Baeomycetales

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Baeomycetales
Baeomyces rufus 280208a.jpg
Baeomyces rufus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Subclass: Ostropomycetidae
Order: Baeomycetales
Lumbsch, Huhndorf & Lutzoni (2007)
Type genus
Baeomyces
Pers. (1794)
Families

Arctomiaceae
Arthrorhaphidaceae
Baeomycetaceae
Cameroniaceae
Hymeneliaceae
Protothelenellaceae
Trapeliaceae
Xylographaceae

Contents

Synonyms [1]
  • Arctomiales S.Stenroos, Miądl. & Lutzoni (2014)
  • Hymeneliales S.Stenroos, Miądl. & Lutzoni (2014)
  • Trapeliales B.P.Hodk. & Lendemer (2011)

The Baeomycetales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 8 families, 33 genera and about 170 species. [1] As a result of molecular phylogenetics research published in the late 2010s, several orders were folded into the Baeomycetales, resulting in a substantial increase in the number of taxa.

Taxonomy

The family Baeomycetaceae was originally proposed by Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier in 1829 (under the spelling Baeomyceae); he included two genera, Baeomyces and Calicium . [2] Baeomycetaceae was initially classified in the Lecanorales, [3] [4] and Baeomycetaceae and Cladoniaceae were thought to be closely related, sharing a phylogenetic origin in Lecideaceae. [5] It was transferred to the order Helotiales based on the structure of its ascus, which is similar to those in genus Leotia . [6] However, the Helotiales consists of mostly non-lichenised fungi. The first DNA studies conducted with Baeomyces species did not suggest any phylogenetic relatedness with Leotia. [7] [8] Later studies demonstrated a sister group relationship between Baeomyces and the order Ostropales, and Baeomycetales was informally suggested as a suitable name for this lineage. [9]

After additional molecular studies confirmed the placement of the Baeomycetaceae in the subclass Ostropomycetidae, [10] [11] the order Baeomycetales was formally circumscribed in 2007 by H. Thorsten Lumbsch, Sabine Huhndorf, and Francois Lutzoni. They suggested that Ainoa , Baeomyces , and Phyllobaeis were exemplar genera in the order. [12] The composition of the Baeomycetales has been amended several times since its original circumscription, as molecular phylogenetic analyses have helped to resolve the phylogenetic relationships amongst its members. In 2011, the order was considered to contain two families, Baeomycetaceae and Anamylopsoraceae. [13] The latter family, proposed by Lumbsch and Thomas Lunke in 1995, [14] was later shown with molecular phylogenetics to nest within the Baeomycetaceae, [15] and is now placed in synonymy with that family. [16]

In 2018, the class Lecanoromycetes was revised using a temporal approach that uses time-calibrated chronograms to define temporal bands for comparable ranks for orders and families. In this work, the orders Arctomiales, Hymeneliales, and Trapeliales were synonymized with Baeomycetales. [17] In a later review of the use of this method for biological classification of lichens, Robert Lücking considered this merge justified. [18] This synonymy was also accepted in a 2020 review of fungal classification. [1]

Classification

According to a 2020 review on fungal classification, the Baeomycetales contain 8 families and 33 genera. The following list give the families, their taxon authority and year of publication, a brief synopsis of some major characteristics of the family, the genera in each family, and estimated number of species in each genus. [1]

