Auricularia mesenterica

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Auricularia mesenterica
Auricularia mesenterica 2 BG.JPG
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Auriculariales
Family: Auriculariaceae
Genus: Auricularia
Species:
A. mesenterica
Binomial name
Auricularia mesenterica
(Dicks.) Pers. 1822
Synonyms
Species synonymy
  • Helvella mesenterica Dicks. (1785)
  • Auricularia corrugata Sowerby (1800)
  • Auricularia lobata Sommerf. (1826)
  • Auricularia mesenterica var. lobata (Sommerf.) Rea (1922)
  • Auricularia tremelloides Bull.(1787)
  • Auricularia tremelloides var. fusca Bull. (1791)
  • Auricularia tremelloides var. subcaerulea Bull. (1791)
  • Auricularia tremelloides var. violacea Bull. (1791)
  • Thelephora mesenterica Pers. (1801)
  • Auricularia corrugata Sowerby (1800)
  • Stereum mesentericum (Pers.) Gray (1821)
  • Auricularia mesenteriformis Brongniart (1825)

Auricularia mesenterica, commonly known as the tripe fungus, is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are gelatinous and typically formed in coalescing tiers on stumps and logs. They are partly pileate, with hirsute, zoned caps, and partly resupinate, with smooth to wrinkled undersurfaces that spread over the wood. Auricularia mesenterica is a saprotroph on dead deciduous trees and shrubs. The species is restricted to Europe and Central Asia.

Contents

Taxonomy and etymology

Auricularia mesenterica was described from England in 1785 by James Dickson as Helvella mesenterica [1] and transferred to the genus Auricularia by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in 1822. [2] The species was considered to be cosmopolitan and was subsequently applied to collections from America, Asia, and Australia as well as Europe.

Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has however shown that Auricularia mesenterica (as previously understood) is a complex of related species and that A. mesenterica sensu stricto is confined to Europe and Central Asia, with superficially similar but distinct species occurring elsewhere. [3]

The specific epithet is a Latin adjective formed from the Ancient Greek word μεσεντέριον (mesentérion), "middle intestine", from μεσο- (meso-, "middle, center") and ἔντερον (énteron, "intestine"), referring to its shape. [4]

Description

This species forms bracket-like fruit bodies that first appear pale, rubbery, and button-like, expanding to typically 3 to 7 cm (1.2 to 2.8 in) across and hardening with age. The fruit bodies often merge into compound structures sometimes running along fallen trunks and branches for more than a metre (3.3 ft). The upper surface is grey to brown or buff, tomentose to hispid with concentric zones, while the underside is thickly gelatinous, irregularly folded radially and reddish brown. The spore print is white. Microscopically the basidia are auricularioid (tubular with three lateral septa) and the basidiospores are allantoid (sausage-shaped), 14 to 17 by 4.5 to 5 μm. [5]

Distribution and habitat

Originally described from England, the species is known to occur throughout Europe and into Central Asia as far as Uzbekistan. [5] Basidiocarps are formed on various deciduous tree stumps and logs.

Similar species

Other species in the Auricularia mesenterica complex include Auricularia brasiliensis in South America, A. pusio in Australia, A. africana in East Africa, and A. asiatica , A. orientalis , A. srilankensis , and A. submesenterica in Asia. [5] Other species of Auricularia lack the zoned, hirsute upper surface found in the A. mesenterica complex. Some unrelated Stereum species may have similarly zoned caps, but their fruit bodies are leathery (not gelatinous) and their undersurfaces are often yellowish to orange.

Uses

Before the fruit body fully matures and hardens, young specimens are said to be edible, but in some local populations, these fungi tend to bioaccumulate high levels of heavy metals from their environment. [6] A. mesenterica has shown to have high levels of phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, having potential as antitumor agent. [7]

Young A. mesenterica Auricularia mesenterica 3.JPG
Young A. mesenterica
Mature A. mesenterica Auricularia mesenterica 10197537.jpg
Mature A. mesenterica

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jelly fungus</span> Group of fungi

Jelly fungi are a paraphyletic group of several heterobasidiomycete fungal orders from different classes of the subphylum Agaricomycotina: Tremellales, Dacrymycetales, Auriculariales and Sebacinales. These fungi are so named because their foliose, irregularly branched fruiting body is, or appears to be, the consistency of jelly. Actually, many are somewhat rubbery and gelatinous. When dried, jelly fungi become hard and shriveled; when exposed to water, they return to their original form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariales</span> Order of fungi

