyra</span> Argentine dancer and choreographer

Luis Pereyra is a dancer and choreographer of Tango Argentino and Argentine folk dances.

Carlos Posadas (1874–1918) was a musician dedicated to Argentine tango in the 19th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">World tango dance tournament</span> Annual competition of Argentine Tango, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina

The World tango dance tournament is an annual competition of Argentine Tango, held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, usually in August, as part of the Buenos Aires Tango Festival organized by the city's government. In 2014 the events were between 13-26/August.

Elvino Vardaro was an Argentine tango composer and violinist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milonguero style</span>

Milonguero is a style of close-embrace tango dancing, the name coined by Susana Miller and Oscar "Cacho" Dante from the Argentine word "milonguero". Milonguero is a term for a skillful and respectful tango dancer who holds a reverence for the type of traditional social tango that is danced at milongas in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The two uses of the term do not coincide: many dancers who are considered to be milongueros do not dance milonguero-style tango.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Milonguero</span>

A milonguero is a person who spends time dancing social tango. The word comes from the term milonga referring to a tango dance event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">María Nieves</span> Argentine tango dancer and choreographer (born 1934)

María Nieves Rego is an Argentine tango dancer and choreographer who starred with her long time dance partner Juan Carlos Copes in the 1983 musical Tango Argentino.

Simón Bajour also Szymsia Bajour was a Jewish Polish-Argentine violinist who was known for both his popular and classical repertoires.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maria Rivarola</span> Musical artist

Maria del Carmen Rodriguez de Rivarola, better known by her artistic name Maria Rivarola is an outstanding professional dancer, social dancer, and choreographer of the Argentine Tango. She is known for performing a specific style of Argentine Tango known as Milonguero Tango. She is also known worldwide for being a cast member of the show Tango Argentino, released in 1983, which resulted in her nomination, along with the rest of the dancers, for the Tony Award in 1986 for Best Choreography. Since her youth, Carlos Rivarola has been her dance partner. Together, they present themselves artistically as Maria and Carlos Rivarola. Maria was one of the founders of the Association of Teachers, Dancers, and Choreographers of the Argentine Tango (ATDCAT) in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alberto Paz</span>

Alberto Bernardino Paz was an Argentine tango historian, teacher, and dancer. Alberto taught the traditional, social tango of the Buenos Aires salons, together with its codes and culture, to North Americans and Europeans.

<i>Tango Argentino</i> (musical) Musical by Hector Orezzoli and Claudio Segovia

Tango Argentino is a musical stage production about the history and many varieties of Argentine tango. It was created and directed by Hector Orezzoli and Claudio Segovia, and premiered at the Festival d'Automne in Paris in 1983 and on Broadway in New York in 1985. The Mel Howard production became a world-wide success with numerous tours culminating with a Broadway revival in 1999–2000. It set off a world-wide resurgence of tango, both as a social dance and as a musical genre. Tango Argentino recreates on stage the history of tango from its beginnings in 19th-century Buenos Aires through the tango's golden age of the 1940s and 50s up to Piazzolla's tangos. Most of the dancers in the show did their own choreography.