Arctomiaceae Th.Fr. (1861) [19]
Thallus crustose or fruticose, gelatinized, and with rhizoids. Arctic and subarctic distribution, usually associated with bryophytes. Photobiont partner is cyanobacterial, [20] from genus Nostoc . No secondary chemicals produced. [21]
Arthrorhaphidaceae Poelt & Hafellner (1976) [23]
Thallus either crustose, or immersed within the host. Widespread in temperate and montane regions, growth on soil, with green algal photobiont partner; [24] some species are lichenicolous. Secondary chemicals are depsides and pulvinic acid derivatives. [25]
Phyllobaeis imbricata (Baeomycetaceae) Phyllobaeis imbricata.jpg
Phyllobaeis imbricata (Baeomycetaceae)
Baeomycetaceae Dumort. (1829) [2]
Thallus crustose or squamulose, apothecia either sessile or sometimes on pink or brown stipes that are special extensions of the thallus that are not lichenized. Widespread distribution with growth typically on rock or soil. [26]
Cameroniaceae Kantvilas & Lumbsch (2012) [27]
Thallus crustose with chlorococcoid photobiont and perithecioid, immersed ascomata. Four spores per ascus. Secondary chemicals are dibenzofurans and triphenyls. Found in temperate Tasmania, growth on rocks. [28]
Tremolecia atrata (Hymeneliaceae) Tremolecia atrata.jpg
Tremolecia atrata (Hymeneliaceae)
Hymeneliaceae Körb. (1855) [29]
Thallus usually crustose, lacking rhizoids, sometimes evanescent. Widespread distribution with growth usually on rocks and green algal photobiont. [30] No secondary chemicals produced. [31]
Protothelenellaceae Vězda, H.Mayrhofer & Poelt (1985) [32] [note 2]
Thallus crustose, but sometimes poorly developed, or even absent. Ascomata intermediate in form between apothecial and perithecial, immersed, sometimes becoming erumpent, dark green to black, and opened by a broad pore. Widely distributed in northern temperate regions. Some species grow as saprobes on bark, while others are lichenised with green algae, rarely lichenicolous. [33] Subcosmopolitan distribution; habitats include acidic rocks and soil, bryophytes and detritus, wood, or other lichens. No secondary chemicals are produced. [34]
Placopsis lambii (Trapeliaceae) Placopsis lambii - Flickr - pellaea.jpg
Placopsis lambii (Trapeliaceae)
Trapeliaceae M.Choisy ex Hertel (1970) [35]
Thallus crustose to squamulose in form. Collectively, a cosmopolitan distribution, but mostly concentrated in temperate regions. Depsides, depsidones, and anthraquinones produced as secondary chemicals. [36]
Xylographaceae Tuck. (1888) [37]
Thallus immersed in the wood substrate with rounded to lirellate fruiting bodies that are pale to blackening. Family resurrected for use following molecular analysis published in 2015. [15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Steinera was previously classified in family Koerberiaceae but the genus and many of its species were transferred to the Arctomiaceae in 2017, and a new genus Henssenia was proposed to contain the remaining species. [22] [1]
  2. ↑ The name Thrombiaceae Poelt & Vězda ex J.C.David & D.Hawksw. has been placed in synonymy with Protothelenellaceae. [17] [1]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cladoniaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Cladoniaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the order Lecanorales. It is one of the largest families of lichen-forming fungi, with about 560 species distributed amongst 17 genera. The reindeer moss and cup lichens (Cladonia) belong to this family. The latter genus, which comprises about 500 species, forms a major part of the diet of large mammals in taiga and tundra ecosystems. Many Cladoniaceae lichens grow on soil, but other can use decaying wood, tree trunks, and, in a few instances, rocks as their substrate. They grow in places with high humidity, and cannot tolerate aridity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gyalectales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

Gyalectales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 5 families, 15 genera and about 550 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Acarosporaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Acarosporaceae are a family of fungi in the order Acarosporales. Members of this family have a widespread distribution, and are mostly lichenized with green algae. According to a 2021 estimate, the family contains 11 genera and about 260 species. The family is characterised by a hamathecium formed of paraphysoids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ostropomycetidae</span> Subclass of fungi

The Ostropomycetidae are a subclass of mostly lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. The subclass was circumscribed in 2004 by Catherine Reeb, François M. Lutzoni, and Claude Roux. It contains ten orders and 36 families.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teloschistales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

The Teloschistales are an order of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. According to one 2008 estimate, the order contains 5 families, 66 genera, and 1954 species. The predominant photobiont partners for the Teloschistales are green algae from the genera Trebouxia and Asterochloris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Teloschistaceae</span> Family of lichen-forming fungi

