African dance

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Members from the Kankouran West African Dance Company perform at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, White House, in 2007 West African Dance at the White House, 2007Apr25.jpg
Members from the Kankouran West African Dance Company perform at a ceremony in the Rose Garden, White House, in 2007
African dance South African dance attire.jpg
African dance

African dance (also Afro dance, Afrodance and Afro-dance) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] refers to the various dance styles of sub-Saharan Africa. These dances are closely connected with the traditional rhythms and music traditions of the region. Music and dancing is an integral part of many traditional African societies. Songs and dances facilitate teaching and promoting social values, celebrating special events and major life milestones, performing oral history and other recitations, and spiritual experiences. [6] African dance uses the concepts of polyrhythm and total body articulation. [7] African dances are a collective activity performed in large groups, with significant interaction between dancers and onlookers in the majority of styles. [8]

Contents

History

African dance refers mainly to the dance styles of Sub-Saharan Africa, of which many are based on traditional rhythms and music traditions of the region. Modern African dance styles are deeply rooted in culture and tradition. Many tribes have a role solely for the purpose of passing on the tribe's dance traditions; dances which have been passed down through the centuries, often unchanged, with little to no room for improvisation. [9] [10] Each tribe developed its own unique style of dance, falling into three categories based on purpose. The first is religious dancing, which many tribes purport enhances peace, health, and prosperity. [11] Religious dances often involved masqueraders, performing as both the spirits and those who placated them. [9] Religion and spirituality infused every part of traditional African life, and continues to affect African dance today. The second is griotic, and was a type of dance that told a story. It is named after a griot , which is a term for a traditional storyteller in West Africa. Certain griotic dances were only danced by the tribe's griot; today, troupes perform the same dances that were once exclusive to the griot. The third type is ceremonial. These dances are performed at ceremonies such as weddings, anniversaries, and rites of passage. [11] However, many dances did not have only one purpose. Rather, there was often one primary purpose, that blended into many secondary purposes. Dance was often very important to the maintenance of a ruler's status in the tribal society. Colonialism and globalization have resulted in the eradication of certain styles of African dance. Other styles have been blended together, or mixed with dance styles outside of Africa. [9]

African dance in the context of slavery

As people were taken from Africa to be sold as slaves, especially starting in the 1500s, they brought their dance styles with them. Entire cultures were imported into the New World, especially those areas where slaves were given more flexibility to continue their cultures and where there were more African slaves than Europeans or indigenous Americans, such as Brazil. African dance styles were merged with new cultural experiences to form new styles of dance. For example, slaves responded to the fears of their masters about high-energy styles of dance with changing stepping to shuffling. [11] However, in North America, slaves did not have as much freedom to continue their culture and dance. [10] [11] In many cases, these dances have evolved into modern dance styles, such as African-American dance and Brazilian dance. For example, the Calenda evolved in Brazil from tribal dance. The Calenda then evolved into the Cakewalk, which was danced originally to mock plantation owners; it then evolved into the Charleston. [11] Capoeira was a martial art practiced originally in Africa which the enslaved Africans masked as a form of dance in order to not arouse the suspicion of plantation owners. [12]

Characteristics

Female dancer at a party in Canjambari, Guinea-Bissau, 1974 ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 32 - Party in Candjambary, Guinea-Bissau - Dancing woman - 1974.tif
Female dancer at a party in Canjambari, Guinea-Bissau, 1974

Traditional dance in Africa occurs collectively, expressing the values and desires of the community more than that of individuals or couples. Although dances may appear spontaneous, they are usually strictly choreographed. Improvisation is limited as it places the focus on the individual over the group. [13] Early outsider commentaries noted the absence of the kind of close couple dancing popular in Europe and North America: such dancing was thought to be immoral or in poor taste in many traditional African societies. [14] [15] Among the Yoruba, to give a specific example, touching while dancing is rare except in special circumstances. [16] The only African country whose traditional dances involve partners is Cameroon.

Dances are usually segregated by sex, where gender roles in children and other community structures such as kinship, age, and political status are often reinforced. [17] Many dances are divided by gender, as a result of associations with gender-divided labor, as well as cultural beliefs about gender roles and gender expressions. [18] Dances celebrate the passage from childhood to adulthood or spiritual worship. [19] Among the Lunda people of Zambia, for example, young girls remain in seclusion for months to practice the dance for their coming of age ritual. [17]

In traditional African societies, children begin to learn their traditional songs, rhythms, and dances from the moment of birth, starting with the lullabies sung by their mothers. [20] While carried on their mother's backs during day-to-day work and social events, they are exposed to the music their mothers sing or listen to. Thomas Edward Bodwich, an early European observer, noted that "children will move their heads and limbs, while on their mother's backs, in exact unison with the tune which is playing." [21] Many traditional African children's games, particularly in western and central Africa, include elements that promote the child's ability to understand rhythms. [20] When children are old enough to attempt the dance moves, they imitate accomplished older dancers until they can replicate the dances precisely. They are only permitted to improvise when they have mastered the prescribed choreography. [22]

An African woman, wearing native garments, performs during a visit from participants in the West Africa Training Cruise 1983. DN-ST-85-08495.jpg
An African woman, wearing native garments, performs during a visit from participants in the West Africa Training Cruise 1983.