References

  1. 1 2 Denniston, Christine. "The Hidden History of Tango". The Hidden History of Tango. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Drago, duce menandro the 3rd (2008). Instrumental Tango Idioms in the Symphonic Works and Orchestral Arrangements of Astor Piazzolla. Performance and Notational Problems: A Conductor's Perspective. p. 14. ISBN   978-0549783237.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ "Orígenes del Tango – Todo Buenos Aires". www.todobuenosaires.com. Retrieved 2018-05-24.
  4. ↑ Andrews, George Reid (May 1979). "Race Versus Class Association: the Afro-Argentines of Buenos Aires, 1850–1900". Journal of Latin American Studies. 11 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1017/s0022216x00022288. ISSN   0022-216X. S2CID   145078581.
  5. 1 2 Tateo, Luca (2014-01-25). "The Dialogical Dance: Self, Identity Construction, Positioning and Embodiment in Tango Dancers". Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science. 48 (3): 299–321. doi:10.1007/s12124-014-9258-2. ISSN   1932-4502. PMID   24464345. S2CID   5472849.
  6. ↑ Shumway, Nicolas (2023-04-28). The Invention of Argentina. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/jj.2711610. ISBN   978-0-520-91385-1.
  7. 1 2 Savigliano, Marta E. (2018-02-06), "Scandalizing National Identity", Tango and the Political Economy of Passion, Routledge, pp. 137–168, doi:10.4324/9780429497001-4, ISBN   978-0-429-49700-1 , retrieved 2023-11-26
  8. 1 2 3 4 Karush, M. B. (2012-07-23). "Blackness in Argentina: Jazz, Tango and Race Before Peron". Past & Present (216): 215–245. doi:10.1093/pastj/gts008. ISSN   0031-2746.
  9. ↑ Merritt, Carolyn (2012-11-11), "Finding Tango: From the Golden Age to the Twenty-First Century", Tango Nuevo, University Press of Florida, pp. 30–48, doi:10.5744/florida/9780813042190.003.0003, ISBN   9780813042190 , retrieved 2023-11-26
  10. ↑ Karush, Matthew B (2012). Culture of Class Radio and Cinema in the Making of a Divided Argentina, 1920–1946 (1st ed.). Duke university press. pp. 1–19. ISBN   978-0-8223-5264-8.
  11. 1 2 Liska, Mercedes; Westwell, Peggy; Vila, Pablo (2016). Argentine queer tango: dance and sexuality politics in Buenos Aires (1st ed.). Lexington Books/Fortress Academic. pp. 1–20. ISBN   9781498538510.
  12. 1 2 3 Eder, Otto (2018). el tango.revista Viena – Sonderedition, ed. Tango!!! Ein Fremdling in Wien, Vienna (Austria)
  13. ↑ "Das Wiener Tagblatt", 19th November 1913, Vienna (Austria)
  14. 1 2 3 Roberto Finelli, "La mappa del tango nel 1914", Italia: Radiocrossovertango
  15. ↑ Auckland Tango, Evolution of Tango in Vienna and Buenos Aires, Auckland, New Zealand
  16. ↑ Elefante, Stefano (September, 2019). "Tango in Vienna's imperial palace". Tango y Cultura Popular: 62-62.
  17. ↑ (DE) Oliver Lehmann, Tango als Wissenschaft, Wissenschaftsball, 18 Marzo 2021.
  18. ↑ "Caminar". Users.pandora.be. 2008-08-25. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  19. ↑ "Tango and modern dance'". Users.pandora.be. 2007-06-23. Archived from the original on May 2, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  20. ↑ "resume and timeline". Juan Carlos Copes. 1931-05-31. Archived from the original on 2010-06-30. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  21. ↑ "Keith Elshaw. 'Maria Nieves'". Totango.net. Archived from the original on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  22. ↑ Rivarola, Carlos. "Carlos Rivarola (Dancer and Choreographer)". Carlos Rivarola. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2010.
  23. ↑ "Tango Argentino Original Broadway Cast – 1999 Broadway" . Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  24. ↑ Brammer, P. "Nicole y Luis" . Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "Milena Tango. Milena Plebs bio". Milenatango.com. Archived from the original on 2009-04-03. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  26. ↑ JVilas. "Virulazo: Interview by the journalist Guillermo Alfieri". Todotango.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  27. ↑ "Keith Elshaw. 'Juan Carlos Copes'". Totango.net. Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  28. ↑ Tango List. Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine Barbara Garvey. Re: [TANGO-L] Going to Bs As (Detecting sham and incompetent Teachers) June 27, 2003
  29. ↑ Kelly Wilson (2008-11-06). "Brigitta Winkler bio". Members.aol.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  30. ↑ "George A. Nicol. 'Interview with Nora Dinzelbacher'". Inscenes.com. Archived from the original on 2008-12-22. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  31. ↑ Elshaw, Keith. "Carlos Gavito 1942–2005". totango.net. Archived from the original on 2010-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  32. ↑ Anton Gazenbeek, Anton (2021). Inside the Show Tango Argentino. Washington DC, USA: Massetti Publishing. p. 187. ISBN   978-1716879951.
  33. ↑ "BA Tango. Spotlight. 'Nora Dinzelbacher: The First Lady of Bay Area Tango'Nancy Friedman (2003)". Batango.com. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  34. ↑ "BA Tango. Spotlight. 'BA Tango remembers Bob Moretti' Nancy Stevens Mendoza & David Mendoza". Batango.com. 2005-06-22. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  35. ↑ Tango List Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Barbara Garvey. Re: [TANGO-L] Revival of Tango in North America July 25, 2003]
  36. ↑ "Honolulu Star-Bulletin, March 24, 2000. Tim Ryan. 'Tangled Passions: Deep emotion and sexuality heat up the tango. IT TAKES TWO...AND BALANCE'". Starbulletin.com. 2000-03-24. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  37. ↑ "'Oldest Tango Festival' Randy of Miami, March 23 and 26, 2007". Virtuar.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  38. ↑ "Daniel Trenner Tribute". Pythia.uoregon.edu. 2003-04-24. Archived from the original on 2003-11-04. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  39. ↑ daniel trenner :: tango. "Daniel Trenner. 'Tango: the Argentine Social Dance' (1998)". Danieltrenner.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-09. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  40. ↑ "Dance Manhattan. 'Rebecca Shulman'". Dance-manhattan.com. Retrieved 2010-03-15.
  41. ↑ Tom Stermitz. Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine Re: [TANGO-L]; Revival of Tango in North America / Pellicoro Book, July 25, 2003]
  42. ↑ Rylah, Juliet Bennett. "Joined at the Hip". Grand Rapids Magazine, December 2009.

Music

Dance

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.