Arhopala

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Arhopala
Arhopala japonica.jpg
Arhopala japonica is of unclear affiliations.
When Narathura was considered distinct, it was placed there.
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lycaenidae
Tribe: Arhopalini
Genus: Arhopala
Boisduval, 1832
Type species
Arhopala phryxus
Boisduval, 1832
Diversity
About 220 species
Synonyms

Several, see text

Underwing pattern of unidentified Arhopala species, Selangor on Peninsular Malaysia Arhopala.jpg
Underwing pattern of unidentified Arhopala species, Selangor on Peninsular Malaysia

Arhopala is a very large genus of gossamer-winged butterflies (Lycaenidae). They are the type genus of the tribe Arhopalini. In the relatively wide circumscription used here, it contains over 200 species collectively known as oakblues. They occur from Japan throughout temperate to tropical Asia south and east of the Himalayas to Australia and the Solomon Islands of Melanesia. Like many of their relatives, their caterpillars are attended and protected by ants (myrmecophily). Sexual dichromatism is often prominent in adult oakblues. [1] [ failed verification ]

Contents

The genus' delimitation versus Amblypodia and Flos has proven to be problematic; not all issues are resolved and the assignment of species to these genera must be considered somewhat provisional.

Systematics

As circumscribed here, this genus includes many formerly independent genera. Junior synonyms of Arhopala are: [1]

The species have been provisionally sorted into groups of presumed closest relatives, but many species remain insufficiently studied even for such a preliminary assessment at present. For example, A. phryxus – the type species used by Jean Baptiste Boisduval when he described Arhopala in 1832 – was established at the same time as and specifically for this genus. It is considered to be a valid species of unclear affiliations, but it is suspected that Boisduval's taxon is a junior synonym of A. thamyras – the namesake of its species group – which had been described as Papilio thamyras by Carl Linnaeus already in 1764. [2]

Molecular phylogenetic studies have only sampled a fraction of the known diversity of oakblues, but as it seems at least some of the groups represent clades that could justifiably be treated as subgenera. It is also to be seen, however, if the genus is monophyletic in the loose sense as used here, or would need to be split up again. [1]

Species

Species are listed alphabetically, while the groups are listed in the presumed phylogenetic sequence: [2]

Bright oakblue (Arhopala madytus: centaurus group) ArhopalaMadytusMUpUnAC1.jpg
Bright oakblue (Arhopala madytus: centaurus group)
Anthelus bushblue (Arhopala anthelus: anthelus group) Arhaanth.jpg
Anthelus bushblue (Arhopala anthelus: anthelus group)
Male opal oakblue (Arhopala opalina: camdeo group) Aopalina.jpg
Male opal oakblue (Arhopala opalina: camdeo group)
Female Tytler's rosy oakblue (Arhopala allata allata: oenea group) upperside (left) and underside ArhopalaAllataMUpUnAC1.jpg
Female Tytler's rosy oakblue (Arhopala allata allata: oenea group) upperside (left) and underside
Arhopala alitaeus mirabella (alitaeus group) Arhopala alitaeus mirabella CRW 5443-01.jpg
Arhopala alitaeus mirabella (alitaeus group)
Male de Niceville's oakblue (Arhopala agrata: agrata group) ArhagrmTEST.jpg
Male de Niceville's oakblue (Arhopala agrata: agrata group)
Male Sylhet oakblue (Arhopala silhetensis: cleander group) ArhsilmCrop.jpg
Male Sylhet oakblue (Arhopala silhetensis: cleander group)
Female Arhopala horsfieldi (eumolphus group) ArhhorsfCrop.jpg
Female Arhopala horsfieldi (eumolphus group)
Malayan oakblue (Arhopala ammon: ganesa group) ArhammCrop.jpg
Malayan oakblue (Arhopala ammon: ganesa group)

Incertae sedis

Male Burmese bushblue (Arhopala birmana) Rbirm094.jpg
Male Burmese bushblue (Arhopala birmana)
Hooked oakblue (Arhopala paramuta) Dark Himalayan Oakblue Arhopala paramuta at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5464 - cropped.jpg
Hooked oakblue (Arhopala paramuta)

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 Brower (2008)
  2. 1 2 Brower (2008), and see Savela (2008) for additional references

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Arhopala aida or white-stained oakblue, is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by Lionel de Nicéville in 1889. It is found in Southeast Asia . The upper surface of the male is lilac the black marginal band on both wings above equally broad. The under surface is brown with a distinct violet gloss;forewing with a light hindmarginal area. The female is above bluer, lighter than the male, and has a much broader black margin. aida differs from Ahropalus myrtale in its darker and more violet-blue and its broad outer margins ; the undersides are, however, very much alike.

<i>Arhopala athada</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala athada, the vinous oakblue is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by Otto Staudinger in 1889. It is found in Southeast Asia - Singapore, Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, Borneo, Bangka, Bawean, Assam, Burma, Mergui, Thailand and the Philippines.

<i>Arhopala lurida</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala lurida is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family. It is found in Southeast Asia

<i>Arhopala muta</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala muta is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1862. It is found in Southeast Asia

<i>Arhopala perimuta</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala perimuta, the yellowdisc oakblue or yellowdisc tailless oakblue, is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by Frederic Moore in 1857. It is found in Southeast Asia.

<i>Arhopala pseudomuta</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala pseudomuta, Raffles's oakblue, is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family. It was described by Otto Staudinger in 1889. It is found in Southeast Asia - Peninsular Malaya, Singapore pseudomuta),Langkawi, Mergui, Burma, Thailand ,Sumatra, Borneo

<i>Arhopala vihara</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala vihara,the Large Spotted Oakblue, is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by (Cajetan Felder and Rudolf Felder in 1860. It is found in Southeast Asia.

<i>Arhopala zambra</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala zambra, the Zambra oakblue, is a species of butterfly belonging to the lycaenid family described by Charles Swinhoe in 1911. It is found in Southeast Asia.

<i>Arhopala camdeo</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala camdeo, the lilac oakblue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1858. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

<i>Arhopala thamyras</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala thamyras is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. It is found in the Australasian realm.

<i>Arhopala khamti</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala khamti, Doherty's dull oakblue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by William Doherty in 1891. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

<i>Arhopala moolaiana</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala moolaiana or pale yellow oakblue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by Frederic Moore in 1879. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

<i>Arhopala asopia</i> Species of butterfly

Arhopala asopia, the plain tailless oakblue, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It was described by William Chapman Hewitson in 1869. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.

References

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