The Auriculariales are an order of fungi in the class Agaricomycetes. Species within the order were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 200 species are known worldwide, placed in six or more families, though the status of these families is currently uncertain. All species in the Auriculariales are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Auriculariaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Auriculariaceae are a family of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species within the family were formerly referred to the "heterobasidiomycetes" or "jelly fungi", since many have gelatinous basidiocarps that produce spores on septate basidia. Around 100 species are known worldwide. All are believed to be saprotrophic, most growing on dead wood. Fruit bodies of several Auricularia species are cultivated for food on a commercial scale, especially in China.

<i>Auricularia</i> Genus of fungi

Auricularia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps are typically gelatinous and ear-shaped, with a slightly downy to conspicuously hirsute upper surface and an under surface that is smooth, wrinkled or veined. All species grow on wood. Several Auricularia species are edible and commercially cultivated on a large scale in China and East Asia.

<i>Exidia</i> Genus of fungi

Exidia is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. The species are saprotrophic, occurring in attached or recently fallen dead wood, and produce gelatinous basidiocarps. The fruit bodies are diverse, pustular, lobed, button-shaped or cup-shaped. Several species, including the type species Exidia glandulosa, have sterile pegs or pimples on their spore-bearing surface. The genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and around 20 species are currently recognized worldwide. Initial molecular research indicates the genus is artificial.

<i>Tremella</i> Genus of fungi

Tremella is a genus of fungi in the family Tremellaceae. All Tremella species are parasites of other fungi and most produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Over 100 species of Tremella are currently recognized worldwide. One species, Tremella fuciformis, is commercially cultivated for food.

<i>Pseudohydnum</i> Genus of fungi

Pseudohydnum is a genus of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Basidiocarps are typically bracket-like and gelatinous, with or without a stipe, with a hydnoid (toothed) undersurface. The genus is widely distributed in both the northern and southern hemisphere, with thirteen species currently described and others awaiting description.


Heterochaete is a genus of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Species produce effused, gelatinous, waxy, or leathery basidiocarps on wood, partly or wholly covered in small sterile spines or pegs. The presence of these sterile spines distinguishes the genus from Exidiopsis, species of which are microscopically similar but have smooth basidiocarps.

<i>Auricularia auricula-judae</i> Species of fungus

Auricularia auricula-judae, which has the recommended English name jelly ear, also known as Judas's ear or Jew's ear, is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. Basidiocarps are brown, gelatinous, and have a noticeably ear-like shape. They grow on wood, especially elder. The specific epithet is derived from the belief that Judas Iscariot hanged himself from an elder tree; the common name "Judas's ear" was largely eclipsed by the corruption "Jew's ear".

<i>Auricularia nigricans</i> Species of fungus

Auricularia nigricans is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies} are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead wood of broadleaf trees. It is an American species, known from Louisiana and the Caribbean south to Argentina, and was formerly confused with the similar Asian species Auricularia polytricha, originally described from India.

<i>Phaeotremella</i> Genus of fungi

Phaeotremella is a genus of fungi in the family Phaeotremellaceae. All Phaeotremella species are parasites of other fungi and produce anamorphic yeast states. Basidiocarps, when produced, are gelatinous and are colloquially classed among the "jelly fungi". Fifteen or so species of Phaeotremella are currently recognized worldwide. Tremella sanguinea, shown to be a Phaeotremella species by DNA sequencing, is cultivated in China as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

<i>Phaeotremella foliacea</i> Species of fungus

Phaeotremella foliacea is a species of fungus in the family Phaeotremellaceae. It produces brownish, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps and is parasitic on the mycelium of Stereum sanguinolentum, a fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of conifers. It is widespread in north temperate regions. In the UK it has the recommended English name leafy brain and has also been called jelly leaf and brown witch's butter. Prior to 2017, the name Tremella foliacea was also applied to similar-looking species on broadleaf trees, now distinguished as Phaeotremella frondosa and Phaeotremella fimbriata.

<i>Naematelia aurantia</i> Species of yellow, parasitic fungus

Naematelia aurantia is a species of fungus producing yellow, frondose, gelatinous basidiocarps. It is widespread in north temperate regions and is parasitic on another species of fungus that grows on dead attached and recently fallen branches of broadleaf trees. It is commonly called golden ear in North America.