The Teloschistaceae are a large family of mostly lichen-forming fungi belonging to the class Lecanoromycetes in the division Ascomycota. The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, although members occur predominantly in subtropical and temperate regions. Most members are lichens that either live on rock or on bark, but about 40 species are lichenicolous – meaning they are non-lichenised fungi that live on other lichens. Many members of the Teloschistaceae are readily identifiable by their vibrant orange to yellow hue, a result of their frequent anthraquinone content. The presence of these anthraquinone pigments, which confer protection from ultraviolet light, enabled this group to expand from shaded forest habitats to harsher environmental conditions of sunny and arid ecosystems during the Late Cretaceous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidaceae</span> Family of fungi

The Graphidaceae are a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Graphidales. The family contains nearly a hundred genera and more than 2000 species. Although the family has a cosmopolitan distribution, most Graphidaceae species occur in tropical regions, and typically grow on bark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Verrucariaceae</span> Family of mostly lichenised fungi

Verrucariaceae is a family of lichens and a few non-lichenised fungi in the order Verrucariales. The lichens have a wide variety of thallus forms, from crustose (crust-like) to foliose (bushy) and squamulose (scaly). Most of them grow on land, some in freshwater and a few in the sea. Many are free-living but there are some species that are parasites on other lichens, while one marine species always lives together with a leafy green alga.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arctomiaceae</span> Family of lichens

The Arctomiaceae are a family of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota, class Baeomycetales. The family was named by Theodor Magnus Fries in 1861, with Arctomia as the type genus. Species in this family are found in arctic and subarctic habitats, usually associated with bryophytes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malmideaceae</span> Family of fungi

Malmideaceae is a family of crustose and corticolous lichens in the order Lecanorales. It contains eight genera and about 70 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trichotheliaceae</span> Family of fungi

Trichotheliaceae is a family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Gyalectales. The family was circumscribed by Friedrich von Schilling and Friedrich August Georg Bitter in 1927.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trapeliaceae</span> Family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales

Trapeliaceae is a family of lichens in the order Baeomycetales. The family contains 12 genera and about 125 species.

<i>Varicellaria</i> Genus of lichen

Varicellaria is a genus of crustose lichens. It is the only genus in the family Varicellariaceae.

<i>Schaereria</i> Genus of lichen

Schaereria is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the sole genus in the family Schaereriaceae, which itself is the only family in the Schaereriales, an order in the subclass Ostropomycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. Most Schaereria species are crustose lichens that live on rocks. Schaereria was first proposed by Gustav Wilhelm Körber in 1855 and was later taken up by other lichenologists despite periods of disuse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhizocarpales</span> Order of fungi

Rhizocarpales are an order of lichen-forming fungi in the subclass Lecanoromycetidae of the class Lecanoromycetes. It has two families, Rhizocarpaceae and Sporastatiaceae, which contain mostly crustose lichens.

Sagiolechiaceae is a small family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Ostropales. It contains two genera, Rhexophiale, and Sagiolechia, the type genus. The family was circumscribed in 2010 by lichenologists Elisabeth Baloch, Robert Lücking, H. Thorsten Lumbsch, and Mats Wedin. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the two genera formed a distinct clade in Ostropales. Four species were included in the original circumscription of the family.

Cameronia is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Cameroniaceae. It has two species. Both the genus and its two species were described as new to science in 2011 by Australian lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. Characteristics of the genus include its chlorococcalean photobiont partner, and perithecioid ascomata that are deeply immersed in the substrate. Microscopic features of Cameronia include the four-spored asci with an intensely hemiamyloid outer wall and non-amyloid, well-developed tholus, and hyaline, muriform ascospores. Both species are endemic to the Tasmanian Highlands.

Strangospora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi. It is the only genus in the family Strangosporaceae, which itself is of uncertain taxonomic placement in the Ascomycota. It contains 10 species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graphidales</span> Order of lichen-forming fungi

Graphidales is an order of lichen-forming fungi in the class Lecanoromycetes. It contains 6 families, about 81 genera and about 2,228 species. Family Graphidaceae are the largest crustose family within Graphidales order comprising more than 2000 species, which are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

Clandestinotrema is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Graphidaceae. It has 17 species. They typically inhabit montane and cloud forest at higher elevations in the tropics.

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Cited literature

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