Musical accompaniment for African dances is highly varied. Most dances make use of the human voice in the form of singing, shouting, recitations, grunts, whispering, and other vocalizations. [23] Many groups use drums. In an African community, coming together in response to the beating of the drum is an opportunity to give one another a sense of belonging and of solidarity, a time to connect with each other and be part of a collective rhythm of the life in which young and old, rich and poor, men and women are all invited to contribute to the society. [24] On the other hand, nomadic groups such as the Maasai do not traditionally use drums. [24]

Many African dances are polyrhythmic, that is, they use two or more conflicting rhythms simultaneously. Dancers may synchronize the movements of different body parts to different rhythms, or alternate fluidly between rhythms. [25] Dancers in Nigeria, for example, commonly combine at least two rhythms in their movement, or three if they are particularly talented. Any more than that is a rare feat. [15] They may also add rhythmic components independent of those in the music. Very complex movements are possible even though the body does not move through space. [26]

Dance historian Jacqui Malone describes how different groups use body parts in distinct ways: "The Anlo-Ewe and Lobi of Ghana emphasize the upper body, while the Kalabari of Nigeria give a subtle accent to the hips. The Akan of Ghana use the feet and hands in specific ways. Strong contraction-release movements of the pelvis and upper torso characterize both male and female dancing in Agbor." [27]

Notable dances

Specific notable African dances, divided by region, include:

Eastern Africa

Traditional Maasai jumping dance Maasai-Adumu.jpg
Traditional Maasai jumping dance

Southern Africa

Mohobelo (Striding Dance) African Dance Mohobelo Striding Dance.jpg
Mohobelo (Striding Dance)
Umteyo (Shaking Dance) African Dance Umteyo Shaking Dance.jpg
Umteyo (Shaking Dance)

Western Africa

Dancers in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria Akwa Ibom Dancers.jpg
Dancers in Akwa Ibom, Nigeria
DancePurposeCountry / Tribe of Origin
AdowaGhana / Ashanti
AgbajaGhana / Ewe
AgwaraCourtship Uganda / Alur
Akogo CourtshipUganda / Iteso
Amaggunju Uganda / Buganda
Ambas-i-bay CelebrationCameroon
Bakisiimba CelebrationUganda / Buganda
Bikutsi CelebrationCameroon
Bwola CelebrationUganda / Acholi
Coupé-Décalé CelebrationCôte d'Ivoire
Ding Ding Uganda / Acholi
Ekitaguriro Uganda / Banyankole
Ekizino CourtshipUganda / Bakiga
EntogGazeUganda / Lugbara
Entogoro GazeUganda / Banyoro, Batooro
GombeyHarvestSenegal
KeteGhana/ Ashanti
Kakilambe Fertility ritualGuinea or Mali / Baga people
Kwassa kwassa CelebrationCongo (DRC)
LambanCelebrationGuinea, Senegal, Mali
Larakaraka CourtshipUganda / Acholi
Makossa CelebrationCameroon
Mapouka CeremonialCôte d'Ivoire
MwagaCourtshipUganda / Bagisu
Ndombolo (Soukous)CourtshipCongo (DRC)
OwaroUganda / Samia-Bugwe
RunyegeCelebration / CourtshipUganda / Banyoro, Batooro
SabarCelebrationSenegal/ Wolof people
SunuWeddingGuinea, Mali / Mandinka
Tamenaibuga FriendshipUganda / Basoga
UkusinaRite of passageSouth Africa
Zaouli Celebration and funeralCôte d'Ivoire / Guro
Zouglou CelebrationCôte d'Ivoire
Naleyo CelebrationUganda / Karamajong
Edonga CelebrationUganda / Karamajong

Modern dances

Afrofusion is a dance style concept introduced by South African choreographer-dancer Sylvia Glasser known as Magogo in the 1970s. [42] [43] [44] The Sylvia Glasser Contemporary Dance Group was established by Glasser in 1971. [45] Sylvia Glasser's protégés comprise of international contemporary dance household names, namely Gregory Maqoma and Vincent Mantsoe. [43] Mantsoe was apart of the earliest groups which performed Glasser's historic "San trance" dancing work, Transformations. [44] Afro fusion gained mainstream popularity in African countries such as Namibia and Zambia. Somatic techniques for instance Alexander technique and release were refined and commixed with African dance styles including pantsula and kwassa kwassa resulting in the hybrid dance style. [46]

American choreograhpher and dancer Chuck Davis is thought to be most recognized for formally introducing African dance styles and traditions on a professional level to America. [47] The DanceAfrica festival founded in 1977 influenced many other cities to partake in African dance culture, it also presents and celebrates African dancers. [47]

In the 21st century African dances became more globally popularized, modern, vast as well as diverse resulting in the dance genre being largely referred to as afro dance sometimes spelled afro-dance, instead of particularly, "African dance". [11] [48] [49] [50] Popular modern afro-dance styles performed via diverse usage such as in music videos and Grammy Awards performances. [51] [52] These internationally popularized afro-dances are inclusive of however not limited to kwassakwassa, vosho, kizomba, jaiva, pantsula, gwara gwara, skwelewu,bhenga, shaku shaku,s'bujwa, amapiano dances and so forth. [53] [54] [55] [56]

See also

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Bibliography

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