<i>Auricularia americana</i> Species of fungus

Auricularia americana is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies} are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead conifer wood. The species was formerly confused with Auricularia auricula-judae, which grows on broadleaf wood and is confined to Europe.

<i>Auricularia angiospermarum</i> Species of fungus

Auricularia angiospermarum is a species of fungus in the family Auriculariaceae. Basidiocarps (fruitbodies) are gelatinous, ear-like, and grow on dead wood of broadleaf trees. It is a North American species and was formerly confused with Auricularia auricula-judae which is confined to Europe.

<i>Auricularia heimuer</i> Species of fungus

Auricularia heimuer, also known as heimuer or black wood ear, is a species of fungus in the order Auriculariales. It is commercially cultivated for food in China at a value exceeding $4 billion (USD) per year. The species was previously referred to as the European Auricularia auricula-judae, but the latter is not known to occur in east Asia. Auricularia heimuer is a popular ingredient in many Chinese dishes, such as hot and sour soup, and it is also used in traditional Chinese medicine.

Tremellochaete is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Species produce pustular or lobed, effused, gelatinous basidiocarps on wood, typically covered in small sterile spines or pegs.

<i>Protodaedalea</i> Genus of fungi

Protodaedalea is a genus of fungi in the family Auriculariaceae. Species produce bracket-like basidiocarps on wood with a lamellate (gilled) undersurface. The genus currently comprises two species, both known from Asia.

Mycostilla is a genus of fungi in the order Auriculariales. The type and only species, Mycostilla vermiformis, forms effused, gelatinous, crystalline or net-like basidiocarps on fallen conifer wood in Europe. The species was formerly placed in Stypella, but the latter genus is of uncertain disposition and appears unrelated to the Auriculariales. Molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, distinguishes Mycostilla from the morphologically similar genus Stypellopsis.

Stypellopsis is a genus of fungi in the order Auriculariales. Basidiocarps are effused, gelatinous, crystalline or net-like and occur on fallen conifer wood. Species were formerly placed in Stypella or Protomerulius, but molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, distinguishes Stypellopsis from these genera and from the morphologically similar genus Mycostilla. The type species occurs in northern Europe, Stypellopsis farlowii in North America.

References

  1. ↑ Dickson, James (1785). Fasciculus quartus plantarum cryptogamicarum Britanniæ (in Latin). Vol. 1. London: G. Nicol. p. 20. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  2. ↑ Persoon, C. H. (1822). Mycologia europaea (in Latin). Vol. 1. Erlanga: I. I. Palmii. p. 97. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  3. ↑ Wu, Fang; Yuan, Yuan; Rivoire, Bernard; Dai, Yu-Cheng (June 2015). "Phylogeny and diversity of the Auricularia mesenterica (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota) complex". Mycological Progress. 14 (6): 42. doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1065-8. ISSN   1617-416X. S2CID   18106194.
  4. ↑ "Definition of Mesenteron". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  5. 1 2 3 Wu, Fang; Tohtirjap, Ablat; Fan, Long-Fei; Zhou, Li-Wei; Alvarenga, Renato L. M.; Gibertoni, Tatiana B.; Dai, Yu-Cheng (3 November 2021). "Global Diversity and Updated Phylogeny of Auricularia (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)". Journal of Fungi. 7 (11): 933. doi: 10.3390/jof7110933 . ISSN   2309-608X. PMC   8625027 . PMID   34829220.
  6. ↑ Keskin, Feyyaz; Sarikurkcu, Cengiz; Akata, Ilgaz; Tepe, Bektas (9 March 2021). "Metal concentrations of wild mushroom species collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey) with their health risk assessments". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 28 (27): 36193–36204. doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13235-8. ISSN   0944-1344. PMID   33687630. S2CID   232145697.
  7. ↑ Payamnoor, Vahide; Kavosi, Mohammad Reza; Nazari, Jamile (7 March 2019). "Polypore fungi of Caucasian alder as a source of antioxidant and antitumor agents". Journal of Forestry Research. 31 (4): 1381–1390. doi:10.1007/s11676-019-00892-2. ISSN   1007-662X. S2CID   92384123.
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